APUSH Period 7 1890-1945
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APUSH Period 7
1890-1945
7.3, I: After expanding from coast to
coast, US ambitions shifted outward
Key Concept 7.3: Global conflicts over resources, territories, and ideologies
renewed debates over the nation’s values and its role in the world while
simultaneously propelling the United States into a dominant international
military, political, cultural, and economic position.
I. Many Americans began to advocate overseas expansionism in the late19th
century, leading to new territorial ambitions and acquisitions in the Western
Hemisphere and the Pacific.
Imperialism- an unequal economic, cultural, and/or
territorial relationship between 2 countries
Defining Imperialism
United States – 1st European colony in New World to get
independence–head start
1823 – Monroe Doctrine – US gave self preference in dealing
with Latin America
Roots of American Imperialism
Show military strength
Gain new markets and territory
Belief in cultural superiority
Why American Imperialism?
1848 – Debate over Yucatan – Southern Mexico
1848- US ambassador instructed to purchase Cuba from
Spain for $100 million
1854 – Ostend Manifesto – more reasons to buy Cuba
1855 – Nicaragua – conquered by William Walker – an
American mercenary/filibusterer
1856, ‘66, ‘68, ‘70 – attempts to annex the Dominican
Republic
Expanding Past “sea to shining sea” – early
issues/debates
7.3, I: After expanding from coast to
coast, US ambitions shifted outward
Key Concept 7.3: Global conflicts over resources, territories, and ideologies
renewed debates over the nation’s values and its role in the world while
simultaneously propelling the United States into a dominant international
military, political, cultural, and economic position.
I. Many Americans began to advocate overseas expansionism in the late19th
century, leading to new territorial ambitions and acquisitions in the Western
Hemisphere and the Pacific.
Purchased from Russia – 1867 – $7.2 million
Initially seen as mistake “Seward’s Folly”
Rich in resources (gold, timber, oil, minerals)
Alaska - 1867
The oil pipeline
Hawaii – background
Tradition of self-governance; James Cook – British explorer – 1778
Hawaiians united – 1795
1800s – American planters begin arriving – tropical crops
Bayonet Constitution
Kingdom of Hawaii– Queen Liliuokalani
1800s Hawaii – American-owned farms – also refueling station
1893 – Queen removed– Sanford Dole – president
Men’s and Women’s Hawaiian Patriotic Leagues
Hawaii –US territory - 1898
Hawaii – Annexed 1898
1895 – Second Cuban Independence War – Cubans got brutalized
– Spanish governor – Valeriano Weyler - US people sympathetic
José Martí – Cuban independence leader, poet, intellectual –
killed
Cuban Rebellions
US press push for war
“Yellow Journalism” – sensationalism
1898- USS Maine blew up in Havana
US journalists blamed Spain
Spain wanted a deal– US declared war– 4/20/1898
Headline Wars
1898 – Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines – Spain’s last colonies
Political problems in Cuba and aggressive journalists, De Lôme
Letter = war with Spain – April 1898
Spanish American War - 1898
Philippines (red)
President McKinley had eyed Philippines for long time
Asst. Navy Secy. Teddy Roosevelt – sent ships to Manila Bay
1st battle of War – May 1898
Spanish fleet destroyed; US had to wait to attack Manila
Filipino rebels joined US
Spain surrendered – August 1898
Spanish American War - Philippines
T. Roosevelt’s Rough Riders/Battle of San Juan Hill
Spanish fleet destroyed in Cuba
7/25/1898 – Puerto Rico invaded
Peace – 8/12/1898 – 15 week war
Spanish American War - Caribbean
Ended Spanish-American War
Cuba freed
US got Guam and Puerto Rico
US bought Philippines for $20 million
Treaty of Paris Grows the US Empire
Teller Amendment - said US would not take over Cuba (1898)
Platt Amendment -1903
Cuba cannot let foreign powers control its territory
US –right to intervene in Cuba
US could buy/lease land from Cuba
Dealing with Cuba
Given a Civil gov’t in 1900
Puerto Ricans made US citizens in 1917
Puerto Rico
1899-1902 –Filipinos, Emilio Aguinaldo - lost
Moro Rebellion – lasted until 1913
Bud Dajo Massacre - 1906
Philippines under American control until 1946
Philippine-American War
Bud Dajo Massacre
7.3, I: After expanding from coast to
coast, US ambitions shifted outward
Key Concept 7.3: Global conflicts over resources, territories, and ideologies
renewed debates over the nation’s values and its role in the world while
simultaneously propelling the United States into a dominant international
military, political, cultural, and economic position.
I. Many Americans began to advocate overseas expansionism in the late19th
century, leading to new territorial ambitions and acquisitions in the Western
Hemisphere and the Pacific.
Philippines =gateway to Asia, esp. China
Europeans/Japanese– “spheres of influence” -China
Open Door Notes – 1899 – proposals that above countries
share trading rights with US
Foreign Influences in China
Chinese “boxers” rebelled against foreign influence
Rebellion put down by American, Japanese, British, German,
and French – showed US persistence as new imperial power
Boxer Rebellion - 1900
“Boxers”
Rebellion reinforced Open Door Notes
Open Door Policy
US economic growth – needs exports
US could intervene to keep foreign markets open
Closing an area to US products & culture hurt US survival
Aftermath of Boxer Rebellion
Spanish American War, Boxer Rebellion – McKinley
Roosevelt - McKinley’s second VP – 1900
McKinley shot -1901 – Roosevelt – president
Roosevelt – refocused to Caribbean/Latin America
McKinley to Roosevelt
1. Settled Border
Dispute 1895-96
2. US Troops, 1898,
1906-1909, 1917-22
3. Supported Revolt
1903
4. US lease 1904-
present
5. US control 1904-1979
6. US troops 1909 -1910
7. 1912-25
8. US troops 1915-1934
9. US troops 1916-24
Addition to the Monroe Doctrine
Said US would use force (if necessary) to protect
economic interest in Latin America
US now flexing “more muscle”
Would characterize US foreign relations with Latin
America for next century
Roosevelt Corollary (1904)
1. Settled Border
Dispute 1895-96
2. US Troops, 1898,
1906-1909, 1917-22
3. Supported Revolt
1903
4. US lease 1904-
present
5. US control 1904-1979
6. US troops 1909 -1910
7. 1912-25
8. US troops 1915-1934
9. US troops 1916-24
“Speak softly and carry a big stick” – Roosevelt’s foreign policy
Original idea – cut through Nicaragua
1901 – Hay-Pauncefort Treaty- US bought right to build canal
from Britain
US would use a route that was attempted by French
Construction would take years
A Canal across Central America
1903 – US supported Panamanian Independence from
Colombia
Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty – 1903 – US got right to build canal
through Panama
Panama became an independent country
US created “Canal Zone” through Panama
Long-term imperialist relationship
Long term consequences
Horrible conditions - many workers died
Most workers – blacks from West Indies
1914 – Canal opened
US – Latin America relations strained
Building the Canal
Roosevelt at Portsmouth
Treaty of Portsmouth – 1905 – Roosevelt helped negotiate
end to Russo-Japanese War
Got Russia to halt expansionist policies; recognize Japan
Roosevelt got Nobel Peace Prize
The Great White Fleet and Agreement
with Japan
1907 – flexing US Military Muscle – Roosevelt sent the
Great White Fleet on a circumnavigation of the globe
1908 – Root Takahira Agreement – Japan and US agree to
respect each others’ possessions
US gov’t guaranteed loans made to foreign countries by US
businesses
1911- President Taft let American bankers take over
Nicaragua’s rails, nat’l bank, customs taxes
Taft sent marines to Nicaragua – stop rebellion
Dollar Diplomacy (1911)
Missionary Diplomacy – 1913 – Pres. Woodrow Wilson
US should deny recognition to any Latin American gov’t that is
oppressive, undemocratic, or hostile to US interests
Missionary Diplomacy (1913)
Porfirio Diaz -Dictator of Mexico– 1876-1911
Diaz – invited US businesses to Mexico
US businessmen rich; Mexico poor
1910 – Mexican Revolution – peasants rose up
Mexican Revolution
Porfirio Diaz
By 1913- Mexico under control of a military general –
Victoriano Huerta - dictator
Pres. Wilson refused to recognize the Huerta gov’t -
missionary diplomacy - let weapons flow to rebels (Pancho
Villa)
US Navy – captured Port of Veracruz to prevent Germany
from delivering guns to Mexican dictator
Problems with Mexico
1915 – Huerta’s gov. collapsed –
Pancho Villa & Emiliano Zapata – rebels- attacked US– b/c
new Mexican gov. invited US businesses
1917 –US went to World War I – tensions eased
Rebellion in Mexico
Pancho Villa
1. Settled Border
Dispute 1895-96
2. US Troops, 1898,
1906-1909, 1917-22
3. Supported Revolt
1903
4. US lease 1904-
present
5. US control 1904-1999
6. US troops 1909 -1910
7. 1912-25
8. US troops 1915-1934
9. US troops 1916-24
Haiti – second republic in the Americas to free itself of
European rule (1804)
Constantly in debt to European countries; European
domination – US wanted to end this
Early 1900s – constant political turmoil
Chaos in Haiti
1915 – US sent troops – nervous about German influence in
Haiti
US intervened in Haitian affairs
Troops stayed until 1934
US intervention
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