Aquaculture development – 40 years lesson Dr. Torbjørn Åsgård Director of research [email protected] .

Aquaculture development – 40 years lesson

Dr. Torbjørn ÅsgårdDirector of research

[email protected]

www.nofima.no

Aquaculture plays a rapidly growing role in the global production of seafood*

Trends in modern aquaculture – Aquaculture markets – Size and growth

Source: FAO

Wildcatch, China

Wildcatch, World excluding China

Aquaculture, China

Aquaculture, World excluding China

Part used for food, World

Global production in aquacultutre

The aquaculture business* has several segments, with intensive farming growing in relative importance

Trends in modern aquaculture – Aquaculture markets – Size and growth

Intensive fish farming: Fish farming controlled environment and feeding to maximise production

Extensive fish farming: Fish farming largely relying on natural environmental conditions

Intensive fish farming: Fish farming controlled environment and feeding to maximise production

Extensive fish farming: Fish farming largely relying on natural environmental conditions

37 %21 %

28 %

Extensive finfish farmingShrimp farming

Intensive finfish farming

Shellfish farming (oysters, etc)

Ex farm sales main species 2004

Ex farm sales main species 2009

€ 38 billion € 48 billion

14 %

45 %21 %

21 %

13 %

* Excluding Algea and Seaweed Source: Nofima, FAO;

Salmon still dominates the intensively farmed finfish business, followed by trout, bass and bream. Tilapia is switching from largely extensive to more intensive

Trends in modern aquaculture – Aquaculture markets – Size and growth

Atlantic Salmon

Chinook (King) salmon

Coho (silver) salmon

Sea trout

European seabass

Gilthead seabream

Atlantic cod

Tilapia Sales to US**

Intensive Aquaculture Fish production*

* In addition 250.000 MT of trout is farmed in Europe, Source: FAO** Sales to US is estimated to be +/- 1/4 of global intensive farmed tilapia in 2004

MT

Significant growth is expected in aquaculture for the coming years (4% p.a.), particularly in intensive farming (7% p.a.)

Trends in modern aquaculture – Aquaculture markets – Size and growth

Expected developments in main aquaculture species

Source: AKVAFORSK estimates, FAO

Global aquaculture 2004 (from FAO)

Quantity in million tonnesFreshwater fishes 24Aquatic plats 14Molluscs 13Crustaceans 4Diadromous fish 3Marine fish 1.5

Value in billion USDFreshwater fishes 25Aquatic plats 7Molluscs 10Crustaceans 14Diadromous fish 8Marine fish 5

2009

Fish from aquaculture and consume fisheries equal in quantity

Production of salmon in Norway

Production of marine species in Norway

Total aquaculture and fishery in Norway

Production in Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania and Poland (2006)

• Latvia

– Common carp: 92%

– Gold fish: 3%

– Sturgeon: 2%

– Nothern pike: 2%

– Rainbow trout: 1%

• Estonia

– Rainbow trout: 75%

– Common carp: 11%

– Sturgeon: 8%

– European eel: 6%

• Lithuania

– Common carp: 95%

– Rainbow trout: 3%

– Gold fish: 1%

– Nothern pike: 1%

• Poland

– Rainbow trout: 51%

– Common carp: 47%

– Sturgeons: 1%

– Catfish: 1%

From 1971

From 1973

Species to start with and where to start ?

– Salmon– Rainbow trout– Fresh water trout– Sea Trout– Arctic char – Crossings– Marine species– Fresh water species– Warm water species

What has changed in Norway?

Salmon vs honey

Independent industry vs addition to fishing or farming

Early ears: small units - high cooperation fast developments

To day: large units – cooperation and competition

Cooperation: industry – research institutions – public administration

To day: 3 times more salmon meat than meat from all traditional domestic animals together

Research through the value chain

Efficiency, quality and food safety

Raw material

Fish feed

Brood stockand eggs

Fresh water phase

Sea water phase

Slaughter and processing

Market andconsumer

From basic research to application

Basic competence building and research• Long term projects – 3-10 years• Public funded

Research projects with industry participation• Long term projects – 1-3 years• Public/private funding

Contract research• Project duration of 0,3 – 1 year• Private funding (often included public incentives)

– Genetics and selective breeding– Nutrition and feed development– Knowledge about raw materials– Fish welfare– Disease prevention– Sustainable production– Processing and product development– Marine Biotechnology

Nofima’s major research areas within aquaculture:

Breeding and genetics

• More than 30 years of experience from applied genetic research in aquaculture species

• The research activity of the institute is conducted in close collaboration with the aquaculture sector, securing rapid implementation of important results.

• Till date, basic research and applied work on genetic improvement based on selective breeding have covered 11 species worldwide – Increased growth rate– Increased feed conversion ratio– Increased disease resistance

Produductivity 1940

1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

100

200

300

Broiler

Cow

Pig

Salmon

Pro

du

cti

vit

y, %

(R

ef.

19

40)

Year

Tilapia

Modifisert etter Eknath et al., 1991

15% increase per generation

Significantly shorter production cycle

1975 2000 2005

Smolt 16 8 8

Growout 40 20 16

Total 56 28 24

19.04.23 Nofima Marin presentasjon

Genetic gain, Atlantic salmon Selected (5G) vs. Wild

  S - W, %

Growth +113

Feed consumption +40

Protein retention +9

Energy retention +14

FCR, feed/gain -20

Thodesen et. al., 1999

Genetic Improvement of Farmed Tilapia

GIFT tilapia with90% faster growth (5 gens)

Higher survival rates

Three fish crops per year (vs 2)

Lead to higher productivity, profit and

yield potential.

Has had large impact on

overall fish production in Asia & Latin

AmericaUNDP, ADB

Phillipines Institutes and Universities

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Type of cost

Fingerling

Feed

Insurance

Salary

Depreciation

Other runningcostsFinancial cost

The cost of producing salmon

Salmon farming in Norway 2003

%

Changes in composition of salmon feed

SALMON FEED DEVELOPMENT IN NORWAY:Feed cost per kg fish (fixed 2006 prices)

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

IMPORTANT FACTORS:• Dry feed

• High energy diets– Reduced FCR

• Replacement of fish meal and oil– Reduced feed price

• Feed management – Reduced FCR

Euros/kg

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

3

3,5

Feed c

onve

rsio

nKg feed/

kg fi

sh p

roduced

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Feed conversion ratio (FCR) in Norwegian Salmon farming

• Cod• Salmon• Rainbow trout• Arctic char• Striped bass• Sturgeon• Tilapia• Sea urchins• King crab• Lobster• Shrimp• Oysters• Scallops• Sole• Halibut

Feed development for many species internationally

Septum defect Deformed head

Production related disorders - deformities

Deformities

8 oC 10 oCStable temperatures

Spine deformities in salmon induced by temperature at egg incubation

Identified by x-ray at size 60-80g%

incubation temperature for eggs were immediately adjusted by the industry

Chasing deformity genes

Nofima has found a link between temperature and heart deformities:

— We have found the gene that codes for Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP), that regulates heart development negatively

— Expression of this gene is controlled by temperature during embryogenic development

High temperature gives increased production of ANP, which supresses the development of the heart

0

100 000

200 000

300 000

400 000

500 000

600 000

700 000

1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002

Sla

ktet

kva

ntu

m

(to

nn

ru

nd

vek

t)

0

10 000

20 000

30 000

40 000

50 000

60 000

An

tib

ioti

ka

(kg

akt

ivt

sto

ff)

Slaktet laks og ørret Forbruk

Feed and nutrition

Lipid, lipid metabolism, cell culture

Pigmentation

Feedstuffs, feed formulation, feed technology, feeding

Protein, amino acids, metabolismPreventive

health

Nofima – an important player in international aquaculture R&D

• We have had aquaculture projects in more than 25 countries around the world

• Nofima will increase its international focus through projects and by establishing sub-units in selected countries (First Chile, then Asia?)

Thank [email protected]