Aquaculture and Development

Aquaculture and Development

World Bank Workshop

Viet Nam

January 2008

partnership . excellence . growth

aquaculture - the issues

aquaculture, food and livelihoods

• increases social and environmental resilience

– ecologically efficient

• aquatic herbivores and food webs

• increases ‘crop per drop’

– relieves pressure on wild fish

– use economically marginal resources

• salinized groundwater, borrow pits, irrigation channels

– helps build resilient livelihoods

• high value crop

• mitigate climate change impacts

green plants

feed

fish pond

aquaculture and development

• one of the most innovative and rapidly growing food sectors

– technical developments

– market opportunities

– investment

• majority of aquatic foods

• provides opportunities for millions

– 12 million Asian fish farmers

• multiplier effects throughout value chain

global fish production

1970 1980 1990 2000 20100

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

year

mill

ion t

onnes

capture

culture

source: FAO

seed

feedstuffsfeed mill farmer transporter retailer consumer

produce fish

transport fry, fish & feeds

access to affordable fishoperate a hatchery

produce aqua-feeds

fish trader

grow feed ingredient crops

aquaculture and economic growth

highly effective means of maximizing benefits from agriculture for development

but …• some remain poorly informed

– poor enabling environment

– lack of investment

• real concerns

– can production meet growth in demand?

• rate of aquaculture growth slowing

– impacts of expansion, intensification and globalization

• makes unsustainable demands on the environment

• perpetuates/aggravates inequity and social exclusion

• susceptible to climate change, increasing vulnerability

red tide, Inland Sea, Japan

aquaculture - the principles

key investment principles

• identify target groups and establish objectives at program/project outset and develop context-specific interventions

• adopt a people centered – sustainable livelihoods - approach

• stakeholders should adopt/modify technologies that both maximize productivity and minimize environmental demands to user capabilities and needs

• understand, and secure access to, present and future markets

• understand the roles of support infrastructure and the importance of mainstreaming aquaculture into watershed planning and engage with private/public sectors and civil society to create an enabling environment

implementing the principlescase study 1

USAID DSAP, Bangladesh

Development of Sustainable Aquaculture Project 2000-2005

– farmer, NGO, public sector, researcher partnership

• clarify objectives

– improve resilience of small-scale farmers through better technologies

• design context-specific investments

– develop sustainable extension support

– increase stakeholder technical knowledge

– improve access to input markets

USAID DSAP, Bangladesh

• adopt Sustainable Livelihoods approach that was household-based

– household capabilities and assets

– optimize on-farm resource use

– increase profits and food security

– empower women

• tailor technologies

– Participatory Action Research

– NGO capacity building (500 staff)

– learning networks

USAID DSAP, Bangladesh

• understand markets

– strong markets for affordable fish

– lack of affordable finance, quality seed and feed

• create enabling environment

– improved partnering arrangements

– NGOs facilitated access to finance

– SME distributed seed and feed production

USAID DSAP, Bangladesh - outcomes

• beneficiaries

– 68,400+ farmers

• food security

– >8200 t

• household-level benefits

– production – 1542 to 3046 kg ha-1

– aquaculture income - $1130 to $2200 ha-1

– total farm income - 13% to 17%

– fish consumption - 46 to 58 g person-1 day-1

– empowerment of women

case study 2

integrated aquaculture (IAA), Malawi

development of IAA, Malawi, since 1988 (various funding agencies, partners, stakeholders)

• identify target beneficiaries

– low income, smallholder farmers

• HIV-AIDS affected households

• clarify objectives

– improve food security (fish; crop per drop) and resilience of farmers through development and dissemination of technologies

IAA, Malawi• design context-specific

investments

– increase stakeholder knowledge

• new approaches to extension

– optimise on-farm resource use to maximize profits

• adopt Sustainable Livelihoods approach

– assess farmer capabilities and assets

– improve food security, profitability and nutrition

– empower farmers (farmer groups)

– empower women and children

• HIV-AIDS affected households

IAA, Malawi

• tailor technologies

– Participatory Action Research

• holistic, whole-farm approach

• drought-resistant technologies

• technologies for women and child-headed households

• intensification of production

• understand markets

– present and future

• create enabling environment

IAA, Malawi - outcomes

from Dey et al. (2007)

• 5000 farmers

• increase of 22% per annum 1996 – 2001 (40% 2003-2006)

• improved recycling, sustainability, resilience

84%

80%

Social Inst. Environ

75%

71%

55%

Human Capital

70%

68%

64%

Technological Aspects

from Bayesian network modeling

from data mapping

IAA, Malawi – scaling out

*KAM Suan Pheng, WorldFish Center, and partners – Universities of Kassel, Hoenheim, Germany; Dept. Fisheries, Malawi Bangladesh; Chinese Academy of Fisheries Science

case study 3

river catfish, Vietnamcage culture of river catfish, Vietnam

• identify target beneficiaries

– cage catfish farming SMEs

• clarify objectives

– increase production for export

• design context-specific interventions

– increase access to seed and feed

– control disease

– value chain development

• food safety (traceability, certification)

• niche markets

river catfish, Vietnam• adopt Sustainable Livelihoods

approach

– assess capabilities and assets

• rice farmers, businessmen, pond operators

• tailor technologies

– partnerships between government researchers, universities, farmers associations and commercial sector

• feed, hatchery, disease, processing

– develop learning networks (farmer to farmer)

• producer associations

river catfish, Vietnam• markets

– Europe 2003

• PPP (BMZ/GTZ, Naturland e.V., Binca Seafood GmBH, An Giang Fisheries Association/SMEs; Thai auditing company)

• organic catfish standards

• enabling environment

– govt.-prioritized export oriented aquaculture for economic growth

• rice culture reduced by 120,000 ha

• transition from SOE to SMEs

river catfish, Vietnam - outcomes• 1 million tonnes (>$1 billion)

– 1.5% GDP

– growth of 20% p.a. for ten years

– employs tens of thousands

– increased food security

• sustainability

– markets (US)

– environmental

• strong policy environment and implementing institutions

Vietnam’s fishery exports (value) 2006