APUSH II: Unit 1 Chapter 19 The Incorporation of America Essential Question Essential Question: How did the “Second Industrial Revolution” transform the.

APUSH II: Unit 1Chapter 19

The Incorporation of AmericaEssential QuestionEssential Question:•How did the “Second Industrial Revolution” transform the U.S. during the Gilded Age?•How effective were politicians in meeting the needs of Americans during the Gilded Age?•How did problems in gov’t (patronage & coinage), the economy (depression of 1893), & agriculture (Populists) impact the politics of the Gilded Age?

Second Industrial Revolution

• American Economy is growing at a rate of 4% per year

• In 1865, 4th largest economy• By 1900, largest economy in the world• How?• Metal ore development, timber, coal, oil• Growth of Cities

• “Gilded Age”

Growth of Railroads

• 1865 – 1900: mileage increases five times

• 35,000 to 193,000 miles of track

• Huntington, Stanford, Vanderbilt, Gould

• Creation of Time Zones• Creation of TRUSTS

“Laissez-faire”

• Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations• Invisible hand of market should guide business• No government regulation• Rise of Monopolies

THE INDUSTRIALIZATION OF AMERICA

The 2nd Industrial Revolution

The Business of Invention• 19th-century inventors led to an “Age of

Invention”:– Cyrus Field’s telegraph cable– Business typewriters, cash registers, adding

machines– High-speed textile spindles, auto looms, sewing

machines– George Eastman’s Kodak camera– Alexander G. Bell’s telephone

The Business of Invention

• New technologies allowed for increased industrial production– New machines were incorporated into the first

assembly lines which allowed for continuous & faster production of goods

– The railroad linked every region of America & allowed for a mass consumption of goods

The Second Industrial Revolution was fueled

by 3 industries: railroads, steel, & oil

Problems of Growth

• But, the railroad industry faced problems due to overbuilding in the 1870s & 1880s:– Mass competition among RRs– RR lines offered special rates & rebates (secret

discounts) to lure passengers & freight on their lines

– Pooling & consolidation failed to help over-speculation

Revolutions in Technology and Transportation

• The post-Civil War era saw a tremendous boom in business and technology. Inventors like Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Edison brought new products to Americans. – By 1900, Americans had produced over 4,000 cars. – In 1903, the Wright Brothers pioneered airplane flight.

• Railroads stimulated development, creating a national market.

• Industry grew at a pace previously unimaginable.

THE RISE OF INDUSTRY, THE TRIUMPH OF BUSINESS

Section 1

Problems of Growth

• RR bosses asked bank financier J.P. MorganJ.P. Morgan to save their industry:– Morgan created a traffic-sharing plan to end

wasteful competition– “MorganizationMorganization” fixed costs, cut debt, stabilized

rates, issued new stock, & ended rebates– Created a “board of trustees”

• By 1900, 7 giant (centralized & efficient) rail systems dominated

The Steel Industry

• Steel transformed world industry:– Allowed for taller buildings, longer bridges,

stronger railroad lines, & heavier machinery– Andrew CarnegieAndrew Carnegie’s company made more steel

than England– Carnegie converted his steel plants to the

Bessemer process & was able to out-produce his competition & offer lower prices

Rockefeller and Oil

• Petroleum also changed industry – New industrial machines needed kerosene for

lighting & lubricants– JohnJohn D.D. RockefellerRockefeller monopolized the oil industry,

lowered oil costs & improved the quality of oil – By 1879, Standard Oil ruled 90% of all U.S. oil &

sold to Asia, Africa, & South America

Standard OilStandard Oil: The Monster Monopoly?

Gilded Age Industrialization

• During the Gilded Age, American businesses were transformed:– Massive corporations replaced small, family

businesses– New technology, transportation, marketing, labor

relations, & efficient mass-production– By 1900, the U.S. was the most industrialized

country in the world

The Business of Invention

• Thomas Edison, the “Wizard of Menlo Park,” created the 1st research lab in New York– Edison Illuminating Co was the to 1st use electric

light in 1882– Tesla’s alternating current (AC) allowed electricity

to travel over longer distances & to power streetcars & factories

Mechanization Takes Command • The second industrial revolution was based on the

application of new technology to increase labor productivity and the volume of goods.

• By the early 20th century, the United States produced one-third of the world’s industrial goods.

• Continuous machine production characterized many industries.

• Coal provided the energy for this second industrial revolution.

• Assembly line production, beginning with meat-packing, spread throughout American industry.

Integration, Combination, and Merger • Business leaders tried to gain control over the

economy and to enlarge the commercial empire. • Periodic depressions wiped out weaker competitors

and enabled the survivors to grow to unprecedented heights.

• Businesses employed: – vertical integration to control every step of production

• you buy the cow, the dairy, the milkers, the pasteurizers, the homogenizers, the bottlers, and the delivery trucks.

– horizontal combination to control the market for a single product• you buy all the delivery trucks

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

• 1890 – allowed the government to investigate and prosecute trusts– Trusts – Invented by Standard Oil Company

the year before to avoid state-monopoly laws• Prevent monopolies and unfair market

manipulation• Hampered unionization instead, but did not

prevent the continued consolidation of American business until after 1907

The Gospel of Wealth

• American business leaders saw their success as an indication of their own personal virtues.

• A “gospel of wealth” seemed to justify ruthless financial maneuvering by men like Jay Gould.

• More acceptable was the model presented by Andrew Carnegie, a self-made multimillionaire who brought efficiency to the steel industry.

• Captains of industry seemed to fulfill the lessons of Charles Darwin—survival of the fittest.

New Forms of Business Organization

• New types of business organization were used to increase profits:– “Trusts” & “holding companies” integrated

various businesses under 1 board of directors– Vertical & horizontal integration maximized

corporate profits– Frederick Taylor’s “scientific management”

emphasized time efficiency & mid-level managers

New Forms of Business Organization

• Business leaders used a variety of ideas to justify their wealth:– The “Gospel of WealthGospel of Wealth” argued that it is God's will

that some men attained great wealth– Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism taught that natural competition

weeds out the weak & the strong survive– Were monopolists “captains of industry” or

“robber barons”?

LABOR IN THE AGE OF BIG BUSINESS

Section 2

Industrial Workers

• Industrial work was hard:– Laborers worked long hours & received low wages

but had expensive living costs– Industrial work was unskilled, dangerous, &

monotonous – Gender, religious, & racial biases led to different

pay scales • These conditions led to a small, but significant

union movement

Early American Labor Unions

• The Eight Hour League demanded 8 hours for work, 8 hours for leisure, and 8 hours for sleep.• Crumbled after deaths at the Haymarket Square

“Riot”

• In 1868, Knights of LaborKnights of Labor formed to help all type of workers escape the “wage system”• Lead by Terence V. Powderly

AFL

• The most successful union, the American American Federation of LaborFederation of Labor (1886) led by Samuel Gompers:– Made up only of skilled labor & sought practical

objectives (better pay, hours, conditions)– Included 1/3 of all U.S. laborers

Panic of 1873

• Abandonment of Gold standard– Labeled the “Crime of ’73” over 20 years later in

1896 Presidential race

• Black Friday (1869) and Flu Epidemic (My Antonia)

• Jay Cook and Company went bankrupt virtually overnight

• 1876 – 14% unemployment• Start of Long Depression

The “Era of Strikes”, 1870-1890

• During the Chicago Haymarket StrikeChicago Haymarket Strike (1886), unionists demanded an 8-hr day; led to mob violence & the death of the Knights of Labor

• The Great RR StrikeGreat RR Strike of 1877 shut down railroads from WV to CA & resulted in hundreds of deaths

• The Homestead StrikeHomestead Strike (1892) resulted from a 20% pay cut at one of Carnegie’s steel plants

THE NEW SOUTHSection 3

An Internal Colony • Southerners like Henry Grady envisioned a “New South”

that would take advantage of the region’s resources and become a manufacturing center.

• Northern investors bought up much of the South’s manufacturing and natural resources, often eliminating southern competition.

• Southern communities launched cotton mill campaigns to boost the textile industry.

• By the 1920s northern investors held much of the South’s wealth, including the major textile mills.

• For the most part, southern industry produced raw materials for northern consumption and became the nation’s internal colony.

Southern Labor

• Most southern factories were white-only or else rigidly segregated. – African Americans were allowed low-paying jobs with

railroads while African-American women typically worked as domestics.

• With the exception of the Knights of Labor, white workers generally protected their racial position.

• Wages were much lower for southerners than outside of the region, a situation that was worsened by widespread use of child and convict labor.

The Transformation of Piedmont Communities

• The Piedmont (the area from southern Virginia through northern Alabama) developed into a textile-producing center with dozens of small industrial towns.

• As cotton and tobacco prices fell, farmers sent their children into the mills to pay off debts.

• Gradually they moved into these company-dominated mill villages.

• Mill superintendents used teachers and clergy to inculcate the company’s work ethic in the community.

• Mill village residents developed their own cultures, reinforced by a sense of connection to one another.

THE INDUSTRIAL CITYSection 4

“Old Immigrants”

• Immigration slowed down after 1850s– No more Irish Potato famine– Irish, Germans, Scandinavians – “Old Immigrants”

• Only 2.6 million Old Immigrants fled to US cities after 1860

• Pattern of staying in cities (Church and social networks)

New Immigrants

• From 1880-1920, 23 million immigrants came looking for jobs:– These “new” immigrants“new” immigrants were from eastern &

southern Europe; Catholics & Jews, not Protestant• Many Jews came to escape the Pogroms in Eastern

Europe– Kept their language & religion; created ethnic

newspapers, schools, & social associations – Led to a resurgence in Nativism & attempts to

limit immigration

“New Immigrants”

• “New Immigrants” came from Central and Southern Europe and settled in primarily urban areas• Made the US an urban nation• From 1870 to 1900, American cities grew 700%

due to new job opportunities in factories• “New Immigrants” were from rural areas: both those

of Europe and America• Immigrants came because of economic opportunities. • Like “Old Immigrants”, “New Immigrant” groups

tended to live near their countrymen and to work in similar trades

Immigration to the U.S., 1870-1900

Foreign-born Population, 1890The influx of ethnic nationalities led to a new “melting potmelting pot” (“salad bowl”?) national imageThe influx of ethnic nationalities led to a new “melting potmelting pot” (“salad bowl”?) national image

The Urban Landscape • ½ of NYC’s buildings were tenements which housed the poor

working class – “Dumbbell” tenements were popular but were cramped &

plagued by firetraps– Slums had poor sanitation, polluted water & air, tuberculosis – Homicide, suicide, & alcoholism rates all increased in U.S.

cities • Several cities experienced devastating fires, allowing architects to

transform the urban landscape as part of the City Beautiful movement.

• The extension of transportation allowed residential suburbs to emerge on the periphery of the cities– In the 20th century, suburbs are going to be increasingly

middle class and white, while inner cities will be lower class and multi-cultural

Jacob Riis’ “How the Other Half Lives” (1890) exposed the poverty of the urban poor

The Lure of the City

By 1920, for the 1st time in U.S. history, more than 50% of the American

population lived in cities

Skyscrapers and Suburbs

• By the 1880s, steel allowed cities to build skyscrapers

• The Chicago fire of 1871 allowed for rebuilding with new designs: – John Root & Louis Sullivan were the “fathers of

modern urban architecture”– New York & other cities used Chicago as their

model

Skyscrapers and Suburbs• Cities developed distinct zones: – Central business district with working- & upper-

class residents – Middle-class in the suburbs

• Electric & elevated rapid transit made travel easy

The City and the Environment • Despite technological innovations, pollution continued to

be an unsolved problem.• Overcrowding and inadequate sanitation bred a variety

of diseases. • Attempts to clean up city water supplies and eliminate

waste often led to:– polluting rivers– building sewage treatment plants– creating garbage dumps on nearby rural lands

• Progressive reformer are going to start tackling these issues in the 1890s

Urban Political Machines

• Urban “political machinespolitical machines” were loose networks of party precinct captains led by a “boss”– Tammany Hall was the most famous machine;

Boss Tweed led the corrupt “Tweed Ring”– Political machines were not all corrupt (“honest

graft”); helped the urban poor & built public works like the Brooklyn Bridge

Boss Tweed

Tweed CourthouseTweed Courthouse——NY County Courthouse was Courthouse was supposed to cost $250,000 but cost $13 million. supposed to cost $250,000 but cost $13 million.

But the Tweed Ring catered to immigrants by building the Brooklyn Bridge & hosting holiday barbeques

THE RISE OF CONSUMER SOCIETYSection 5

“Conspicuous Consumption” • The growth of consumer goods and services led to

sweeping changes in American behavior and beliefs. • The upper classes created a style of “conspicuous

consumption“ in order to display their wealth to the world around them.– They patronized the arts by funding the galleries and

symphonies of their cities. – They built vast mansions and engaged in new elite sports.– Mansions and wealthy hotels had great open windows so that

people passing by could marvel at the wealth displayed within the building.

– Women adorned themselves with jewels and furs.

Expanding the Market for Goods

• New techniques for marketing and merchandising distributed the growing volume of goods. – Rural free delivery enabled Sears and Montgomery Ward

to thrive and required that these companies set up sophisticated ways of reaching their customers.

– Chain stores developed in other retail areas, frequently specializing in specific consumer goods.

– Department stores captured the urban market. – Advertising firms helped companies reach customers.

The Midwest Made Meat for America A new-and-improved “market revolution”:A new-and-improved “market revolution”: More regional specialization made mass

production & mass consumption possible

New Methods of Marketing

• Marketing became a “science”:– Advertising firms boomed– Department stores like Macy’s & Marshall Field’s

allowed customers to browse & buy– Chain stores like A&P Grocery & Woolworth’s

“Five & Ten”– Mail-order catalogues, like Montgomery Ward

sold to all parts of America

Self-Improvement and the Middle Class

• A new “middle class” developed its own sense of gentility.– Salaried employees were now part of the middle class.

• Aided by expanding transit systems, they moved into suburbs providing both space and privacy but a long commute to and from work.

• Middle-class women devoted their time to housework.– New technologies simplified household work.

• The new middle class embraced “culture” and physical exercise for self-improvement and moral uplift. – Middle-class youth found leisure a special aspect of their

childhood.

Life in the Streets • Many working-class people felt disenchanted amid

the alien and commercial society. To allay the stress, they established close-knit ethnic communities. – Chinese, Mexicans, and African Americans were prevented

from living outside of certain ghettos.– European ethnic groups chose to live in closely-knit

communities. • Many immigrants came without families and lived in

boarding houses. • For many immigrant families, home became a

second workplace where the whole family engaged in productive labor.

Immigrant Culture • Despite their meager resources, many immigrant

families:– attempted to imitate middle-class customs of dress and

consumption– preserved Old World customs

• Immigrant cultures freely mixed with indigenous cultures to shape the emerging popular cultures of urban America.

• Promoters found that young people were attracted to ragtime and other African-American music.

• Promoters also found that amusement parks could attract a mass audience looking for wholesome fun.

CULTURES – IN CONFLICT, IN COMMON

Section 6

Social Changes in the Gilded Age

• Urbanization changed society:– The U.S. saw an increase in self-sufficient female

workers – Most states had compulsory education laws &

kindergartens– 150 new public & private colleges were formed– Cities set aside land for parks & American

workers found time for vaudeville & baseball

Education

• Stimulated by business and civic leaders and the idea of universal free schooling, America’s school system grew rapidly at all levels. – Only a small minority attended high school or college.

• Supported by federal land grants, state universities and colleges proliferated and developed their modern form, as did the elite liberal arts and professional schools. – Professional education was an important growth area.– Women benefited greatly by gaining greater access to colleges.

• Vocational education also experienced substantial expansion.

African American Education

• African Americans founded their own colleges and vocational schools.

• Howard University, established for African Americans, had its own medical school.

• Educator Booker T. Washington founded the Tuskegee Institute to press his call for African Americans to concentrate on vocational training.– Washington encouraged African Americans to learn practical,

moral, and industrial trades.– Teachers and domestic servants were trained through these

new schools.

Leisure and Public Space

• In large cities, varied needs led to the creation of park systems.

• The working class and middle class had different ideas on using public spaces. – Park planners accommodated these needs by providing

the middle-class areas with cultural activities and the working class with space for athletic contests.

– Regulations such as no walking on the grass, picnicking, or playing ball without permission were enforced in many parks.

Frederick Law Olmstead

• Frederick Law Olmstead’s design for Central Park was completed in 1873, though he always considered Prospect Park in Brooklyn his greatest accomplishment

National Pastimes • Middle and working classes found common ground

in a growing number of pastimes. – Ragtime, vaudeville, and especially sports brought the

two classes together in shared activities that helped to provide a national identity.

• After the Civil War, baseball emerged as the “national pastime” as professional teams and league play stimulated fan interest. – Baseball initially reflected its working-class fans both in

style of play and in organization but soon became tied to the business economy.

• By the 1880s, baseball had become segregated, leading to the creation of the Negro Leagues in the 1920s.

Conclusions:Industrialization’s Benefits & Costs

American Industrialization

• Benefits of rapid industrialization:– The U.S. became the world’s #1 industrial power– Per capita wealth doubled – Improving standard of living

• Human cost of industrialization:– Exploitation of workers; growing gap between rich

& poor– Rise of giant monopolies