Aquaculture (Animals) 1 Gina S. Itchon, Xavier university.

Aquaculture (Animals)


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Gina S. Itchon, Xavier university


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Contents

1. Concept

2. How it can optimize SSWM

3. Applicability

4. Advantages and disadvantages

5. References



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• Aquaculture in general refers to the controlled cultivation of aquatic plants and animals by making use of wastewater as a nutrient source for plants and fish.

• Fish can be grown in ponds where they feed on algae and other organisms that grow in the nutrient-rich water. Through feeding, the nutrients from the wastewater are removed and the fish are eventually harvested for consumption.

• Three kinds of aquaculture designs for raising fish exist: (1) fertilization of fish ponds with excreta/sludge; (2) fertilization of fish ponds with effluent; and (3) fish grown directly in aerobic ponds.

• When introducing nutrients in the form of effluent or sludge it is important to limit the additions so that aerobic conditions are maintained.

1. Concept



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• The biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) should not exceed 1 g/m2d and oxygen should be at least 4 mg/L. Fish introduced to aerobic ponds can effectively reduce algae and help control mosquito populations.

• The fish themselves do not dramatically improve the water quality, but because of their economic value they can offset the costs of operating a treatment facility. Under ideal operating conditions, up to 10,000 kg/ha of fish can be harvested.

• If the fish are not acceptable for human consumption, they can be a valuable source of protein for other high-valuable carnivores (like shrimp) or converted into fishmeal for pigs and chickens.

1. Concept



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Functional Design

1. Concept

Functional Design of an Aquaculture pond. Source: TILLEY et al. (2008)



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Example

1. Concept

Wastewater-fed aquaculture in Lima, Peru. Source: EDWARDS (2008)



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2. How can it optimize SSWM

Implementation and use of Aquaculture can help in optimizing your local water management and sanitation system and make it more sustainable by:

•Providing a steady source of income

•Making productive use of the nutrient value in the wastewater

•Allowing for a (partial) wastewater treatment inside the ponds

•By improving the local food security situation



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3. Applicability

• A fish pond is only appropriate when there is a sufficient amount of land (or a pre-existing pond), a source of fresh water and a suitable climate.

• This technology is only appropriate for warm or tropical climates with no freezing temperatures, and preferably with high rainfall and minimal evaporation.

• Fish that are tolerant of low dissolved oxygen levels should be chosen.

• Different varieties of carp, milkfish and tilapia have been successful, but the specific choice will depend on local preference and suitability.



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4. Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages:

• Can provide a cheap, locally available protein source

• Low to moderate capital cost; operating costs should be offset by production revenue

• Potential for local job creation and income generation

• Can be built and maintained with locally available materials

(TILLEY et al. 2008)

Disadvantages:

•Fish may pose a health risk if improperly prepared or cooked

•Requires abundance of fresh water

•Requires large land (pond) area

•May require expert design and installation(TILLEY et al. 2008)



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5. References

TILLEY, E., LÜTHI, C., MOREL, A., ZURBRÜGG, C., SCHERTENLEIB, R. (2008): Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science (EAWAG) & Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC).

EDWARDS P. (2008): Volume III: Wastewater and excreta use in aquaculture. Bangkok, Thailand: Asian Institute of Technology.

Aquaculture (Animals) 12

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Aquaculture (Animals) 1 Gina S. Itchon, Xavier university.

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