Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1

8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1

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AQUATIC CHEMISTRY ANDWATER POLLUTION

SQ 10403

Abentin bin EstimBorneo Marine Research Institute

Universiti Malaysia Sabah



PRELIMINARY

Will covered 3 lectures.

1 Assignment;Water treatment systems

5 Practical classes



Practical classes

Replaced the 3 practical classes on;

Survey of aquaculture industries tounderstand water quality problems.

Title: Explain the stress syndrome. Shows some

photos or any examples.

Survey of pollution caused by aquacultureTitle: Explain three negative effects of untreatedaquaculture waste water on the environment.

Bioassays using selected pollutants.Title: How to determine bioassays using selectedpollutants, choose any elements (One only).

Assignment 2 Report.



Practical classes

1. Examination of pollution stresson aquatic animals

2. Analysis of selected waterquality and pollution parameters

Two in One experimentsOne report with Two Chapters



Marks

Assignment (2) 10 %

Practical Reports 20 % of 10practical classes (include Dr. Sujjat)

Final Exam 40 % of 100%



Visit my blog at;

http://abentin.blogspot.com

Answer a QUIZ question



INTRODUCTIONOver the last twenty years commercialaquaculture has experienced spectacular growth

These activities provided Protein (cultured fish and shrimp) Humans consume, especially in first worldcountries

Many species have gone from small-scaleregional production to large-scale globalproduction



INTRODUCTIONRapid growth of aquaculture increasedoccurrence of problems

Disease

Has substantially impacted the profitability theseindustries

Shrimp farming has failed to realize its potentialas a direct result of disease

caused by viral, bacterial, fungal and parasiticpathogens



INTRODUCTIONDeterioration in environmental and health

conditions

Asian aquaculture (> 90% of world production),

is paying a price for this unprecedentedIn recent years, disease outbreaks are becomingmore frequent in the region

and the associated mortality and morbidity havecaused substantial economic losses

HAB Phenomena



Stress Responses ofFarmed Animals

LECTURE 1By;

Abentin Estim



Historical perspectives

Early work on stress in fishBy Black, 1950 on ‘Metabolic responses ofsalmonid fish to exhaustive exercise and

to hypoxic conditions”.

In 1980 1 st attempt to draw currentknowledge on the Stress biology of fish

with the organisation of a symposium. Resulted in the publication of the Proceedingsin book form.



Since then, Rapid development on;1. Endocrinological techniques2. Stress physiology

Broadened

This field still growth, with a

steady increase in the annualpublications



The number of scientific publications during the period 1991-1997relating to stress in fish. The data were obtained from

the ISI online database



A breakdown of the published literature on stress



The gross analysis of stress/fish

publications of the 1990’s revealsthat over 40 % were studies onsalmonids.

The research in this area is stilldominated by work on temperaturefish.



Research Efforts on Stresses studies



1. Biochemical/physiological2. Neuroendocrinological3. Structural4.

Behavioural5. Population effects6. Traits performance + etc.

The responses of the fish in thestress can be broadly grouped intoSIX different categories ;



Bayne definition based on his work in mollusks, definitionof stress for aquaculture ;

“a measurable alteration of a physiologicalsteady-state that is induced by anenvironmental change and that renders theindividual more vulnerable to further

environmental change” Bayn e, B.L. 1975. As pects of phy siolo gical cond i t ion in My ti lus edul isL. with respect of th e effects of ox ygen tensio n and s a lin i ty. Proc .Nin th Eur . Mar. B iol . 213-238.

Definition of Stress



1. Most sources of stress in aquacultureunavoidable

2. Routine practices have significanteffects on fish physiology and survival;

Collecting

HandlingSortingHoldingTransporting

Pollution stress in aquaculture animals



The stress-related effects areinfluenced by;

1. Water quality

2. Confinement density3. Holding container design4. Agonistic and predation-

associated behaviours





The stress response is an integrated

reaction;to adverse conditionsand includes behavioral changes

as well as the better-studiedaspects of biochemistry andphysiology.



Refer to the handout on

CatecholaminesThe adrenal medulla

CorticosteroidsThe interrenal tissueInteractions between the

catecholamines and cortisolOther hormones.



Four major factors contributingto the physiology, behaviour and

survival of fishes

1. Water quality is one of the most important

contributors to fish health and stress level

2. High Fish Densities in holding containers

3. The design of holding container

4. Fishes held for relatively short durations



Lecture 2

Continue from last week



1. Water quality is one of the most

important contributors to fish healthand stress level

Fish may be able to tolerate adversewater quality conditions.

However, when combined with otherstressors, fish may be quicklyovercome by the resultingphysiological challenges



Most common water quality parametersaffecting physiological stress;

TemperatureDissolved oxygen

Ammonia, nitrite, nitrate and PhosphateSalinitypHCarbon dioxide

Alkalinity and hardnessHeavy metals



2. High Fish Densities in holdingcontainers are the most commonproblem throughout aquaculturefacilities, live-fish transfers and fishsalvage operations

3. The holding container design may alsocompromise the survival and immunefunction by affecting water quality,density and confinement andaggressive interactions



4. Fishes held for relatively shortdurations .Stress associated with overall health and wellbeing.

Influenced by;Negative interactions

Leads cannibalism and predation

These interactions can be lethal (i.e., predation)or may act as a vector for pathogens to enter(i.e., bites and wounds)

Predation may be a significant source ofmortality for fisheries practices that do not sortby size or species while holding



Impact of Stress on Performance

The key areas are;• Disease and mortality• Behavior

• Growth• Reproductive success• Product quality

A good farmer will recognize thestress signs at early stage Remedialaction.



Interactions betweenEnvironment and

Aquaculture and Nutrients

Lecture 2



Introduction

All human activities produce some impact onthe surrounding environment, andaquaculture is not an exception releases waste into the environment.

As the aquaculture sector developed,environmental aspects became of anincreasing concern

Up to now, most aquaculture practices haveproduced little negative effects on theecosystems.



Introduction

Potential effects of aquacultureactivities include;

• Water and sediment quality• Negative impacts on natural populations• Landscape• Other pre-existing economical activities.



Introduction

To a great extent, these effects depend uponfactors such as type of facilities, geographicallocation, and produced species.

The ultimate origin of this variety of effectconsists of a small number of sources,including;• Feeds offered• Chemicals• Animals excretions• Dead animals• and the interactions between cultured and wild

animalsexample: seaweeds.



Introduction

Despite the availability of scientificallybased monitoring techniques, there is awide range of different methodspresently used for sampling, analysing,and estimating these effects.

In addition, there are differentassessment approaches, includingchemical, ecological, and nutritional.

All of these aim to produce models inorder to predict this interaction betweenaquaculture and the environment.



Aquaculture & EnvironmentThe ecological effects of aquaculture on the coastal andmarine environments are loss or alteration of habitats.

• Changes of the natural coastlines

• Reduction or total destruction of natural habitats

especially mangroves and wetlands in tropical areas.

• In many places, wild capture fisheries are affected asspawning and nursery grounds are destroyed

• Aquaculture facilities in mangrove areas not onlyimpairs the habitat, but also reduces coastal protectionand other functions of the ecosystem.

• Expansion of aquaculture leads not only to significantphysical alteration of coastal areas but also tosediment mobilization which often affects a muchlarger area than the actual aquaculture site.



The environmental and its socio-economicimpacts of aquaculture have caused concern

about the sustainability of the industry itself.

Much effort has also been devoted toidentifying and promoting management

practices that will facilitate a more sustainablecontinued growth of the industry.

To be sustainable, the aquaculture sector mustensure that its impacts are kept within

environmentally acceptable limits.





Environmental Demands of Fish Farmed

Environment requirements (ER)depending on life stage.

ER must be satisfied for fishperformance;• Survival• Growth• Reproduction



Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

The suitable seawater DO concentrations for marinefish culture are not less than 3 to 6 mg/L (Hugueninand Colt, 1989; UNDP/FAO, 1989; Rosly, 1990; Zweiget al., 1999; Khoa and Bai, 1999; ANZECC, 2000).

The seawater DO concentrations approximately 1 to 5mg/L are still enough for fish survival, but in a longexposure would cause into slow growth (Zweig et al. ,1999).

A number of marine organisms (includingeconomically important ASEAN species such asmilkfish and tiger prawn) were able to tolerate DOconcentrations considerably lower than 4.0 mg/L.

There were also some evidences that DOconcentrations in the vicinity of 4.0 mg/L could haveadverse effects (Khoa and Bai, 1999).



Temperature

In the tropical areas, suitable seawater temperature formarine fish is 29 to 30 oC (Lawson, 1995; Zweig et al.,

1999)UNDP/FAO (1989), suggested 27 to 31 oC.

For the L. calcarifer and groupers, suitable seawatertemperatures are 28 to 30 oC (Rosly, 1990).

The temperature below than 29 oC causes fish growth ratelow (Zweig et al., 1999).

Generally, tropical and subtropical species could not growwell if the water temperature falls below 25 oC and below15 oC may kill them (Boyd and Tucker, 1998).

Suboptimal temperature conditions can cause stress whichaffects behavior, feeding, metabolism, growth andimmunity to disease (Zweig et al., 1999).



Salinity

The optimal salinity for marine fish is 33 to 34 ppt (Lawson,1995; Zweig et al., 1999).

ANZECC (2000), cited suitable salinity for marine fishculture is 33 to 37 ppt.

However, Rosly (1990), suggested for the L. calcarifer and

groupers are 25 to 32 pptUNDP/FAO (1989), recommended a wider range thanothers, which is 15 to 30 ppt.

The optimum salinity for incubating fertilized eggs in L.calcarifer and groupers is 15 to 26 ppt and 20 to 30 pptrespectively (Beveridge and Haylor, 1998).



pH

pH of water can affect fish health directly or indirectly.

The sensitivity of fishes to extremes of pH varies.

However, a range of 6.5 to 9.0 is recommended for most species(Zweig et al., 1999).

Guidelines suggested the optimal range pH for marine fishes are6.7 to 8.6 (ANZECC 2000), 7.0 to 8.5 (UNDP/FAO, 1989)

and 7.5 to 8.5 (Rosly, 1990).

At approximately pH 4 or below and pH 11 and above, mostspecies die (Lawson, 1995).

Extreme values of pH can cause ammonia toxic form becomes

more prevalent and at lower pH, species ability to maintain saltbalance is affected and ceases reproduction (Zweig et al., 1999).

Generally, eggs and larvae are more sensitive to acid stress than juveniles and adults fish (Colt and Tomasso, 2001).



Carbon Dioxide & Ammonia

CO2 arise Photosynthesis & respiration processes.

CO2 affects pH by production of protons during itshydration. Therefore influence ammonia-ammoniumtoxicity.

Ammonuia is a degradation product of protein

metabolism and is mostly excreted via the gills.Ammonia is highly toxic to fish, especially in itsunionized form

Equilibrium between ammonia (NH3) and ammoniumion (NH4) is depend on pH



Toxicity

Tahap keracunan organisma

Dilakukan di makmal kajian pada

persekitaran yang tetap.

LC 50 Merujuk kepada LethalConcentration bermaksud 50 % drp

organisma akan keracunan sekiranyadidedahkan dengan sesuatu bahan dalamtempoh 96 jam



TAHAP KEPEKATAN MAKSIMUM

Merujuk kepada julat kepekatan yangorganisma boleh toleran

Kaedah menganggar tahap selamat /safe level;

96 jam, LC 50 di darab dengan faktor[pekali (0.1 – 0.05)



Cth: NH3 ; 1.2 mg/L

Tahap selamat adalah dlm julat;

1.2 mg N/L X 0.1= 0.12 mg/L

Dan

1.2 mg N/L X 0.05

= 0.06 mg N/L

Oleh itu, julat Nh3 toleran ialah0.06 – 0.12 mg M/L



LD 50 merujuk kepadaLethal Dosage



LECTURE 3NUTRIENTS



NUTRIENTS

What is Nutrient?The elements for phytoplanktonor plants to growth

Either;

Dissolved Inorganic or Organiccomplexes.Exp: Nitrate and Vitamins



The most important nutrients are;1. Nitrogen2. Phosphorus3. Dissolved silicate

Minor Nutrients are;1. Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Co, Ca, Mg, Na, K

Others… organisms or species Small amount



Nitrogen

Nitrogen is a chemicalelement which has thesymbol N and atomic

number 7.

Elemental nitrogen is acolourless, odourless,tasteless and mostly inert diatomic gas at standardconditions

Nit g

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_element


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_number


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inert

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatomic

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_conditions




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatomic

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inert







Nitrogen78.1% by volume of Earth'satmosphere

Nitrogen is a constituentelement of all living tissues and amino acids

Many industrially important

compounds, such asammonia , nitric acid , andcyanides , contain nitrogen

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_tissue

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acids

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric_acid

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanide

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanide

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric_acid

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acids

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_tissue





NITROGEN

Exists Organic, inorganic, dissolved or particulate

The principal inorganic forms are;

1. Nitrate ion (NO 3- )

1 - 500 ug NO 3 -N/L

2. Nitrite ion ( NO 2- )

0.1 – 50 ug NO 2 -N/L

3. Ammonium ( NH 4 + ) / Ammonia (NH3)< 1 – 50 ug NH 4 -N/L



Phosphorus

Phosphorus , phôs meaning "light", and phoros meaning "bearer")

Chemical element that ha sthe sym bol P and atomicnumber 15

Phosphorus is commonlyfound in inorganicphosphate rocks











PhosphorusDue to its high reactivity,phosphorus is never foundas a free element in nature

Ph osph orus is a component

of DNA and RNA andessential e lement for allliving cells

The most importantcommercial use ofphosphorus-basedchemicals is the productionof FERTILIZERS

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_cell







PhosphorusPhosphoruscompounds are alsowidely used in;

1. Explosives 2. N erve agents 3. Friction matches 4. Fireworks 5. P esticides 6. Toothpaste 7. D etergents

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosive_material

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerve_agents

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Match

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firework

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothpaste

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detergent

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detergent

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothpaste

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firework

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Match

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerve_agents

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosive_material



SILICON

Silicon (pronounced Siliken , Latin : silicium ) is the most common metalloid

It is a chemica l element , whic h has thesymbol Si an d atomic number 14 andatomic mass is 28.0855

A tetravalent metalloid , silicon is lessreactive than its chemical analog carbon

As the eighth most common element inthe universe by mass, silicon very rarelyoccurs as the pure free element in nature

But more widely distributed in dusts

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalloid






http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_mass





http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetravalent


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetravalent





http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English



But more widely distributed in dusts,planetoids and planets as various forms ofsilicon dioxide (silica) or silicates

On Earth, silicon is the se cond m ostabundant element (after oxygen ) in thecrust, making up 25.7% of the crust bymass.

Silicon has m any industrial u ses.Elemental Sem iconductor devices ,most importantly integrated circuits ormicrochips .

Remains as semiconductor at highertemperatures

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_dioxide

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicate



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuits










and silicic acid (a type of silica)

forms the basis of the strikingarray of protective shells ofthe microscopic diatoms

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicic_acid

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatom

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatom

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicic_acid



EUTROPHICATION



INTRODUCTION

Definition;• Refers to an increase in the PRIMARY

PRODUCTIVITY of any ecosystem

Caused by;• The increase of chemical nutrients,

typically compounds containingNITROGEN or PHOSPHORUS

• It may occur on land or water



Introduction

A result of NUTRIENTS pollution

• Release from sewage effluent into natural

waters

• Naturally from depositional environments orephemeral basis (Upwelling in coastal systems)

• Proven from aquaculture activities



Introduction

Eutrophication generally promotes;• Excessive plant growth and decay• Favors certain weedy species over

others• Reduce the water quality

Dissolved Oxygen (for fish etc.)

Water becomes cloudy, colored – green,red, brown etc.HAB phenomena



Experiences

NO3 and PO4 stimulate algal bloom

Nutrients dynamics in the west coastSabah.

Sports complex in Kota Kinabalu.

Aquaculture activity.



Above issues have been recognized in the

past, and significant information onenvironmental interactions of aquacultureis available or continues to be generated.

A number of conferences, expertworkshops and policy meetings, have

been held to address the issues, and todevelop technical guidelines and policy

advice.

S t d b R h G t



Supported by Research Grants

Fundamental Grant ( FRG 041-ST(1) 2006): RM18,000.00Title:Water qual i ty rem ediat ion in anAqu acul tu re sys tem us ingaquamat and aquaponic f i l ters

E-Science Grant ( SCF 0041 AGR2007): RM88,000.00Title:Effect of seaweed (Euc heum a) andgeotext i le on seaw ater qu al ity andf ish g row th in a f ish h a tchery

MATERIAL & METHODS



MATERIAL & METHODSDAILY EX-CHANGE SYSTEM

3 weeks experiment

6 circular 1000 L fiberglasstanks

3 tanks were added with

modified Aquamat™ (norminalsurface area is 1.44 sq m2)

Seawater were filtered withcartridge size 200 µm

Water exchange• 25 – 75 % perday (1st week)• 25 – 50 % perday (2nd and

3rd weeks)



Seaweeds experiment



Seaweeds experiment

4 rectangular fiberglass tanks (100 L)were used

E. spinosum biomass = 90 ± 10 gcultured in each tank

Flow rate = 80 – 125 ml per sec.

Flow through system



The idea was presented in

the Biotechnology Asia 2006 ,3 rd International BiotechnologyTrade Exhibition, Conference and

Awards

Won Bronze medal

“Buoyant polymer and

aquapon ics to s upp lemen tb iof i l t rat ion fo r WQ remediat ion

in a hatchery system.”



Invited in thePecipta 07

Malaysia International Exposition ofResearch and Invention of

Institutions of Higher Learning2007



THAT’S ALL

Answer a QUIZ questionin my blog at;






PUBLIC HEALTH

ISSUES

LECTURE 4



Increased Worldwide Production (2004)



I



Issues

Aquaculture Public Health Issues are highlyfocused, well known, and understood.

Public health issues can be grouped as;

1. Environmentally induced (sub-divided intonatural and anthropogenic)

2. Process induced , or distribution andconsumer induced hazards (Garrett et al.1997, 2000).



Issues on Aquaculture -Concerns

Consumer Perceptions ?

Suggested Aquaculture



Suggested AquacultureManagement Approach

Application of HACCP -based principlesas a risk management tool foraquaculture, development of written

Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs), implementation of Good AquaculturePractices (GAqPs), employee trainingprograms, and medical screening

evaluations of new employees canminimize public health issues associatedwith aquaculture operations



HACCP

Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point

is a systematic preventive approach tofood safety and pharmaceutical safetythat addresses physical, chemical , andbiological hazards as a means ofprevention rather than finished productinspection.

Food Industry

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_safety

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_hazard

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_hazard

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_hazard

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_hazard

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_safety





The World Trade Organization (WTO)

emphasizes the need to apply riskanalysis as a basis for taking anySPS measure.

SPS The Sanitary andPhytosanitary (SPS) Agreement(WTO Framework)



With the adoption of the food-chainapproach for food safety t he responsibilityfor the supply of safe food is shared alongthe entire food chain from primaryproduction to final consumption .

The application of risk analysis to theaquaculture sector, which produces nearlyhalf the fish that is consumed worldwide,has become very important.



Guidelines for performing risk analysis

have been brought out by the CodexAlimentarius Commission or Codex .

Risk analysis is a process consisting of;• Risk assessment• Risk communication

• Risk management.



The output of risk assessment may be



The output of risk assessment may bea qualitative or a quantitative

(numerical) expression of risk as wellas attendant uncertainties.

Hazard Identification;considers epidemiological data linkingthe food and biological/chemical agentto human illness and the certainty

associated with such effects . PSPToxin

d h



Hazard characterization step;

A qualitative or quantitativedescription of the severity and theduration of the adverse health effect

that may result from the ingestion ofthe micro-organism/toxin/chemicalcontaminants is made.

E A



Exposure Assessment

During exposure assessment, anestimate of the number of bacteriaor the level of a biotoxin or chemical

agent consumed through theconcerned food is made. Toxicityexperiment

Th C d



The Codex

defines the risk characterization step as theprocess of determining the qualitativeand/or quantitative estimation includingattendant uncertainties of the probability ofoccurrence and the severity of the knownor potential adverse health effect in a givenpopulation based on hazard identification ,

exposure assessment and hazardcharacterization.



THAT’S ALL

Answer a QUIZ questionin my blog at;


Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1

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