APUSH Lecture 2F (covers chapter 8) Ms. Kray. Younger generation cast votes for Monroe Their concerns were diff. from those of our nation’s founders

APUSH Lecture 2F(covers chapter 8)

Ms. Kray

Younger generation cast votes for Monroe

Their concerns were diff. from those of our nation’s founders Excited about westward expansion Little interest in European politics Believed USA was entering an era of

unlimited prosperityPatriotic themes infused every

aspect of American society

Well-defined American literature developed Parson Mason Weems Washington Irving Nathaniel Hawthorne James Fenimore Cooper

Education Noah Webster The “Virtuous Citizen” Republican Motherhood

• Country’s mission to become a genuine nation-state, w/centralized authority– Proud standing in world affairs

• Envisioned a complex commercial economy

• America’s reality based on Hamilton’s vision

• Republican simplicity– Small government and states rights

• Envisioned an agrarian society of citizen farmers

• Free speech and press were essential rights

• America’s ideals based on Jefferson’s vision

• Clay’s 3 Part Plan for advancing the nation’s economy– Protective Tariffs (ex. Tariff of 1816)

• Would protect American businesses and promote American manufacturing

• Would also provide revenue for internal improvements

– National Bank• War of 1812 underlined need for a new national

bank• 1816: 2nd Bank of the United States chartered

– Internal Improvements• Federally constructed roads and canals would

knit the country together and promote economic growth

• Ex. Cumberland Road

Also known as the “National Road” Growth in turnpikes reduced transportation costs and promoted

the growth of new markets and easy transport of raw materials

Clay got his tariffs & bank but Madison & Monroe objected to the internal improvements

Issue of strict construction Should federal $$$ go to

roads built inside only one state?

Monroe consistently vetoed road-building and canal projects

One of the most important developments of the 19th c Profoundly affected economy by bringing in vast

new regions to the capitalist system

Significant political ramifications

1. Population growth– 1800-1820: pop nearly doubled 5.3 mil to 9.6 mil– Agricultural lands of the east now occupied or soil was

exhausted

2. Indian threats eliminated– Government policy push Indians westward– The “Factor” system – gov’t agents supplied tribes

w/goods at cost to make them dependent on gov’t

3. Improved transportation– Canal building frenzy, turnpikes, and later railroads

• One of the most significant events of the 19th c– Had profound economic and political ramifications

• Settlers often traveled in groups that formed new communities

• Fur traders were usually the first to head west– Closely bound with expanding U.S.

economy– John Jacob Astor est. fur trade outpost

in Oregon

• Stephen Long’s Expedition, 1819-20– Helped shape eastern images of the

west– Described Great Plains as “Great

American Desert”

Coincided with the presidency of James Monroe (1816-1824)

Time of nationalism, optimism, & good will Republican dominance in

politics End of the first party system

Perception of unity & harmony was probably misleading & oversimplified

Prominent in the

Republican party in Virginia

Fought in the

Revolutionary War

High-level diplomat for Jefferson &

Madison

His election continued the Virginia Dynasty of

Presidents

Between 1816 and 1820 the Federalist Party disappeared, why?Failed to adapt to

changing needs of a growing nation

Seemed out of step with nationalist moodOpposed Louisiana

Purchase, War of 1812

Hartford Convention

One of the greatest Secretary of State of all time

Was a nationalist and an expansionistactively advanced American

interests while maintaining peace

Seminole WarAndrew Jackson invaded Florida

w/o authorizationAdams used incident to acquire

Florida from Spain (Adams-Onis Treaty, 1819)

• Ended the Seminole War• Firmly est. U.S. territorial boundary to the Rocky Mtns.

& Pacific Ocean

Spain Empire on death its bed – former colonies gaining independence

U.S. had good trade w/Latin America

1815 U.S. proclaimed neutrality in the wars between Spain & its colonies this implied a partial recognition of

the rebels’ status as nations

Britain asked U.S. to make a joint declaration to keep other Europeans out of the Americas

Adams convinces President Monroe to issue the declaration unilaterally

Warned European nations against further colonial ventures in the Western Hemisphere

“. . . As a principle on which the rights and interests of

the United States are involved, that the American continents, by the free and

independent condition which they have assumed and

maintained, are henceforth not to be considered as

subjects for future colonization by any European

powers.”

--The Monroe Doctrine, 1823

Caused by land speculation, weak banks, and the tightening of credit by the Bank of the U.S. (the BUS)

State banks closed, money deflatedUnemployment, bankruptcies, &

imprisonment for debt!

Created an economic depression that lasted 6 years

West hit hardest

Nationalist beliefs were shaken

Voters’ political outlooks changed Called for land reform Opposed BUS & debtors’

prisons.

• Northern population grew more quickly than the South– By 1819 more Northern Congressmen in the

House of Representatives– But there was still a balance in the Senate

• 11 free state and 11 slave states

• 1819 – Missouri applies for statehood . . . CRISIS– This will upset the delicate balance in the Senate– What does it mean for the rest of the Louisiana

Territory

Northern population grew more quickly 1818 North held majority of seats in

the House

Still a balance in the Senate 11 free states & 11 slave states 1819 Missouri applies for statehood. . .

CRISIS!!! What about the rest of the Louisiana

Territory?

Prohibited further introduction of slaves into Missouri

Required children of Missouri slaves to be emancipated at age 25

Gradual elimination of slavery in Missouri

Southerners enraged Bill passes House but is voted

down in the Senate Never becomes law

• Negotiated by Henry Clay• Missouri admitted as a free

state and Maine enters as a slave state to keep the balance

• All Louisiana territory north of 36o30’ parallel is free territory, land south of that line is slave territory

Reduced sectional tensions over slavery

Preserved sectional balance for 30 yrs.

Gave the young nation time to mature

Nationalist interests triumphed but damaged Era of Good Feelings

Appointed by John Adams in 1800He’s still around

He increased the power of the judiciary and the federal government, and promoted the interests of property

CASES Quick Summary Outcome/Historical Significance

Marbury v. Madison(1803)

*

Appointment of midnight justices by John Adams rejected by Jefferson. Supreme Court must decide constitutionality of Judiciary Act.

John Marshall declares Judiciary Act unconstitutional The Supreme Court has the right of Judicial Review.

McCulloch v. Maryland(1819)

*

Maryland attempts to tax the National Bank of the United States. Court must decide whether Bank is legitimate under the elastic clause and whether Maryland can tax it.

John Marshall declares "the power to tax is the power to destroy." The Supremacy Clause of the Constitution prohibits state taxation of a federal institution. Federal government is supreme.

Gibbons v. Odgen(1824)*

Ogden receives exclusive right from New York to use Steam boat to navigate in New York and to N.J. Gibbons gets right from Congress.

John Marshall declares that Congress has the exclusive authority to regulate Interstate Commerce, especially when it involves a "stream of commerce."

The party faced serious internal strainsCertain members clung to old Republican

ideals of limited government and strict construction

Most Republicans adopted what had once been the Federalist Program Supported maintaining a large army & navy, the

2nd BUS, and tariffs

The system for nominating candidates for president in 1824 broke down and there were four candidates

Andrew Jackson

Henry Clay

John Q. Adams

William Crawford

No clear cut winner in electoral college. Election

thrown to the House

No clear cut winner in electoral college. Election

thrown to the House

Contest really between John Q. Adams and Andrew JacksonSpeaker of the House

Henry Clay throws support behind Adams

Later named Adams’ Secretary of State

Jackson supporters claim “a corrupt bargain” was struck

First “minority president”

Not a good politician

Further alienated Jackson’s followers by supporting: Internal improvements Aid manufacturing National university & astronomical observatory Curbing land speculation in the West Supported Tariff of 1828 which southerners

called the Tariff of Abominations

• Adams’ National Republicans campaigned on economic nationalism

• Jackson’s Democrats opposed privilege and supported a widening of opportunities

Jackson’s supporters were ready to sue discontent of southerners and western and new campaign tactics to winSmeared AdamsAccused Adams’ wife of being

born out of wedlock

Adams’ supporters responded in kindAccused Jackson’s wife Rachel

of being a bigamist

Attracted a lot of interest

3x the # of voters participated

Jackson won handily Reputation as a war

hero & man of the frontier accounted more for his victory than his actual position on issues

Election was a transforming event

Jackson’s election broke the line of presidents from VA and MA

Represented the triumph of the common man

Jacksonian Era was marked by a distrust of the wealthy elites