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The Meaning and Importance of 'Aqidah' Filed under: Basics
Saturday, November 28 2009 - by Abu.Iyaad
Key topics: Aqidah
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The Meaning of 'Aqidah'
The word 'aqidah' () is of the (morphological) form of () which
has the meaning of ()
(that to which something is done), meaning ( ), that which is
tied, knotted to, firmly fixed
onto, held onto. It is derived from the root (), which means to
tie, fasten, join, bind.
The affairs of the religion are divided into akhbaar
(information) and ahkaam (rulings that require
action), as Allaah, the Mighty and Majestic, said:
And the Word of your Lord has been fulfilled in truth and in
justice... (Al-An'am 6:115)
Allaah's word has been fulfilled in these two types:
truthfulness in information and justice in His
commands and prohibitions (ahkaam).
As for the akhbaar (information), then it is obligatory to
accept and believe in them (make tasdeeq of
them). Thus, anything that returns to belief (Eemaan) and
acceptance (tasdeeq) and does not enter
into the practical matters requiring action is called 'aqidah'.
This is because its source and starting
point is in the knowledge of the heart. It is called 'aqidah'
because it enters the heart and it becomes
fixed and tied to the heart strongly, meaning strongly bound and
strongly adhered to it, in the sense
that the heart is eager upon it so that it does not leave or
escape from the heart.
In Arabic one says, "aqada the rope", meaning he tied the rope
firmly, and likewise, "aqada the
sale", which means he concluded or settled the sale, or
contract, or agreement. And Allaah mentions
this verb in the context of [the ratification of] pledges ( ,
an-Nisaa 4:33), and oaths
which have been sworn in earnest ( , al-Maa'idah 5:89). And when
a
person says that "aqadtu such and such", it means that my heart
is firmly upon such and such.
From what has preceded, the meaning of 'aqidah' can be defined
as:
The firm belief (i'tiqaad) that one's heart is strongly attached
to and which is settled and fixed
in the heart without any wavering or doubt approaching it. It
excludes any supposition, doubt
or suspicion.
As for the practical matters, then they too are from Eemaan
(faith), as is well known that all of the
Sharee'ah enters into Eemaan, however, they take place on the
limbs, and for this reason they do
not enter under the term 'aqidah', but would come under
'Eemaan', being from it, and also under the
terms "Sunnah" and "Sharee'ah" - whilst noting that all these
terms are also used for affairs of belief
(see next).
-
Terms Synonymous with 'Aqidah'
There also words which are synonymous with 'aqidah' and
'i'tiqaad' in usage, such as at-Tawheed
(), as-Sunnah (), and ash-Sharee'ah (), and some of these terms
refer specifically
to aspects of belief, such as 'at-Tawheed', and others are used
for both aspects of belief and other
affairs, such as as-Sunnah and ash-Sharee'ah. Some of the Salaf
also authored works using the title
of al-Eemaan () since the knowledge-based topics are part of
that which makes up the entirety
of Eemaan - consisting of beliefs (knowledge-based affairs),
statements and actions.
And all of this is indicated in books authored by the Salaf, for
the authored books and gave them
titles such as "Kitaab us-Sunnah", many of the Salaf authored
books with this title, and "ash-
Sharee'ah", such as the book of al-Aajurree, and "Kitaab
ut-Tawheed", such as that of Imaam al-
Bukhaaree (in his Saheeh) and that of Ibn Khuzaimah. And all
these books covered the subjects
of aqidah, namely Allaah's Names and Attributes, al-Eemaan
(faith), al-Qadr (Predestination) and so
on.
List of Books of the Early Salaf
Here are a list of books from the Salaf using the words
mentioned above:
"Kitaab ul-Eemaan" by the Imaam and mujtahid, Abu 'Ubayd
al-Qaasim ibn Salaam (d.
224H)
"Kitaab ul-Eemaan" by the Imaam Ib Abee Shaybah (d. 235H)
"Usool us-Sunnah" by Imaam Ahmad bin Hanbal (d. 241H)
"Kitaab ul-Eeemaan" in the Saheeh by Imaam al-Bukharee (d.
256H).
"Kitaab ut-Tawheed" in the Saheeh by Imaam al-Bukharee (d.
256H).
"As-Sunnah" by the student of Imaam Ahmad, Abu Bakr al-Athram
(d. 273H)
"Kitaab us-Sunnah" (being part of the Sunan) by the faqeeh and
Imaam Abu Dawood as -
Sijistaanee (d. 275H)
"Asl us-Sunnah" by the haafidh and Imaam, Abu Haatim ar-Raazee
(d. 277H)
"As-Sunnah" by the qaadee and haafidh, Ibn Abee 'Aasim (d.
287H)
"As-Sunnah" by the haafidh, Abdullah ibn Imaam Ahmad (d.
290H)
"As-Sunnah" by the qaadee and muhaddith AbuBakr al-Marroodhee
(d. 292H)
"As-Sunnah" by the student of Imaam Ahmad, al-Marwaazee (d.
292H)
"Sareeh us-Sunnah" by the mujtahid, mufassir and Imaam , Ibn
Jareer at-Tabaree (d. 310H)
"Kitaab ut-Tawheed" by the faqeeh and Imaam, Ibn Khuzaymah (d.
311H)
"Aqeedat ut-Tahaawiyyah" by the Imaam Abu Jafar at-Tahaawee (d.
321H)
"Sharh us-Sunnah" by Imaam al-Barbaaharee (d. 329H)
"Kitaab us-Sunnah" by the qaadee, Abu Ahmad al-Asaal(d.
349H)
"Ash-Sharee'ah" by the faqeeh and Imaam, Abu Bakr al-Aajurree(d.
360H)
"Kitaab ut-Tawheed" the haafidh and Imaam, Ibn Mandah (d.
395H)
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"Sharh Usool I'tiqaad Ahlus-Sunnah Wal Jamaa'ah" by the haafidh
and faqeeh, Imaam al-
Laalilkaa'ee (d. 428H)
"Al-I'tiqaad" by Abu Nuaym al-Ashbaanee (d. 430H)
"Aqeedat us-Salaf Ashaabul-Hadeeth" by the haafidh and Imaam,
Abu Uthmaan as-
Saboonee (d. 449H)
Deviations in 'Aqidah'
All these books were written to refute the sects of innovation,
and the innovatorswho appeared, from
them, the Khawaarij, the Raafidah, the Qadariyyah, theMurji'ah
and then the heads of innovation
such as al-Ja'd bin Dirham, al-Jahm bin Safwaan, Waasil bin
Ataa, Amr bin Ubayd and others.
And the latter four were the originators of the sects that
became known as
theJahmiyyah and Mu'tazilah and these groups devised a rational,
intellectual proof called
"hudooth al-ajsaam", a method of demonstrating that the universe
is haadithah (came to be)
because it is made up of bodies (ajsaam) that have qualities
(Sifaat) and incidental attributes
(a'raad) and events, occurrences (hawaadith)proving that these
bodies (ajsaam) came to be after
not being, thus being considered events (hawaadith) themselves.
And as everything in the universe
is therefore an event, all of these events must have an
originator, which is Allaah. To demonstrate
this proof to the atheists they were debating with, they took
the underlying terminology and
classifications of Aristotle's (d. 322BC) "al-Maqoolaat
al-Ashar" (Ten Categories), also known as
"al-Jawhar wal-Arad" (Substance and Incidental Attribute) and
used it's language and classification,
as well as incorporating other ideas that preceded them and also
had their origins in Greek
Philosophers, such as the Atomism of Democritus (d. 370BC) and
the "transcendent supreme one
that is free of divisibility and multiplicity" of Plotinus (d.
270CE). On account of this, they were
forced to adhere to this very same language in describing their
Lord to the atheists out of the
fear of invalidating the proof they had devised. This in turn
led them to reject or explain away
much of what is in the Book and the Sunnah related to belief in
Allah, in particular His Names,
Attributes and Actions, and some other areas of aqidah, thus the
birth of "ta'weel" and "tafweed" to
deal with those "problematic" texts that were conflicting with
this proof they devised.
This was the Ilm ul-Kalaam (speculative theology) that laid the
foundation for the rejection of the
attributes and which the Salaf and the four Imaams, Abu Hanifah,
Malik, Shaafi'ee
and Ahmad condemned. These groups were collectively known as
"Mutakallimoon" (Speculative
Theologians), and they are the Jahmiyyah,Mu'tazilah,
Kullaabiyyah, Ash'ariyyah, Maturidiyyah.
There was not a single scholar of the Salaf who were with these
innovators in their ilm ul-kalaam.
Ibn Suraij as-Shafi'ee (d. 306H) said, as narrated from him by
Abu Ismaa'eel al-Harawi in "Dhamm
ul-Kalaam" and as mentioned by Ibn Taymiyyah in "Bayaan Talbees
al-Jahmiyyah":
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The Tawheed of the people of knowledge and the jamaa'ah of the
Muslims is "I testify none is worthy
of worship except Allaah (alone) and that Muhammad is the
Messenger of Allaah". And
the Tawheedof the people of falsehood is disputing about
al-a'raad (incidental attributes) and al-
ajsaam (bodies) and the Prophet (sallallaahu alayhi wasallam)
was sent with the rejection of that.
Imaam ash-Shaafi'ee (d. 204H) said, as reported by as-Suyuti in
Sawn al-Mantiq (1/47-48):
The people did not become ignorant and nor differ (with each
other) except due to their abandonment
of the language of the Arabs and their inclination to the
language of Aristotle.
This statement of ash-Shaafi'ee (rahimahullaah) is true both in
the affairs of creed(aqidah) and in
jurisprudence (fiqh), for both the metaphysics and the flawed
syllogistic and other forms of logic of
Aristotle corrupted both of these disciplines for those who
turned to the language, logic and
metaphysics of Aristotle.
So the Salaf wrote works in refutation on these groups whilst
noting that the Ash'ariyyah were upon
the creed of Ibn Kullaab (d. 240H) and were not recognized as a
faction until the fifth century hijrah
(after 400H). All these groups opposed Ahl us-Sunnah in
fundamental matters, from them (as
examples only):
Making the intellect decisive and definitive over the revealed
texts
Rejecting aahaad hadeeth in matters of aqidah
Claiming the first obligation upon a servant is to observe,
inspect (the universe) and infer a
proof for Allaah's existence
That the revealed texts in their apparent meanings give the
presumptions of tajseem and
tashbeeh and must be diverted away to metaphorical and
figurative interpretations.
Rejecting, to varying degrees, the attributes and actions of
Allaah through the grandiose
claim of making "tanzeeh" (purifying Allaah), whereas in reality
it was to avoid invalidating
their intellectual proof of "hudooth ul-ajsaam" which they
devised using the language,
terminology and classifications of the atheist philosophers
themselves.
Thus Tawheed and aqidah became nothing but the language of
denial of "bodies" (ajsaam)
and their "incidental attributes" (a'raad) and "occurrences"
(hawaadith) from Allaah,
abandoning in all of that, the language that the revealed Books
and the Messengers were
sent with, and adopting instead the language of the very atheist
philosophers they were
claiming to refute and oppose!
-
These oppositions occurred from them due to that intellectual
proof called "hudooth ul-ajsaam" that
they wrongly considered to be the ultimate truth upon which the
very veracity of Islaam depends. To
learn more about this, please refer to Asharis.Comwhere this
subject has been covered in lots of
detail from the source works of theMu'tazilah and
Ash'ariyyah.
The point here is that these people innovated into the affairs
of aqidah and Tawhid, split the ranks of
the Muslims, and exerted themselves in spreading
theirinnovations, until Sunnah became bid'ah and
truth became falsehood, and so they tore apart the unity of the
Muslims, separated their hearts
(through these beliefs), and then separated their bodies as a
result, and thus the saying of the
Messenger (sallallaahu alayhi wasallam) regarding the splitting
of the Ummah into 73 sects became
fulfilled.
The Importance of 'Aqidah'
From what has preceded one can see that as the knowledge that is
kept in the heart is the basis of
one's belief and worship of one's Lord and is connected to
Tawheed, it is vital that a Muslim
know the correct creed and its adherents and its sources, and
that he only takes knowledge from,
and seeks religious rulings from those with sound and correct
aqidah. For approaching those with
the wrong aqidah, even in practical affairs such as fiqh rulings
and religious verdicts and so on can
be harmful in that the base and foundation of such people is
built upon what contains error, and that
will have implications in the rest of their knowledge and
practice, because the far' (branch) follows on
from the asl (root).
And the sources of aqidah are the Book of Allaah, explained by
the Prophetic Sunnah, and
consolidated by the understanding, and statements, and
positions, and clarifications of the Salaf -
those in the first three centuries of Islaam (up to 300H), and
whoever followed them thereafter, in
belief, methodology and statement in expressing and clarifying
that belief.
Further reading and references:
Sharh aqidah at-Tahaawiyyah of Shaykh Saalih Aal ash-Shaykh
Sharh Usool il-I'tiqaad of al-Laalikaaa'ee
Bayaan Talbees al-Jahmiyyah of Ibn Taymiyyah
Dhamm ul-Kalaam of Abu Ismaa'eel al-Harawi
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Al-Walaa wal-Baraa (Loyalty and Disownment) for the Aqidah in
all the Classical Books of Aqidah Filed under: The Innovators
Friday, December 04 2009 - by Abu.Iyaad
Key topics: Al-Walaa Wal-Baraa
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It is important for the Muslim to realize when learning the
aqidah that it is not purely an academic
exercise. Rather, the creed is something around which and upon
which allegiance and disavowal is
based. When we look into all the classical books of aqidah, we
see the constant mention of loving
and hating on the basis of theaqidah embodied in the prohibition
of associating, mixing and
accompanying theinnovators who have opposed the creed of the
Book, the Sunnah, and what the
Righteous Salaf were upon in the first three centuries of
Islaam.
Imaam Ahmad said in "Usool us-Sunnah":
The Fundamental Principles of the Sunnah with us are: Holding
fast to what the Companions of
the Messenger of Allaah (sallalaahu alayhi wasallam) were upon.
Taking them [and their way] as a
model to be followed. The abandonment of innovations, and every
innovation is misguidance. The
abandonment of controversies. The abandonment of sitting with
the people of ahwaa (desires).
And at-Tahaawi said at the end of his Aqidah:
-
This is our religion and our creed outwardly and inwardly, and
we are absolved, in front of Allaah,
the Exalted, of every one who opposes that which we have
mentioned and explained. And we ask
Allaah, the Exalted to make us firm upon Eemaan, to seal [the
end] of our lives with it, to protect us
from the variant desires and scattering opinions, and corrupt
doctrines such as those of the
Mushabbihah, the Mu'tazilah, the Jahmiyyah, the Jabariyyah, the
Qadariyyah and others besides
them, from those who have opposed the Sunnah and Jamaa'ah and
have allied with misguidance. We
are free of them, and they, in our view, are astray, ruined. And
with Allaah [alone] is safety (protection)
and success.
And Imaam al-Laalikaa'ee brings, from the creed of the two
Raazees, Abu Zur'ah (d. 264H) and Abu
Haatim (d. 277H), in "Sharh Usool il-I'tiqaad"
(1/202,no.322)
Abu Muhammad said:
And I heard my father and Abu Zur'ah ordering with the
boycotting of the people of deviation
and innovations, being very harsh in that with the most severe
harshness. And they refused the
compilation of books with opinions, with other than
narrations.
-
And they forbade from sitting with the ahl ul-kalaam (people of
theological rhetoric) and looking into
the books of the mutakallimoon (theologians) and they would both
say: "The person of theological
rhetoric will never prosper."
Abu Muhammad said: "And I say that too." And Abu Alee bin
Habeesh al-Muqirree said: "And I say
that." And our Shaikh (Ibn al-Mudhaffar) said: "And I say that."
And our Shaikh - meaning the author -
said: "And I say that."
And Abu Uthmaan as-Saaboonee (d. 449H) - may Allaah have mercy
upon him - said in "Aqidah as-
Salaf wa As.haabil-Hadeeth" (p. 123):
And along with that they [the Salaf who have passed before him]
unanimously agreed with their
saying about the Ahl ul-Bid'ah, that they should be subdued,
humiliated and disgraced, banished and
driven away. That [one must] keep away from them, from those who
associate with them and from
those who are intimate with them. And to seek nearness to Allaah
by avoiding them and fleeing from
them.
And he also said (pp. 114-115):
.
: " " And they [Ahl us-Sunnah] hate the people of innovation who
have introduced into the religion that
which is not from it. They do not love them, nor do they
accompany them, nor do they listen to their
speech, nor do they sit with them, nor argue with them regarding
the religion, and nor do they debate
them. And they see that their ears should be guarded from
listening to their falsehoods, those which
if they pass by the ears and enter into the hearts, will harm
(the hearts) and lead them to corrupt
whisperings and thoughts. And it is regarding [all of this] that
Allaah, the Mighty and Majestic, revealed
His saying, "And when you see those who engage in false
conversation about our signs, stay
away from them till they turn to another topic." (al-An'aam
6:68)
And all of this is only a tiny sample of the sum whole of what
has been reported from the Salaf on
this subject. You will find that the overwhelming majority of
the books of aqidah never fail to mention
this subject. In this article we have only quoted from those who
compiled the creed and summarized
the positions of Ahl us-Sunnah - as for the hundreds of specific
narrations from the Salaf in this
regard, then inshaa'Allaah they will be covered in specific
articles.
-
In summary: A Muslim loves and hate on the basis of his aqidah,
and it is not merely an academic
exercise. It is not like the irjaa' of the Murji'ah where the
only thing that enters the heart is pure
information and pure factual knowledge with no resulting love
and hate, allegiance and disavowal in
the heart, and no outward resultant effect manifested in
behaviour. Worse still is when a man
spends years and years studying the aqidah of the Salaf,
grasping it, explaining it and writing books
on it, only to then sit, with open arms, with the deniers of
Allaah's Uluww, the callers to grave-
worship and istighaathah (seeking rescue from other than
Allaah), proclaiming:
I am proud to call all of them my brothers in faith; I am always
honored to be in their company; I
am eager to further my relationship with them; I sense a genuine
spirit of Islamic brotherhood whilst
amongst them; I wish the best for them and their da'wah; I am
desirous to benefit from their wisdom
and knowledge.
And the da'wah of the innovators he is referring to being the
da'wah to ta'teel and hulool and
worshipping others besides Allaah - which is what their
organizations and institutes preach and
teach. All of this is evidence that knowledge of aqidah is a
proof against an individual and that it may
not have benefited him except as a mere academic exercise.
Compare this to the Ijmaa' of the Salaf, meaning the hundreds of
Imaams of Guidance from the first
few centuries of Islaam, as mentioned by as-Saaboonee, just
quoted previously:
And they [Ahl us-Sunnah] hate the people of innovation who have
introduced into the religion that
which is not from it. They do not love them, nor do they
accompany them, nor do they listen to their
speech, nor do they sit with them, nor argue with them regarding
the religion, and nor do they debate
them. And they see that their ears should be guarded from
listening to their falsehoods, those which
if they pass by the ears and enter into the hearts, will harm
(the hearts) and lead them to corrupt
whisperings and thoughts. And it is regarding [all of this] that
Allaah, the Mighty and Majestic, revealed
His saying, "And when you see those who engage in false
conversation about our signs, stay
away from them till they turn to another topic." (al-An'aam
6:68)
And this topic will be expanded upon specifically in other
articles inshaa'Allaah, upon the usool of Ahl
us-Sunnah regarding innovation and its people - for in these
usool there is the protection and
safeguarding of the aqidah after it has entered into the hearts
- so whoever is eager upon
his aqidah and wishes to meet his Lord upon what the Companions
were upon, then let him not be
neglectful in this regard, rather he should understand the usool
of Ahl us-Sunnah regarding the
mu'aamalah with the people of innovation, with respect to those
who call to it, and those who do not
call to it, with respect to the leaders of innovation and those
who are followers - for all these affairs
have clear guidelines which are made clear in the writings of
Ahl us-Sunnah wal-Jamaa'ah.
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Related Articles:
Al-Walaa wal-Baraa (Loyalty and Disownment) for the Aqidah in
all the Classical Books of
Aqidah
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