APWH chapter 27.notebook 1 February 26, 2014 Chapter 32 part II New Imperialism 18601914 • The new imperialism was the direct or indirect domination of Asia, Africa, Latin America, the Caribbean, and the Pacific by the Western powers and Japan. No part of the world remained unaffected by Western power. • Causes: 1) T Railroads, steamships, weapons like machine guns, and modern medicine meant that no place on earth was out of reach of Western explorers, merchants, or militaries. 2) E Advanced industrial economies required raw materials like copper, nitrate, cotton, rubber, tea, coffee, sugar, and oil, and the desire to control their sources contributed to imperialism. 3) P The great powers were each other's rivals, and often territories were acquired in order to deny them to rival powers. As the great powers competed for status and territory, it became expected to have colonies. There were strategic reasons to acquire certain territories, because of their geographic value, but sometimes worthless territories were acquired as well just for the sake of having more colonies. 4) I Westerners felt superior to nonWesterners and so they felt they had the right and the duty to rule "inferior" peoples. Westerners felt they were bringing civilization to savages.
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Chapter 32 part IINew Imperialism 18601914
• The new imperialism was the direct or indirect domination of Asia, Africa, Latin America, the Caribbean, and the Pacific by the Western powers and Japan. No part of the world remained unaffected by Western power.• Causes: 1) T Railroads, steamships, weapons like machine guns, and modern medicine meant that no place on earth was out of reach of Western explorers, merchants, or militaries. 2) E Advanced industrial economies required raw materials like copper, nitrate, cotton, rubber, tea, coffee, sugar, and oil, and the desire to control their sources contributed to imperialism. 3) P The great powers were each other's rivals, and often territories were acquired in order to deny them to rival powers. As the great powers competed for status and territory, it became expected to have colonies. There were strategic reasons to acquire certain territories, because of their geographic value, but sometimes worthless territories were acquired as well just for the sake of having more colonies. 4) I Westerners felt superior to nonWesterners and so they felt they had the right and the duty to rule "inferior" peoples. Westerners felt they were bringing civilization to savages.
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Scramble for Africa• The Scramble for Africa was the race among European powers in the 1870s and 1880s to acquire as much territory as possible in Africa. The result was that the entire continent was colonized and fell under European rule, except for Ethiopia and Liberia.• The scramble started after the journey of explorer Henry Morton Stanley down the Congo River and across Africa. Belgian King Leopold II became his sponsor, and the king formed a company to exploit the natural resources (especially ivory and rubber) of the Congo. Leopold's company used extreme violence to force the natives to work. Leopold's company's claims triggered the scramble, as other Europeans began to claim territories in Africa.• The Berlin Conference (1884) met to regulate the Scramble for Africa. It recognized Leopold II's ownership of the Congo Free State and it proclaimed the principle of "effective occupation" by European authorities to justify claims of sovereignty. The Berlin Conference began the process of drawing borders in Africa between European colonies. European colonies' borders were artificial, drawn to suit the needs and power of the Europeans. These borders ignored Africans. Colonies included many different ethnic groups, and divided others.
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• Egypt: Construction of the Suez Canal was completed in 1869, joining the Mediterranean and Red Seas. It was financed jointly by Egypt, Britain, and France. • Egypt's modernization led to unsustainable levels of debt, and Egypt eventually lost its share of the canal's ownership. British and French officials took jobs in Egypt's government and monitored its finances so it could pay its debts. This foreign interference triggered an uprising in Egypt. This became Britain's excuse, and it invaded in 1882 to guarantee order. Egypt still had a government, and was still technically part of the Ottoman Empire, but Britain militarily occupied Egypt and was really in control.For Britain the Suez Canal was of great strategic value because it became the route to India. Egypt's stability was therefore very important.• Ethiopia, having a centralized government which had modernized its military, was able to defend its independence. Italy, which ruled colonies on its borders, invaded Ethiopia in 1896 but was defeated at the Battle of Adowa. This was the only example of an African army defeating a European one during the Scramble for Africa.
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• Cecil Rhodes, a British imperialist, annexed much of southern Africa for Britain and founded what became the world's largest diamond company. His dream was to establish British control from the Cape to Cairo. By the 1890s the Boer republics, where enormous deposits of gold and diamonds had recently been discovered, were almost completely surrounded by British colonies.• Boer War (18991902): The Boer republics (Transvaal and the Orange Free State) defended their independence from the British. Britain established concentration camps for Afrikaner civilians in order to deprive Afrikaner guerrillas of civilian support. Britain won and the Boer republics became British colonies. The four British colonies became the Union of South Africa, a dominion, in 1910.
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• Economically, Europeans reorganized the economies of areas they ruled and dependent economic relationships were created. Natives were taxed, which forced them to obtain paying jobs, usually in the mines, plantations, railroads, and ports built by Europeans. Labor migration was also encouraged, including indentured servitude (like Indians in South Africa)• Africa, like China, received large numbers of Christian missionaries from the West. They established schools and hospitals. Ironically, missionary schools would be important because they educated future African nationalists.
Southeast Asia and the Pacific• Coinciding with the Scramble for Africa, Westerners colonized Southeast Asia and the Pacific islands. Only Siam (modern Thailand) remained independent.• Britain finished conquering Burma and Malaya and part of Borneo.• The Netherlands finished conquering the East Indies.• France conquered Indochina (modern Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia).• The Philippines was a very old Spanish colony, but the United States acquired the islands after defeating Spain in the SpanishAmerican War of 1898. Filipinos under the leadership of Emilio Aguinaldo had already been fighting the Spanish for independence. The Filipino guerrillas continued fighting against U.S. rule until 1902.
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• The United States also acquired Guam from Spain in 1898. By then the United States already had naval bases in Samoa and Hawaii, and both were also annexed after the SpanishAmerican War. Hawaii had been an independent Polynesian kingdom but had been under strong American influence for decades. Whalers, missionaries, and plantation owners had moved there and Asian indentured servants had become a majority of the population. In 1893 Americans in Hawaii led a coup and overthrew the monarchy. Once in power they asked to be annexed by the United States, which occurred in 1898.
Latin America• Latin America experienced freetrade imperialism. While remaining politically independent, Latin American countries became economically dependent on the industrialized West. Latin American governments were economically liberal, allowing foreign investment and free trade.• Cuba, still a Spanish colony, rebelled in 1895 against Spanish rule led by Jose Marti. The Spanish established concentration camps for Cuban civilians in order to deprive Cuban guerrillas of their support. As many Cubans died of starvation and disease, U.S. public opinion was increasingly outraged. The United States sent the battleship Maine to Havana to put pressure on Spain. The Maine blew up on February 15, 1898. Although probably an accident, the United States blamed Spain.
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• The United States declared war on Spain in 1898 and easily defeated it. Spain lost Cuba, Guam, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico.• Cuba was to be granted independence while the others remained U.S. colonies. Cuba's independence, however, was to be limited as the United States wanted to remain dominant in Cuban affairs. While still under U.S. military occupation Cuba was forced to accept the Platt Amendment to its constitution. It limited Cuban sovereignty by allowing the United States to intervene in Cuban affairs in order to maintain order and protect U.S. lives and property. The United States was also allowed to lease a naval base at Guantanamo, over which it exercises complete control. Only then was Cuba granted independence, on May 20, 1902.
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• The Isthmus of Panama was part of Colombia. A railroad connecting the Atlantic and Pacific coasts had been built across the isthmus in the 1850s. The United States had a great interest in a canal which would link the two oceans. A French company had begun digging a canal, but it went bankrupt in the 1880s. After 1898 and the U.S. acquisition of Caribbean and Pacific colonies, the canal became a strategic priority.• The United States negotiated with Colombia in order to resume construction, but the U.S. insisted on absolute control. Since they could not come to terms, the United States "invented" a new country, Panama, which would cooperate. A "rebellion" occurred in 1903 and the United States promptly recognized the independence of Panama.• Panama agreed to allow the United States to build, own, and operate the canal. The United States would have sovereignty over the Canal Zone and the right to defend it. The Panama Canal was finished in 1914. The United States controlled the Canal Zone until 1979, and owned the Canal until 1999.
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• After 1898 the United States claimed a right to police Central America and the Caribbean. Its goals were to preserve stability in cases of coups, revolutions, or civil wars. The United States wanted to protect American lives and property and to prevent other imperial powers from interfering in the region. The United States invaded and occupied Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Haiti, Mexico, and Nicaragua various times in the first third of the twentieth century.
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