Apush Exchanged Notes 1

Unit OneExploration, Discovery, and Settlement

Part One: The Meeting of Cultures (Reading p. 2-49)A. Causes of European Exploration :

a. Renaissance =improved technology, increased transportation (by 1400s)

i. Shipbuilding, mapmaking, gunpowder (from Chinese)ii. Printing press in 1450s helped spread this knowledge

b. Religious Conflict =Ottoman Turks in East and Protestants from withini. 1492-Isabella (Castile) and Ferdinand (Aragon) joined and

finally defeated Moors (eastern), driving out Eastern influence=united Spain

ii. Christians in Germany England, France, etc revolted against Pope (Protestant Reformation)=leads to series of religious wars=England and other countries establishing their own versions of Christian church

c. Expanding Trade =trade with east increases=land route was treacherous (Ottoman Turks blocked it in 1453)

i. Prince Henry the Navigator and others establish southern sea route along coast of Africa=1498, Vasco de Gama, first to reach India by this route

ii. Columbus had already made his trip when Da Gama made his (Columbus thought west was shorter—good one!

d. Political Changes In Europe =monarchs of new nation states in Europe needed trade to bring them wealth, also need blessing of Catholic church to rule their countries, so many of these monarchs shared their plunder with the Pope and also used these trips as means of conversion

B. Early Explorations : God, Glory and Gold!!a. Columbus=8 years to get backing, 1492 Ferdinand and Isabella, 3

ships and granted Columbus sovereignty over all lands that he claims for Spain=sails from Canary Islands on Sept. 6, lands in Bahamas on Oct. 6 (near mutiny)—begins European genocide of natives=he enslaved natives, found very little gold with exception of gold found in rivers, lies to monarchs-“Indians?”

b. Columbus’ Legacy=establishment of permanent contact between Europe and America

c. Balboa-isthmus of Panama and discovered Pacific (1513)d. De Leon-discovered and mapped Florida (1513)e. Magellan-Straits of Magellan, circumnavigation (1520)f. Cortes-conquered Aztecs in Mexico (1521)g. Pizarro-conquered Incas (1532)h. De Soto-explored to the Mississippi (1539-42)i. Coronado-New Mexico to Kansas (1540-42)j. Treaty of Tordesillas -both Spain and Portugal had land claims in

west, turned dispute over who owned what to Pope, 1493 drew land on map (Line of Demarcation)-Portugal got Brazil and some islands, Spain got the rest

k. Spain was most profitable, sending ships full of gold back to Spain, increasing gold supply by 500%, becoming richest country in history—encomienda system, which sees natives used as slaves while Spaniards “care” for them, kills off many of the natives, turn to

asiento system, which uses African slaves (means the Spanish have to pay a tax to the king on every slave they import)

i. Major differences between Spanish and English colonization: Spain did not people its colonies, they created new societies. Slavery was less rigid and lasting, but just as brutal. And, Spain strictly controlled its colonies. Also, no religious freedom in Spanish colonies.

C. English, French and Dutch Claims : Brief English history lesson: Protestant Reformation began with Martin Luther saying, in 1517, that salvation was achieved by faith alone. English Reformation began when Henry VIII broke away from Catholic church and formed Church of England. Puritans followed John Calvin’s teachings and believed in “predestination.” Destinies could not be changed, but success was a sign of grace.

a. English =1497, John Cabot explored coast of Newfoundland, England doesn’t follow up

i. Religious matters occupied the minds of the English monarchs in the 16th century, (Henry 8 breaks from Pope, Elizabeth I challenging Spain through piracy and Sir Francis Drake)—Raleigh tried Roanoke in 1587 but it failed

b. French =looking for NW Passage, Verrazano 1524 NY Harbor, but their claims to American territory were based on claims of Jacques Cartier (1534-1542) who explored St. Lawrence River

i. France also preoccupied with Euro wars in 16th century, also problems between French Catholics and Huguenots

ii. First perm. Settlement was Quebec, 1608, by Champlain (a fort really) he is known as the father of New France

iii. 1673-Marquette and Joliet explore upper Miss, de la Salle explored Midwest 1682, named area Louisiana after Louis 14

c. Dutch Claims =Henry Hudson, English, looking for NW Passage in 1609. eventually claims land that becomes New Amsterdam and later New York

D. Early English Settlements =1588, England defeats Spanish armada, allowing it to become most powerful navy on Earth—now wants to take hold of New World—population growing in England, economy was lousy, meaning large number of poor and landless—America looks attractive to these people—how to finance this? Joint Stock Companies! Pool the savings of people of moderate means and use this money to support trading ventures that could be potentially profitable—this is how the colonies on the east coast could attract so many people, and why many of these people spent so much time looking for minerals. England’s settlement of Americas based upon writings of Richard Hakluyt, who said colonies would create new markets, and would cleanse England of its poor and homeless, and could acquire needed items from its own territories, rather than have to trade with its rivals. (By the way, England’s first attempt at colonization was in Ireland, where they paid no heed to the natives and killed them if need be…leads to the Troubles…)

a. Jamestown -the Virginia Company, chartered by King James I (who favored Catholics and and arbitrary taxation), a joint-stock company (1607)

i. Problems-Indian attacks, famine, disease, stupidity—swampy area along James River, dysentery, malaria, death! Gentleman –gold seekers, lack of farming.

ii. Prosperity-leadership of Capt. John Smith and tobacco (John Rolfe) saved Jamestown. He and lovely wife Pocahontas (of Powhatan Indians) created a new variety of tobacco, becomes very popular in Europe. This requires a large labor force,

bringing indentured servitude into action. In 1619 Africans arrived in Jamestown as IS’s, prompting an idea among planters. Tobacco economy led to need for expansion. Smith was sent back to England in 1609 to treat a powder burn. Starving time 2 follows. Arrival of Lord De La Warr (post Smith) to save the colony from abandonment. He enforced harsh discipline (see book about Starving Time)

iii. Headright system -a headright was a 50 acre grant of land. It encouraged people to migrate to Virginia in large groups=more land

iv. Virginia Company fell into debt because it made bad business decisions, so charter was revoked in 1624 when the company goes bankrupt. King James I conveniently takes over (sees profit!) and Virginia becomes a royal colony ( a colony under control of a king or queen)

v. Role of women in Jamestown? 1619 100 Englishwomen were sent to J’town, were part indentured, part free (depending on niceness of husband)

b. Puritan Colonies-seeking religious freedom, not wealth i. Plymouth -settled by English Protestants who were unhappy

with the ritualistic Church of England—these people want to “purify” the Church Of England, get rid of all the ceremonies and hierarchy (buying of church positions, buying of salvation, etc) James I did not like the Protestants, challenged his political and religious authority—he arrested them by the hundreds

1. Plymouth colony was Separatist-want to est. a separate Christian church, independent of royal control. First to Holland, then to new world. Headed for Virginia, Mayflower. Half of the people on board were not Separatists, they were coming here for econ. Reasons

2. Landed hundreds of miles north of target, in Mass. Decide to establish a colony here. Mayflower Compact—after a harsh winter, half died, they were saved by natives. First Thanksgiving in 1621—leaders included Miles Standish and William Bradford. Never a highly profitable colony, but sustained itself with fish, fur, and lumber.

c. Massachusetts Bay Colony -Charles I began to persecute the Protestants (late 1620s) these Puritans were not Separatists, just wanted to save church from afar—form Mass. Bay. Company in 1629, led by John Winthrop—1630 Winthrop and 1,000 followers sail and found Boston and other towns. A civil war in England in the 1630s drove even more to America (15,000 in the decade) called the Great Migration. These colonists established the Congregational Church, which unlike in England, was where each church ran itself and was its own sovereign. This is a big change, and might contribute to colonists establishing the idea of self governance. Also, Mass Bay was a “theocracy”, where the government and the church were one and the same. The rights of the individual were limited, not a lot of change from the days in England.

E. Early Political Institutions in New World -a. Plymouth -Majority Rule-established in Mayflower Compact, among

other things. First rudimentary Const.

b. Jamestown -Rep. Govt.—VA. Company wanted to sell going to Virginia by showing settlers they had same rights as they would in England—1619 the House of Burgesses is established, an early form of self-government.

c. Massachusetts Bay -Rep. Govt.—limited, but democratic—all freemen, male members of Puritan church, could participate in yearly elections of colonial Governor, his assistants, and a rep. assembly

d. Limitations -A very large part of population was excluded from democratic process, only male property owners could vote, so the irony here is that democratic ideals were developed in an environment where few had rights and majority were mistreated (natives, slaves, women)

F. Treatment of Natives by =a. Spanish -rough, killed millions. Then brought over Africansb. English -traded, coexisted, etc for a while (except in Va.) Taught

settlers how to grow crops, hunt, etc. Greed and expansion led to warfare, arrogant English treated natives like savages.

c. French -peaceful relations. Fur trapping (coureurs du bois), especially along St. Lawrence and Great Lakes. French had few colonists, for the most part French were here seeking fur and that’s it, therefore there was no threat to the natives.

Readings “Historical Viewpoints”“Daily Life in Colonial Massachusetts” p. 30-36“Spain in North America” p. 24“Withcraft in Colonial New England” p. 45

Readings from “The American Spirit” –primary sources (several articles, check for theme)

Terms-Ch. 1

Sioux, Pawnee, Pueblo, IroquoisMayas, Aztecs, IncasRenaissanceTechnology, compass, printing pressSpain, MoorsFerdinand and IsabellaProtestant ReformationTradePortugalHenry the NavigatorNation-statesChristopher ColumbusNew WorldAmerigo VespucciLine of DemarcationTreaty of TordesillasPedro Cabral, Balboa, Leon, Magellan, Cortes, Pizarro, Coronado, de SotoConquistadoresAsiento syatemEncomienda systemJohn Cabot, Verrazano, Cartier, Champlain, Marquette and Joliet, la Salle, HudsonJoint-stock companyFather Juniper SerraRichard Hakluyt

Enclosure MovementEnglish ReformationVirginia CompanyRoyal ColonyChurch of EnglandCalvinist PuritansPlymouth ColonySeparatistsPilgrimsElizabeth IJames ISir Humphrey Gilbert PlantationsMayflower, Mayflower CompactSquantoWilliam BradfordMassachusetts Bay CompanyJohn WinthropGreat MigrationVirginia House of BurgessesMerchant CapitalistMercantilismCoureurs de boisSir Francis DrakeSpanish ArmadaRoanokeSir Walter RaleighUtopia

Part Two: The Thirteen British Colonies (1607-1750) (p. 49-96)A. The English Charter Colonies : Three types of charters (piece of paper

detailing who owned the land, describes the relationship with the colony and the Crown) develop in English colonies.

a. Corporate Colonies: (Jamestown)-operated by joint stock companiesb. Royal colonies: (Virginia after 1624)-under direct rule of Kingc. Proprietary colonies: (Maryland and Pa.)-under authority of

individuals granted charters or ownership by the Kingd. All people in the English colonies were accustomed to representative

govt. (unlike French, Spanish, Port.)-they expect it…e. With England busy, colonies manage their own affairs for a time

(Salutary Neglect)B. The Colonies :

a. Chesapeake Colonies: 1632: Charles I divided Virginia colony, giving Chesapeake Bay area to Lord Baltimore (George Calvert) for loyal service—become first of several proprietary colonies

i. Proprietary colonies gave King more control, only one person to find if colony was doing well or struggling, better than a Board

ii. Maryland : set up by Cecil Calvert (the 2nd Lord Baltimore) in 1634

iii. Act of Toleration : Maryland was founded by Catholics who came to America to escape persecution by Protestants, but once they got here even Maryland was majority protestant—to

avoid persecution Calvert persuades assembly to adopt the Act, which allows for freedom of worship for all Christians. Calls for death of anyone who does not accept divinity of

Jesus…sorry Jewsiv. By the late 1600s, the Protestants had enough and forced a

repeal of the Act, Catholics lost their right to vote in assembly, Maryland becomes haven for Protestants, but not Catholics

v. Women and families in the Chesapeake: Women married early (by age 17), high mortality rate so there were many second and third marriages; sex was rampant as 1/3 of marriages involved pregnant women; average wife was pregnant every 2 years; avg. family had 8 kids, 3 of whom survive to adulthood; widows remarried often with their new husbands inheriting their loot; Southern families were patriarchal (led by strong father) by the 1750s.

b. Virginia : During Cromwell’s Protectorate, many Cavaliers fled from England to Virginia. Overproduction of tobacco led to falling prices by 1660s, House of Burgesses raised prices of tobacco, prompting London merchants to raise price of exports

i. Bacon’s Rebellion : Sir William Berkeley was royal governor of Virginia, he favored large planters and the King, did not provide protection from Indian attacks, especially out on frontier—Nathaniel Bacon, farmer, just in from England, led a rebellion against Berkeley’s policies…did not want a few large planters running all of Virginia (sound familiar??) he raised an army of volunteers in 1676 and raided Indian villages along the frontier—Berkeley accused Bacon of rebelling against royal authority, Bacon then defeated a royal force and burned the Jamestown settlement—Bacon then ate his own feces and died of dysentery, his rebellion soon collapsed, Berkeley dealt harshly with the rebels

ii. Two problems brought out in the open by Bacon’s Rebellion :1. Sharp class difference between wealthy planters and

landless poor ones2. colonial resistance to royal control 3. Shows continual refusal of whites to abide by treaties4. Shows continuing rivalry between tidewater and

piedmont5. shows potential of indentured to cause problems (many

of them were in Bacon’s army)c. Labor Problems in Chesapeake Colonies : both colonies grew slowly,

due to disease and Indian attacks. Also, there were too many men and not enough women. Need a labor source to work the hard tobacco fields. Three ways were attempted to solve this problem:

i. Indentured Servitude : ii. Headright System : 50 acres in Virginia for each immigrant who

paid for his own passage and to any plantation owner who paid or an immigrant’s passage

iii. Slavery : first slaves in Virginia arrived on a Dutch trade ship, early Africans were indentures, slaves cost too much to buy outright as Virginians were struggling—most Africans were being imported into West Indies to work sugar fields—1660s Virginia enacted laws that made Africans and their descendants slaves for life

d. New England Colonies Develop : New England colonies were generally spawned from people who were either kicked out or fled from Mass. Bay colony

i. Rhode Island : Roger Williams founded it in 1636. He believed that an individual’s conscience was beyond the control of any civil or church authority. This got him into trouble with Bay officials. He also believed in separation of church and state, etc. He founds Providence on Narragansett Bay. Two things made Providence unique: it recognized the rights of the natives and paid them or their land and allowed for complete religious toleration (Catholics, Jews, Quakers, etc.) Williams later founded one of the first Baptist churches in America

ii. Anne Hutchinson : believed in antinomianism, faith alone, not deeds, is necessary for salvation. This would cut down on church fund raising, among other problems. Banished from Bay Colony. She founded Portsmouth, near Providence, in 1638. She was later killed by natives on Long Island.

iii. Williams receives charter from Parliament, joining Providence and Portsmouth into one colony in 1644, called Rhode Island. (Rogue’s Island)

iv. Women and Families in NE: family structure was more normal here than in Chesapeake, probably due to religion; sex ration was balanced here, as opposed to Chesapeake; 6 of 8 children survived to adulthood here; women had less power here, and premarital pregnancy was around 20%.

e. Connecticut : Thomas Hooker led Boston Puritans here and founded Hartford in 1636.

i. Drew up first constitution in American history, the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut. (1639). Representative govt., representative legislature with governor selected from the legislature.

ii. New Haven -established as a separate colony in 1637 by John Davenport.

iii. These two combine in 1665 to form Connecticut, had a limited self government and election of Governor

f. New Hampshire : Was part of Mass. Bay, it was a few of the settlements north of Boston. Charles II separated these towns from Mass. Bay (1679) in an effort to gain control over the area. Becomes Royal colony, appointed governor.

g. Halfway Covenant : by 1660 church influence in New England was waning, children were not as religious as their parents were. Church was losing members and interest. Some clergy offer a halfway covenant, which allowed for a more limited religious commitment. In other words, people could now do more in the church while making a more limited commitment to Jesus. (Puritanism lite) This idea was attacked by many at first, but over time most Puritanical ways were lightened for mostly financial reasons.

h. New England Confederation : 1643 England is in civil war and is not looking to assist the colonies in their troubles with natives, so 4 NE colonies came together in military compact. It was directed by a board made up of 2 reps from each colony. Limited powers on boundary disputes, the return of runaway servants, and dealing with natives. Lasts until 1684, when rivalries and renewed English interest emerge. Precedent? First time colonies unite for common purpose.

i. Pequot War : 1637—English settlers and Pequot Indians, fighting over land and trading with Dutch. Savage fighting, many massacres, including the burning of hundreds of Pequot men, women and children in a barricaded fort.

j. King Philip’s War : Metacom of the Wampanoag Indians united a number of tribes to defend themselves against the encroaching colonists. A violent war followed. The colonists sarcastically called Metacom King Philip. 1675-1676 thousands killed on both sides, very violent. Massacres. King Philip was eventually killed, head on a pike. Ended native resistance in New England.

k. The Restoration Colonies : these are the colonies that were founded during the English Restoration, that period (1660-) after the brief Puritan rule of Oliver Cromwell.

i. The Carolinas - land granted to 8 nobles by Charles II in exchange for their help in gaining throne—proprietary colony—becomes two colonies in 1729—South Carolina-fur trading, rice, lots of slaves required for rice fields—North Carolina-northern Carolinas became tobacco farmers, less slavery than South because few good harbors led to smaller farms, fewer large plantations.

ii. New York -1664-Duke of York took New Amsterdam by force from Dutch

iii. Governor Peter Stuyvesant , no actual fight. Renamed New York, gave rights to Dutch settlers. James II wanted new taxes and wanted to do so without consent of a New York assembly. Taxation without representation unpopular, eventually King is forced to grant rights to New Yorkers, including an assembly Leisler’s Rebellion: 1689 - When King James II was dethroned and replaced by William and Mary, the colonists of New York rebelled and made Jacob Leisler, a militia officer, governor of New York. Leisler was like Bacon, a guy who wanted more respect and a place in the lifestyle of the wealthy. He held out for two years, but Leisler was hanged for treason when royal authority was reinstated in 1691, but the representative assembly which he founded remained part of the government of New York.

iv. New Jersey -Carved out of New York colony, given to King’s friends and carved into West Jersey and East Jersey. Religious freedom, free land available. Eventually, the land rights to both Jerseys had changed hands so much that the Crown combined the two, forming New Jersey in 1702.

v. Pennsylvania and Delaware -1. Quakers -Society of Friends—equality of all men, no

military service, religion is found in the soul, not in church. Not popular and widely persecuted in England—William Penn-father was a close friend of the King, since the King owed his father a lot of money, the King gave a land grant to the younger Penn. Pennsylvania (Penn’s Woods)

2. The Holy Experiment -Three purposes of Quakers—provide a refuge, enact liberal ideas in government, generate profit for himself. The Frame of Government-rep assembly elected by landowners, a written constitution called the Charter of Liberties (1701)offering freedom of worship and unlimited

immigration—Grid pattern developed by Penn—treated natives fairly—

3. Delaware -were the lower three colonies of Pennsylvania—Penn granted them their own assembly in 1702—creates Delaware as a separate colony, even though its governor was the same as Pennsylvania’s until the Revolution

vi. Georgia -the last British colony, two reasons to have Georgia (from Brit point of view)—buffer from Spanish Florida, and to form a debtor colony, releasing prisoners from British jails (start life anew!) James Oglethorpe—runs the proprietary colony in 1733—no drinking and no slavery—British government took over in 1752, allowed drinking and slavery, and began to follow the plantation system found in SC--

C. Mercantilism and the British Empire : a. Mercantilism -trade, colonies, and accumulated wealth is the basis for

a country’s military and political wealth. A country needs to extract as much wealth as possible from abroad and export as little wealth as possible from home. This idea makes colonization a priority, you can extract from a colony, and then sell them things as well. You are creating a source for goods and a market for goods as well. Colonies are seen as money, not as people with rights and opinions. Colonies are there to provide raw materials to the mother country, they are there simply to enrich the mother country. England develops mercantilism after their homeland turmoil ends. Ends period of salutary neglect.

b. Navigation Acts (1650-1673)—establish three rules for colonial trade.i. Trade to and from colonies could be carried only in English or

colonial built ships, with only English or colonial crews.ii. All goods imported to the colonies, excepting some

perishables, had to go through England first.iii. Specified or enumerated goods from the colonies could only be

exported to England. Tobacco was the original one, but was eventually expanded to include almost all colonial products. Trying to enforce mercantilism.

iv. Impact on the colonies : Positives—New England shipbuilding prospered, Chesapeake tobacco had a monopoly in England, English navy protected colonies from French and Spain. Negatives—colonial manufacturing was severely limited, Chesapeake farmers received low prices for their crops, colonists had to pay high prices for imports from England

v. Bigger picture : Navigation Acts were unnecessary in that the colonists would have traded primarily with England anyway, whatever advantages were gained economically were lost in pissing off the colonists. New Englanders were quickly notorious for smuggling to French and Dutch.

vi. Enforcement of the Acts : lax at best, agents in colonies were corruptible. Occasionally the Crown would rise up, as in 1684 when it revoked the Mass Bay charter because of high number of smuggling cases.

c. The Dominion of New England: James II wanted to make controlling the colonies easier, wanted to divide them into larger units and get rid of the assemblies. Combines New York, NJ, and the other New England colonies into the Dominion of New England. Sir Edmund Andros was sent to govern the dominion, he was immediately hated

because he levied taxes, limited town meetings, and revoked land titles. James II didn’t last long. He tried to accumulate too much power too quickly in England, the Glorious Revolution of 1688 deposed him in favor of William and Mary. This change brought Dominion of New England to an end. The Glorious Revolution shoots down England’s attempt at colonial unification.

D. Slavery : by 1750, ½ of Virginia and 2/3 of SC’s population was slave. Why? 3 reasons

a. Reduced migration : Economy in England improved, no more dire need to leave.

b. Dependable work force : Bacon’s Rebellion and all of the whining about rights that the indentures were doing led to a belief in slavery. This is a more stable source of labor.

c. Cheap Labor : Tobacco prices were falling, leading to rise of rice and indigo becoming cash crops. To grow these things, you need a large piece of land and a large unskilled labor source.

d. Slave Laws : Almost all colonies had laws in place by 1664 making slavery legal and inherited from generation to generation. Even if blacks were not slaves, they were treated as inferiors, leading to a severe racist ideology in the colonies.

e. Triangular Trade : starts in New England with ships full of rum heading to West Africa. Rum traded for hundreds of slaves. Then the ship would load up with slaves for the Middle Passage. They were traded as slaves in West Indies for a cargo of sugarcane, which were then taken to New England where it would be turned into rum. Slave traders made a ton of money. Slave ship captain wrote “Amazing Grace” after surviving a horrible ocean storm.

Readings from “Historical Viewpoints”“Witchcraft In Colonial New England” p. 45-54“The Middle Passage” p. 55-67

Terms Ch. 2

William Bradford“Saints”Corporate, royal, proprietary coloniesLondon CompanyChesapeake coloniesGeorge Calvert, Lord BaltimoreCecil Calvert, Lord BaltimoreAct of Toleration (1649)VirginiaStarving TimeSir William BerkeleyBacon’s RebellionIndentured servantHeadright systemSlaverySugar CultivationPlymouth Plantation“Freemen”John Winthrop“City Upon a Hill”Roger Williams

ProvidenceAnne HutchinsonAntinomianismRhode IslandThomas HookerFundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639)John Cotton“the elect”John DavenportConnecticutNew HampshireHalfway CovenantNew England ConfederationWampanoagsPequot WarMetacom, King Philip’s WarPatroonshipsRestoration ColoniesCarolinasRice plantationsTobacco farmsNew York, New JerseyPennsylvaniaQuakers“Inner Light”TheocracyWilliam PennHoly experimentFrame of Government (1682-83)Charter of Liberties (1701)DelawareGeorgiaJames OglethorpeMercantilismNavigation ActsDominion of New EnglandSir Edmund AndrosGlorious RevolutionTriangular tradeSlave tradeMiddle PassageLeisler’s Rebellion

Part Three: Colonial Society in the 18 th Century (p. 49-96) A. Population Growth : whites in English colonies from 250,000 in 1701 to 2.5

million in 1775. Slaves from 28,000 to 500,000. Two factors for this: immigration of almost a million people, and a high birth rate among colonial families. Coming to America was becoming more attractive, as land was available and people didn’t eat their loved ones as much as they used to.

a. Euro Immigrants : Central Europeans (German speaking) for religious reasons, running from war, econ. Opportunity. Most settled in Middle Colonies (Pa., NY, NJ, Md, De.,) or on the western frontier of the

southern colonies. New England colonies were unpopular because land was limited and the Puritanical control was unappealing.

b. German Immigrants : settled west of Philadelphia, known as Pennsylvania Dutch country. They maintained their culture, but showed little interest in English politics. (These people comprised 6% of the colonial population by 1775.)

c. Scotch-Irish : from northern Ireland with ancestry from Scotland. Had little respect for British. Settled along frontier of Pa., Va., Carolinas and Ga. (7% of population by 1775.)

d. Other Euros : Huguenots (French protestants), Dutch and Swedes. Made up 5% by 1775

e. Africans : largest group of non-English immigrants. 20% of colonial population by 1775. 90% lived in southern colonies.

B. Structure of Colonial Society : a. English culture dominated all colonies: b. Self-Government : each colony had a rep. assembly elected by white

male landownersi. 11 out of 13 colonies had appointed Governors (Rhode Island

and Conn.) either appointed by Crown or by proprietorc. Religious Toleration : the least tolerant colony was Mass., (excluded

Jews and Catholics) while RI and Pa. were most liberald. No Hereditary aristocracy : no nobility in America. American class

system was based solely on economics. e. Social mobility : everyone (except blacks) had the ability to move up

in society.f. Family : economic and social center of colonial life. People married at

younger age and had more kids, 90% of people lived on farms, higher standard of living than in Europe.

i. Men : Most men worked, landowning was mostly men, politics was men, English law gave men unlimited power in the home, including beating of wife

ii. Women : cooking, cleaning, clothes-making, medical care. Education of children, shop work, farm work, divorce was rare, women had limited legal and political rights. Women had a role in familial decision making, but men wouldn’t admit it publicly.

C. The Economy : By 1760s almost ½ of England’s world trade was with its colonies. They allowed limited manufacturing (rum, flour, etc) but would not allow businesses that would compete with English industry (textiles). The best way to get rich in America, in this period, was farming.

a. New England : Subsistence farming due to rocky terrain and long winters. Logging, shipbuilding, fishing, trading and rum-distilling.

b. Middle Colonies : rich soil, wheat, corn. Large farms were common, indentured and hired workers worked alongside owners of farms. Iron making. Trade developed in coastal cities of Philadelphia and NY.

c. Southern Colonies : Farms from subsistence to plantation. Tobacco, rice, indigo. Increase in slave, especially on large plantations.

d. Monetary system : England forced the colonies to use the limited hard currency (gold and silver) to pay for English imports. For domestic trade, colonies printed their own paper money, which led to inflation.

e. Transportation : Places on rivers or the ocean became profitable. Overland travel was becoming more popular in the 18th century, despite the shitty roads. Taverns were popular for food, drink, and sleep as well as a good place to get the day’s news. Postal system

using overland horse travel or small ships was operating by the mid 18th century.

D. Religion : Dominated by the Protestants. a. Protestant Dominance : Established Churches-churches which

received tax money through taxing the citizens of a colony. There were two, the Church of England in Virginia and the Congregational Church in Mass Bay and Connecticut. As immigration grew, these practices slowed, and eventually died after the Revolution.

b. Anglicans -rich people throughout colonies were members, but as we grew closer to Revolution the Church of England became the face of England, and unpopular.

c. Congregationalists -successor to the Puritans. Domineering and over complex, according to critics.

d. The Great Awakening -before this period, church was sullen, intellectual discourses on God. However, during 1730s and 1740s the Great Awakening happens, placing more emphasis on sin and damnation. A sort of religious revival. It taught that individuals could break away from their past, could leave their families and break out on their own.

i. Leaders of Great Awakening : 1. Jonathan Edwards : Congregationalist in Mass., initiated

the G.A. with a series of sermons called “Sinners in the Hand of an Angry God.” (1741)—He said God was angry with human sinfulness, individuals could be saved only if they expressed deep penitence, but those who didn’t would face eternal damnation. He did not like this new idea of salvation for all at no cost. Not a big fan of the halfway covenant. Wants to bring back God’s power, predestination, and prayer/personal salvation. He also gave a very good description of what hell would be like.

2. George Whitefield : he traveled from one end of the colonies to the other, as Edwards remained only in Mass. His work spread the Great Awakening around the colonies. Preached in barns, fields, etc. and as many as 10,000 people came to listen. He stressed that if you wanted to be saved, you had to openly confess, otherwise…Hell! He also said that one could read the Bible on his own, don’t need preachers to do it for you.

3. Effect ?-It brought about emotionalism in the church as people exulted in being “saved.” Also, ministers lost power as people began to study and interpret the Bible in their own homes.

4. Schism : G.A. caused a split between those who supported its teachings (the New Lights-revivalists) and those who condemned them (the Old Lights-traditionalists). The more evangelical sects, like Baptists and Methodists, gained membership during this time. It was almost like recruiting, these new churches needed members and were trying to sell their religion to you. Both sides differed on what they thought of education, some thought education would lead to a death of religion, whereas others thought education was necessary in living a whole life.

5. Great Effect ?-If people could now make decisions without the “higher” authority of ministers, won’t they

soon learn that they should be able to do the same politically? Poor people gained power under Great Awakening because they got to take part. Now they want to take part politically as well. It also weakened the established churches, weakened the clergy, made Americans become more open and religiously diverse, and helped to divide the churches even further apart.

e. Cultural Life -i. Architecture -Georgian style (of London) widely used in colonial

homes, churches, etc. On frontier, log cabins were a lot easier.ii. Painting : many artists were guys who wandered around

frontier looking to see who wanted their portraits painted. Benjamin West and John Copley trained in England and became great American artists of this period.

iii. Literature : Most writers wrote about religion and politics, as there were not a lot of resources for fiction writing. Cotton Mather and Jon Edwards were very popular. As Revolution approaches, political essays were popular (John and Sam Adams, James Otis, John Dickinson, Thomas Paine, TJ)—Ben Franklin wrote witty, Poor Richard’s Almanack…Phillis Wheatley was a former slave who became a popular colonial poet.

iv. Science : Franklin (stove, bifocals, electricity) and others were primarily self-taught (John Bartram, botanist from Philly)

v. Education : formal education for males only, females trained for household work

1. New England -Mass. 1647—towns with more than 50 families had to have a primary school for boys, and towns with over 100 families had to have a grammar school for boys to prep for college—all tax supported

2. Middle Colonies -Church sponsored or private schools only. Teachers lived with families of their students.

3. South -Parents taught ‘em. Shit fire. Tutors on plantations.

4. Higher Education : Harvard 1636 as a school for theology. William and Mary (Virginia-1694-Anglican) and Yale (1701-Congregationalist). All of these schools were sectarian, or were there to promote a certain religion’s viewpoint. College of New Jersey (Princeton-1746, Presbyterian.) King’s College (Columbia, 1754, Anglican), Rhode Island College (Brown, 1764, Baptist), Queen’s College (Rutgers, 1766, Dutch Reformed), Dartmouth College (1769, Congregationalist). The only college formed at this time that was not sectarian was the College of Philadelphia (University of Pennsylvania)—no religious sponsor.

vi. Professions : 1. Physicians - used leeches as bloodsuckers, which usually

made matters worse (diphtheria, smallpox, etc.) No real formal medical education in colonies until Franklin’s College of Philly (1765)

2. Lawyers: 17th century saw very few lawyers as people would argue their own case. 18th century brought need for assistance in court as legal problems became more complex. The best lawyers formed a bar (a committee or

board) which set standards for aspiring lawyers. John Adams, James Otis, Patrick Henry were famous layers of their day and each argued the intellectualism of the Revolution.

3. Newspapers : More than 40 weekly papers by 1776. Essays, old news from Europe, runaway slave alerts, ads, etc. Franklin did the first cartoon.

a. John Peter Zenger Case : 1735-he was publisher/editor in NY, he criticized the royal governor. Andrew Hamilton argued that his client had printed the truth. According to English common law, even if the criticisms were true, you still couldn’t print them. The jury voted to acquit Zenger, encouraging risk taking by newspapers toward more freedom of the press. Does not guarantee that freedom, though.

vii. Entertainments, etc .1. Frontier-work all the time, sunup to sundown. Year

divided into 4 parts for farmer: spring plant, summer grow, fall harvest, winter prep.

2. South: card-playing and horse racing3. Middle: theater going4. New England: religious lectures5. New National Character Emerges : Colonists were

beginning to exercise freedom of press and speech, election of representatives, toleration of religions. Why? Because leaving Europe, having a majority of Englishmen, and the existence of the frontier as a place to go if all falls apart combined to bring these people “together”, not as one people, but as a people sharing similar experiences.

viii. Politics : 8 colonies had governors appointed by King (NH, Ma., NY, NJ, Va., NC, Sc, and Ga.), three proprietary colonies whose governor was appointed by the proprietor (Md., Pa., Md.), and 2 whose governor was elected by people (RI and Conn.) Every colonial legislature had two houses with lower house voting on taxes (which taught colonists they should pay taxes only if their chosen reps approved of them). In the royal and proprietary colonies, the governor or proprietor picked the members of the upper house.

1. Law Enforcement : Town meetings grew popular in New England, where townspeople would come together at the church. In the South, however, town meetings were difficult because populous was spread out. Instead, they had a sheriff who patrolled a large territory.

2. Voting : no blacks, slaves, women, non-landowning men could vote. By 18th century most of the religious requirements to vote had been removed.

a. House of Burgesses : was really an exclusive club run by a limited number of wealthy families.

b. Mass .: Also run by educated elite. Common people throughout the colonies tended to defer to their “betters” in making colonial decisions. Even though the democracy was limited to white men,

this was still more democracy than most other parts of the world at the time.

Terms, part 3:ImmigrantsEnglish cultural dominationSelf-governmentReligious tolerationCongregationalismPatriarchy“covenant”Hereditary aristocracySocial mobilityColonial familiesSubsistence farmingEstablished churchGreat AwakeningJonathon EdwardsGeorge WhitefieldGeorgian styleBenjamin WestJohn CopleyCotton MatherTown meetings“Visible saints”Smallpox inoculationsBen FranklinPoor Richard’s AlmanackPhillis WheatleyJohn BartramSectarian, nonsectarianProfessions, religion, medicine, lawJohn Peter ZengerLibelAndrew HamiltonColonial governorsColonial legislaturesTown meetingsCounty governmentLimited democracy

Part 4: Imperial Wars and Colonial Protest, 1754-1775 (p. 98-123)A. The Four Wars (European to America)

a. From 1689-1763, a series of four wars broke out between England, France and Spain. These wars were fought in Europe, India, and North America, the winner gets the West Indies spice trade, Canada and colonial trade. The first 3 wars were named after the King or Queen reigning at the time.

b. In King William’s War (1689-97) and Queen Anne’s War (1702-13), the English tried to take Canada but failed. Natives supported by the French burned English frontier settlements. In Queen Anne’s war, English got control of Nova Scotia from France and trading rights in

Spanish America. Marks first true clashes between English and Frnace in North America.

c. King George’s War (1744-48) Under George II, the big deal here is that New Englanders helped to capture a French fort at Louisburg (part of Nova Scotia, actually Breton Island), but were furious when the Brits traded it back to France in exchange for political and economic gains in India.

d. French and Indian War: (1754-1763) (Seven Years’ War in Europe.) This war started in colonies, spread to Europe. Brits actually sent troops to America in this one, not wanting to rely solely on colonial amateurs.

i. Caused in part by Iroquois nation- allowed Brits to start settling in French lands, French retaliate by building forts. Iroquois had been playing both sides against the other for years, but were more tied to Brits than French

ii. French were building forts in the Ohio River Valley, (to stop Brit expansion to west) which provokes the Brits. To stop the building of Ft. Duquesne (Pittsburgh), Virginia governor sends militia led by the young GW. GW forced to surrender to larger French fort. Starts final of the 4 wars.

iii. Brits not doing well early, as French had help from Algonquins. Brit attempts to invade French Canada in ’56 and ’57 were turned back.

iv. Albany Plan of Union : Brits call for a coordinated colonial defense. Reps from several colonies adopted a plan in Albany in 1754. Ben Franklin developed it. Provided for an inter-colonial government, system for recruiting troops, and a system for collecting defense taxes. Each colony was too jealous to give up its own taxing power, and the plan never passed. The Albany Congress did set precedent for later on. (And what a bad idea by the Brits, in this time of panic they lay the idea.)

v. War turns for Brits in 1758 with William Pitt taking over as PM and the new Brit objective of taking Canada. Louisburg is taken in 1758, Quebec in ’59 and Montreal in ’60. Peace treaty signed in ’63 (Peace of Paris) ending French power in North America.

vi. Acquisitions : Brits acquire French Canada and Spanish Florida. France gave Spain Louisiana and its claims west of the Mississippi (because of Spain’s loss of Florida.)

vii. Effects of the war : Brits have total control of North America and gives them dominant world navy. Colonists no longer have to worry about attacks by French, Spanish, or their native allies. Most importantly was how the colonial/Brit relationship changed after this war.

viii. British view of the colonies : Low opinion of colonial military, some colonies refused to send troops or money, proving the Brit theory that the colonies could not defend themselves against the frontier.

ix. Colonial View of the Brits : Proud of their military record, think they can defend themselves. Not impressed with Euro-style of fighting (not in wooded America).

B. Reorganization of the British Empire: Salutary neglect is an undocumented, though longstanding, British policy of allowing the parliamentary laws meant to keep the

American colonies subservient to England to slide. Prime Minister Robert Walpole (nicknamed Cock Robin) stated in 1688 that if no restrictions were on the colonies, they would flourish. This policy, which spanned from about 1690 to 1750, allowed the actual enforcement of trade relations laws to be lenient. King George III was the one who stopped this policy through acts such as the Stamp Act and Sugar Act, causing dissentions among the colonists.

It is believed that salutary neglect is a large contributing factor that led to the American Revolutionary War. Because the imperial authority didn't assert the power that it had, the colonists were not only able to self-govern, but grew accustomed to that independence and viewed it as a right.

Salutary Neglect is abandoned in 1763. Edmund Burke is the one who coined the phrase. They feel a need to adopt more forceful policies in taking control of the colonies. These wars were expensive, to defend America would be even more expensive (requiring a massive growth in military size), taxes in England were too high, need to give some of the burden to the Americans themselves. George III decided to make the colonists pay for their own protection, which the Whigs in Britain loved. (The Whigs disliked the King but were the dominant party in Parliament, so they convinced George III to do this. Probably did not take much urging as no one really respected the colonists anyway.)

e. Pontiac’s Rebellion : (1763) Chief Pontiac allied several tribes against western frontier. Brits send in real military and stop the rebellion. Brits had refused to offer gifts to the natives like the French used to do, which pissed off Pontiac. Leads to the following:

f. Proclamation of 1763 : Prohibited colonists from settling west of the Appalachians. Trying to prevent troubles between colonists and natives. Colonists are pissed. They wanted access to this western land. Thousands defied the Line and moved out there anyway. (British prepping to tax colonists and keeping them where they can be easily found?) Again, another little nudge toward colonial revolutionary mindset. First of many British acts that piss off the colonists.

C. British Actions and Colonial Reactions :a. The first three Acts: all endorsed by PM George Grenville, each used

as fundraisers for protection of colonies and each despised by the colonists.

i. Sugar Act : (1764)-officially the Revenue Act of 1764, tax on foreign sugar and certain luxuries. Also, a companion law provided for stricter enforcement of the Navigation Acts (1650-1673) to stop smuggling. Smugglers now face admiralty courts, with Crown-appointed judge and no jury.

1. Had already been some colonial opposition to taxes. In 1763 the Paxton Boys, backcountry folks in Pennsylvania, went into Philadelphia and demanded relief from colonial (not British) taxes. They said that since they lived on the frontier, they needed monetary assistance against the Indians. Philly conceded with them. Obviously, the colonists learned from the message sent here.

2. Regulator Movement : 1771-South Carolina. Western taxpayers who opposed the high taxes they had to pay to the local (crown appointed) sheriff. Ends with

Regulators being defeated by Gov. William Tryon’s eastern army. Six Reg’s were hanged for treason.

ii. Quartering Act (1764) : colonists have to provide food and housing for soldiers (just like they do in Britain). However, not in private homes, but in taverns and road motels.

iii. Stamp Act : (1765) Had been in use for a long time in England. Placed revenue stamps on printed paper, all legal docs, newspapers, pamphlets, advertisements. It was the first direct tax upon the colonists.

1. Patrick Henry gave the famous “Taxation” speech in House of Burgesses (as well as saying “If this be treason, make the most of it!”). He later authored what became known as the “Virginia Resolves.” James Otis called for cooperative colonial action to oppose the Act. Stamp Act Congress formed in 1765 in New York to address what to do. They resolved that only their elected reps could levy taxes.

2. Sons and Daughters of Liberty : More violent reaction. Aim is to intimidate tax officials. Tarring and feathering, destruction of revenue stamps.

3. Boycotts : the most effective form of protest. London merchants put pressure on Parliament to repeal the Stamp Act in 1766.

4. Argument of Virtual vs. Actual Representation: Parliament said that colonies had virtual representation, but the colonists want the real thing.

iv. Declaratory Act : (1766)-Grenville is out, Charles Townshend is in. But, it stated that Parliament had the right to tax the colonies “in all cases whatsoever.” Face-saving measure.

b. The Second Phase of the Crisis : Brits still need money, and have lost face. Internal vs. External Acts.

i. The Townshend Acts : (1767)-tax on glass, tea, lead, and paper. The revenue would be used to pay crown officials in the colonies, meaning the colonial assemblies no longer had to pay them. Also gave officials right to search private homes for smuggled goods, all you needed was a writ of assistance ( a general license to search, as opposed to a search warrant from a judge.) Also suspended the NY assembly because that colony defied the Quartering Act.

1. Reaction to the Townshend Acts : They were indirect taxes, so there was not an immediate reaction in the colonies. However, Sam Adams, John Dickinson, and James Otis began to argue against them. In Letters From A Farmer in Philadelphia, Dickinson argued once again that since these were taxes, they could not be levied without the consent of their own colonial assemblies, this was basic English law, he argued.

2. The Massachusetts Circular Letter : (1768) Sam Adams and James Otis wrote it and sent copies to every colonial legislature. It urged the colonies to petition Parliament to repeal the Acts. Brit reaction? In Boston, they ordered the letter retracted, threatened to dissolve the Mass. Legislature, and brought in more troops to Boston. Colonists responded by boycotting all British goods and increased smuggling.

3. Townshend Acts Repealed : (1770) Lord Frederick North takes over as Prime Minister, and urges Parliament to repeal the Acts (the boycotts were killing the Brit merchants again.) They left only the tax on tea. For the next three years, the colonies prospered economically (with exception of the Boston Massacre.)

4. The Boston Massacre : (March 1770) Snowy day, crowd of colonists harassed the hated customs official near the customs house in Boston. The Brit guards fired into the crowd, killing 5, including Crispus Attucks. John Adams defended the soldiers at their murder trial. John’s cousin Sam called the incident a “massacre.” This description annoyed some colonists, but others who wanted liberty would come back to this event time and time again as how the Brits really feel about the colonists.

c. Renewal of Conflict : Although 1770-1772 were peaceful, Sam Adams and others kept the flame alive through his Committees of Correspondence, which began in ’72. The goal of these committees were to send letters back and forth discussing possible dangers brought about by Brit occupation.

i. Gaspee Incident : (1772) A famous customs ship that busted smugglers off coast of RI. The ship ran aground and colonists (dressed as natives) came out and burned it. Brits want those guilty sent to Brit for trial, but no one was sent.

ii. Liberty Incident : John Hancock. iii. Boston Tea Party : (Dec. 1773) Tea Act of 1773, gave Brit East

India Tea Co. monopoly on colonial tea sales. Made the tea cheaper than even home grown colonial tea or smuggled Dutch tea.

1. Most Americans refused to buy the tea because to do wo would be to recognize Brit rights to tax.

2. Tea ship in Boston harbor, colonists dress as natives and go out and dump tea. Many liked the idea, but some colonists thought this was a little too radical.

iv. Intolerable Acts : Actually, these were two groups of acts, the Coercive Acts and the Quebec Act. Each was punishment for not only the Tea Party, but for the basic dipshit attitude the colonists had.

1. Coercive Act : (1774) four of them:a. The Port Bill : closed Boston port until tea is paid

for.b. Massachusetts Government Act : Took power from

the legislature and added power to Governor.c. Administration of Justice Act : Royal officials

accused of crimes to be tried in England.d. More sever Quartering Act : Brit soldiers could now

stay in private homes.2. Quebec Act : (1774) Organized the Canadian lands gained

from France. Granted the people living there a lot more autonomy than the American colonists had.

a. Established Roman Catholic Church as official religion of Quebec.

b. Set up a government without a rep assembly.c. Extended Quebec’s boundary to Ohio River.

d. American reaction: Pissed because it took land from them in the Ohio Valley (Proclamation Line), they feared this was a first step at taking away American colonial representative government, and America was vastly Protestant.

d. The Enlightenment : a European movement in literature and philosophy. Human reason should be used in solving most of humanity’s problems. Peaked mid-18th century.

i. John Locke -major influence on the Enlightenment. 17th century English philosopher, he said that while the state is supreme, it is bound to follow natural laws based on the rights of the people. Sovereignty ultimately resides with the people, not the state. He also said that citizens had the obligation to revolt against a government that fails to protect its rights. He stressed “natural rights” of life, liberty and property. He was a major source for the Revolution.

ii. Other Enlightenment Ideas :1. Minimized the role of divine intervention emphasizing

reason, science, and respect for humanity. Developed by Locke and developed by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, it had a deep impact on the Americans of the mid to late 18th century.

Terms Part 4:

French and Indian WarGeorge WashingtonEdward BraddockIroquois ConfederacyOhio ValleyFort DuquesnePaxton BoysAlbany Plan of UnionPeace of ParisSalutary neglectGeorge IIWhigsParliamentPontiac’s RebellionProclamation of 1763Sugar ActQuartering ActStamp ActPatrick HenryThe “Virginia Resolves”Stamp Act CongressSons and Daughters of LibertyDeclaratory ActQuartering Act of 1765Townshend ActInternal/External TaxationWrits of assistanceJohn DickinsonSamuel AdamsJames Otis

Circular LetterLord Frederick NorthBoston MassacreCrispus AttucksCommittees of CorrespondenceGaspee IncidentTea Act of 1773Women in resistance activitiesBoston Tea PartyIntolerable ActsCoercive ActsPort BillMassachusetts Government ActAdministration of Government ActQuartering ActQuebec ActSuffolk ResolveVirtual vs. Direct RepresentationThe nature of sovereigntyEnlightenmentJohn LockeRousseau

Readings from “Historical Viewpoints:“The Ordeal of Thomas Hutchinson” p. 70

Unit TwoThe Revolution and Constitution

Part 5: The American Revolution (p. 124-156)A. The First Continental Congress : Intolerable Acts sets the stage for the

events of the mid to late 1770s. By 1776 it becomes clear that only way to resolve the situation was to break away.

a. Sept . 1774-all colonies except Georgia send delegates to Philly. Purpose? Determine what the colonists should do about this violation of their rights and liberties. No desire yet for independence. Rather, wanted to protest Parliamentary intrusions on their rights and go back to the way it was before the F&I War. (The time of salutary neglect.)

i. The Delegates : Viewpoints ranged from radical to conservative. Radical leaders (who demanded the greatest concessions from Brits) included Patrick Henry, Sam Adams. Moderates were George Washington and John Dickinson. Conservatives (want a mild statement of protest) were John Jay and Joseph Galloway. Loyalists were not represented.

ii. Actions of the Congress : voted on a series of measures that intended to change Brit policy without offending the Moderates and Conservatives. Galloway even proposed an “Albany Union” type of idea that would have gotten the colonies together as a union as well as reordered relations with the Brits, but if failed to pass by one vote. Four major measures were adopted:

1. Suffolk Resolves : rejected the Intolerable Acts and called for their repeal. Urged colonists to make military preparations and boycott Brit goods.

2. Declaration of Rights and Grievances : (a Moderate idea.) Petition to George III urging him to redress (make right) colonial grievances and restore colonial rights. It also recognized Parliament’s authority to regulate commerce.

3. the Association : urged the creation of committees in every town to enforce the economic sanctions set forth in the Suffolk Resolves.

4. Meeting of 2 nd Congress : If colonial rights not recognized, this meeting would take place in May 1775.

iii. Brit reaction to these proposals: Called the Conciliatory Propositions: Parliament considers the colonial grievances (former PM William Pitt called for withdrawal of Brit troops from NA while Edmund Burke called for repeal of Coercive Acts, both to no avail.) Lord North is not so lenient, he pushes the Conciliatory Propositions through Parliament, which is a proposal to have the colonies tax themselves at Parliament’s demand. Not a lot of difference here. North is hoping to divide the colonists into two groups. One group was moderate and may accept this proposal, while the extremists would go on fighting and hopefully lose influence. In the end it does not matter, as these Propositions reach America after Lexington and Concord.

B. The Fighting Begins : King declared Massachusetts a state in rebellion, sent more troops. This combination of colonial defiance vs. Brit will to crush it led to fighting.

a. Lexington and Concord : 4/18/75-Gen. Thomas Gage, the Mass. Governor and commander of Brit troops in Boston, sent a large force to seize colonial military supplies in Concord. He also heard that John Hancock and Sam Adams may be at Lexington. Paul Revere’s ride (with William Dawes) warned townspeople, and the militia (Minutemen) stood ready at Lexington but were quickly overrun by the Brit heavy force. Brits make it to Concord, destroy some military supplies, then head back to Boston. On return march, Brits suffer 250 casualties as colonial militia fires at them from behind stone walls. Humiliation for Brits.

b. Bunker Hill : 2 months later, June 17, 1775: Colonial army holds Breed’s Hill until it runs out of ammo. Brits suffer over 1,000 casualties. This is going to be a real war!

C. The Second Continental Congress : two basic groups here. One, from New England, wants to declare independence. The other, from the middle colonies, wanted to negotiate a new relationship with the Crown.

a. Military Actions : Congress adopted a Declaration of Causes and Necessities for Taking Up Arms, written by TJ and including an attack on the King, much like TJ’s Virginia Constitution, which was a prequel to the Declaration of Independence; called on colonies to provide troops. GW appointed commander in chief of colonial army, and he headed off to Boston. Congress also authorized another force under Benedict Arnold to raid Quebec to try and take Canada. A navy was commissioned as well.

b. Peace Efforts : Many in the colonies did not want independence (protection and heritage.) July 1775, delegates sent the Olive Branch Petition to George III. Pledged loyalty and asked King to help them against Parliament. He wiped his ass with it. He then agreed with Parliament’s Prohibitory Act (1775) which declared the colonies in open rebellion. Parliament then forbade all shipping to and from colonies.

c. Thomas Paine’s Argument for Independence : Jan 1776, Thomas Paine releases Common Sense. A Brit immigrant to the colonies, Paine argued that it was not common sense that a large continent should be ruled by a small island, and to pledge allegiance to a King whose government was corrupt and whose laws were unreasonable. This pamphlet was widely read in the colonies and served to change many minds in the following 6 months.

d. The Declaration of Independence : Congress reluctantly moved toward rebellion and away from reconciliation. June 7, Richard Henry Lee introduced a resolution declaring the colonies to be independent. A 5 delegate committee was established to write why. Specific grievances against George were listed, and expressed the basic principles that justified a revolution:

i. Thomas Jefferson’s words: “all men are created equal…life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness…”

ii. Based upon the writings of Locke, Montesquieu, and Rousseau: Locke’s Treatises on Government mentioned that all humans have certain inalienable natural rights, including the rights to life, liberty, and property. Rousseau’s social contract said that humans must abandon their natural rights to govern themselves and submit to be governed by a larger body, they do this because they are the authors of the laws and they are the government. Montesquieu, in The Spirit of the Laws, wrote about the separation of powers and the three distinct types of government: Monarchies, which relied on honor; Republics, which relied upon virtue; and Despotism, which rely on fear.

iii. Lee’s resolution was adopted on July 2, TJ’s work adopted July 4.

iv. Cost of signing Declaration of Independence.D. The War :

a. Logistics : Population in colonies at time of war: 2.6 million. Only 1/3 of that actually joined the Revolution (Patriots). Almost an equal number sided with the Brits (Loyalists/Tories). The other third remained neutral.

b. Patriots : most were from New England and Virginia, most did not want to travel outside their colony. Short enlistments with farms back home. GW had several hundred enlistees, but never more than 20,000 soldiers at one time. Short of supplies, poorly equipped, and rarely paid.

i. Blacks : GW originally didn’t want them, but changed his mind when Brits started offering freedom in exchange for service. Congress eventually made the same offer. 5,000 eventually served, most from North, and they served alongside whites. Peter Salem was most famous.

c. Loyalists : This was a mini-Civil War featuring anti-Brit patriots vs. pro-Brit loyalists (aka Tories, after the majority party in Parliament.)

i. 60,000 Tories died alongside Brit soldiers in war. ii. Provided Brits with food, arms and supplies.

iii. Pillaged Patriot homes.iv. Brother vs. brother (Ben Franklin’s son was the royal Governor

of NJ)v. Total of 500,000-750,000 Loyalists (20-30% of total population-

they were the majority in NY, NJ, Ga.)vi. When loss was certain, 80,000 loyalists left to Canada rather

than face persecutionvii. Social Background : majority tended to be wealthy,

conservative. (Most govt. officials and clergy were loyalist.)viii. Natives : They tried to stay out of it, but attacks on their land

by Americans pushed most to side with the Brits, who promised limited colonial settlements in the West in exchange.

d. Initial American Hardships and Losses : First three years (75-77) went badly for GW.

i. Battle for NYC was a disaster in ’76, by end of ’77 Brits occupied Philly and NYC, winter ’77-’78 Valley Forge, Pa.

ii. Economic troubles : Brits took over American trading posts which resulted in 95% decline in colonial trade from ’75-’77. Inflation soared, and the paper money issued by Congress (called Continentals) was worthless.

e. Alliance With France: i. Saratoga , Oct. 1777. Johnny Burgoyne was marching South to

meet up with two other Brit armies at Albany, (with objective to cut off New England from rest of the colonies and end war) but he never made it. Traveled slowly, and beaten by Horatio Gates and Ben Arnold at Saratoga.

ii. Diplomatically , the French are impressed enough to join the colonial side. Louis XVI did not want to support a revolution, but he wanted to weaken Britain. France had secretly been sending money and supplies to colonies since 1775 (with the Marquis de Lafayette), but becomes an American ally in 1778. Spain and Holland joined a year later. Key was that this alliance diverted British forces away from America.

f. Victory: 1778-1779, the war moves to New York. George Rogers Clark kicks the Brits out of Ohio/Illinois at same time, and finally the Brits decide to move to South in 1780 because there were lots of loyalists there.

i. Yorktown : Charles Cornwallis allowed himself to be trapped on peninsula in Virginia. Surrendered to GW, Lafayette, and French navy in Chesapeake Bay in 1781.

ii. Treaty of Paris: News of the surrender hit the Tory party hard. They were out of power in Parliament within months, replaced by the Whigs. The war had been unpopular in Britain simply because it was a tremendous strain on Brit economy. Lord North resigned.

1. Treaty provided for the following: a. Britain recognizes colonial independenceb. Mississippi River is western boundary of the new

nation.c. Americans get fishing rights off coast of Canada.d. Americans would pay debts owed to Brit

merchants and honor Loyalist claims for property confiscated during war.

E. Organization of New Governments : While the war was being fought, 13 separate governments were drawing up their own constitutions, and the Congress was trying to define its powers for the new nation.

a. State Governments : Most states had a constitution by 1777, three of them (Md., Pa., and NC) actually submitted their constitution to the people for a vote.

i. Two basic arguments politically : Conservatives (stress the need for law and order) and Liberals (want to protect individual rights and prevent future tyranny.)

ii. All state constitutions had following items in common :1. List of rights : basic rights and freedoms. (Jury trial,

freedom of religion2. Separation of Powers : Legislative, exec., judicial. The

idea here is to safeguard against tyranny3. Voting : All white males who owned property. Idea here

is that those who own property have a bigger stake in government than the poor.

4. Office holding : Office holders have higher property requirements than voters (government by the wealthy)

b. The Articles of Confederation : Drafted by John Dickinson around same time TJ wrote DecIndep. Dickinson’s idea as to protect the powers of the individual states. Submitted to Congress in 1777.

i. Ratified in March 1781, after Landed States agreed to give up their western land claims. (Rhode Island and Maryland insisted upon this).

ii. Structure of Government : 1. Central government with just one body, a Congress.

Each state had one vote, with at least 9 votes out of 13 required to pass an important law. To amend the Articles, a unanimous vote was required. A Committee of States, with one rep from each state, could make minor decisions when Congress not in session.

2. Powers: Wage war, make treaties, send diplomats, borrow money. No power to regulate commerce or raise taxes. (Had to rely upon taxes voted by each state in order to raise money=not going to happen.). No executive power to enforce its own laws.

iii. Accomplishments of Articles of Confederation: 1. Winning the war . Especially in negotiating a favorable

treaty.2. Land Ordinance of 1785. This policy made western lands

eventually open to the public. It also provided for public education in each township.

3. Northwest Ordinance of 1787: TJ’s plan for how to add new states. (This dealt with land in Great Lakes and Ohio River area.) Limited self government to the developing territories and prohibited slavery in the region.

iv. Problems with the Articles : The 13 states wanted a weak central government and they got it.

1. Financial : Most war debts were unpaid and the government did not have the money to pay. Bottom line, states printed their own worthless money and congress had no taxing power and had to borrow money from states.

2. Foreign : Foreign nations had no respect for a country that could not pay its debts or defend itself. Brits and Spain both angled for interests in the West.

3. Domestic : Shays’ Rebellion, summer 1786. War vet who led a farmers’ rebellion in Massachusetts. Sick of paying high taxes, not getting paid for war, debtors prison, lack of paper money. They stopped the collection of taxes and actually closed some debtors’ courts. Jan 1787 the rebellion was broken by the Massachusetts militia. This rebellion showed that the national government needs a way to stop this type of activity.

F. Social Change : a. Abolition of Aristocratic Titles : abolished by state constitutions or

laws. No court could recognize primogeniture, no court could grant titles of nobility. What also helped here is that after the war, a lot of the Loyalists lost their land, this was wealthy people losing power. These estates were subdivided and sold at auctions to raise money for war.

b. Separation of Church and State : No more financial support for church. Only in three states did churches continue to receive state money into the 19th century (NH, Conn., Mass.—Congregational Church).

c. Women : Cooks and nurses in camps, some actually fought (Molly Pitcher, actual name was Mary McCauley) fought at the Battle of Monmouth. Debbie Sampson actually passed as a man and fought in the war. She was hot.

i. Most important female contribution : Maintained the colonial economy. They ran family businesses, farms, etc. while men were away. Provided food and clothing for war effort. They still remained second class, however. Abigail Adams plea to husband John.

d. Slavery: At first, leaders took steps to get rid of slavery. Congress voted to abolish importation, and many southern plantation owners freed their slaves. However, majority of southern slaveowners felt that slave labor was vital to southern economy. Justified it politically and religiously.

Part 5 Terms:First Continental CongressPatrick HenrySamuel AdamsJohn AdamsGeorge WashingtonJohn DickinsonJohn JayJoseph GallowaySuffolk ResolvesEconomic SanctionsDeclaration of Rights and GrievancesPaul RevereWilliam DawesMinutemenLexingtonConcord

Battle of Bunker HillSecond Continental CongressDeclaration of the Causes and Necessities for Taking Up ArmsOlive Branch PetitionProhibitory ActThomas PaineCommon SenseDeclaration of IndependenceJohn LockeThomas JeffersonPatriotsLoyalistsToriesBunker HillBenedict ArnoldHessiansIroquois ConfederacyValley ForgeContinentalsGeorge Rogers ClarkBattle of SaratogaAbsolute MonarchBattle of YorktownTreaty of ParisArticles of ConfederationUnicameral legislatureLand Ordinance of 1785Northwest Ordinance of 1787Shays’ RebellionRepublicanismIdea of ConventionBattle of Fallen TimbersTreaty of GrenvilleMary WollstonecraftMary McCauleyDeborah SampsonAbigail Adams

Readings from “Historical Viewpoints”:“George Washington, Spymaster” p. 82“Women in the American Revolution,” p. 91.“The Most Successful Revolution” p. 99“Shays’ Rebellion” p. 110

Part 6: The Constitution and the New Republic (p. 158-178)A. The United States Under the Articles (1781-1787)

a. Foreign troubles : States did not follow Treaty of Paris, didn’t pay back the Loyalists. Also, Brits were still placing restrictions on trade and setting up shop in West.

b. Economic weakness and Interstate quarrels : Since they did not pay the debts back, there was limited economic credit. New nation falls into a depression. No taxation and worthless paper money

compounds the problem. States placed tariffs on one another as well as engage in boundary disputes.

c. The Annapolis Convention : GW hosts a small meeting at Mt. Vernon in 1785. 4 states show up, (Va., Md., De., Pa.) The four states that the current problems were bad enough to have an actual meeting among all the states. That next meeting was the Annapolis Convention (1786), but only five states showed up. James Madison and Alexander Hamilton tried to come up with ways to improve commercial relations between the states, decided to call for another convention in Philly at which they could revise the Articles.

B. Drafting the Constitution at Philadelphia : All states send delegates (except for Rhode Island, who did not trust the other states.) Goal is to revise the Articles.

a. The Delegates : 55 white males, most young (averaged 42) and college educated. Wealthier than most Americans, many were lawyers, many had helped write state constitutions. They decided to keep everything secret. GW unanimously chosen to preside. James Madison drafted most of the new Constitution, but was aided by Alexander Hamilton, Gouverneur Morris and John Dickinson. Each of these guys wanted to strengthen the national government. Missing in action: John Jay, TJ, John Adams, Thomas Paine—all on diplomatic missions. Sam Adams and John Hancock were simply not chosen as delegates, and Patrick Henry refused to take part.

b. The Issues : Madison and Hamilton quickly took over the convention. They understood that many Americans did not trust central government, so they aimed to put in a system of checks and balances to protect the people from the government.

i. Representation : Virginia Plan (Madison) vs. New Jersey Plan. How will each state be represented? Great Compromise, also known as the Connecticut Plan. Two house congress, etc.

ii. Slavery : Three-fifth Compromise. 1. Also, guarantee that slaves could be imported for at

least 20 more years (through 1808), at which time Congress could vote to abolish the practice of importation.

iii. Trade : North wants central government to regulate trade, but South is afraid that this would mean tax on exports. Commercial Compromise allows Congress to regulate interstate trade and foreign commerce, as well as place tariffs on imports, but not exports.

iv. Powers and Election of the President : Power to veto, 4 year term, no term limit. Each state would be assigned a number of electors equal to the total number of that states Congressmen (Electoral College). This was done because the framers feared that too much democracy would lead to mob rule-Hamilton!

v. Ratification : Sept. 17, 1787 the framers approve a draft to send to the states. Framers decided that 9 out of 13 states were needed for ratification. State conventions were used to vote and debate.

C. Federalists and Anti-Federalists : a. Ratification debate went on from Sept. 1787 to June 1788.

Federalists supported the document, anti-federalists opposed it. Federalists tended to be located along the coast and in the cities, Anti-federalists tended to be farmers and frontiersmen.

b. Federalists :

i. Leaders : GW, Ben Franklin, Madison, Hamiltonii. Argument s: Stronger central government was needed to

maintain order and preserve the Union.iii. Strategy : Emphasized the weakness of the Articles of

Confederation; showed their opponents as merely negative opponents with no solutions.

iv. Advantages : Strong leaders, well organized.v. Disadvantages : Constitution was new and untried, lacked a Bill

of Rights.c. Anti-federalists:

i. Leaders : George Mason, Patrick Henry, James Winthrop, John Hancock, George Clinton.

ii. Arguments : Stronger central government would destroy the work of the Revolution, limit democracy, and restrict states’ rights.

iii. Strategy : Proposed Constitution had no protection of individual rights, it gave the central government than the Brits ever had.

iv. Advantages : Appealed to popular distrust of government based on colonial experience.

v. Disadvantages : Poorly organized, slow to respond to Federalist challenge. Not a unified movement, each colony had its own leader.

d. The Federalist Papers : These were the key element in the Federalist campaign. Series of highly persuasive essays by John Jay, Hamilton and Madison. 85 essays in all, eventually published as the Federalist Papers.

i. Outcome : Delaware, NJ, and Pa. ratified quickly. A Bill of Rights was promised, allaying many of those fears. NH ratified in June 1788, which officially ratified the Constitution. Still need Virginia and NY to have any semblance of national unity.

ii. Virginia : Highest population in colonies. Henry and Mason were strong there, major distrust of central government. However, GW, Madison and John Marshall managed to win a close vote by promising a Bill of Rights.

iii. Other states : When VA. Went, NY followed (with Hamilton’s help.) NC and RI eventually ratified by 1790.

e. Adding the Bill of Rights : i. Arguments for a Bill of Rights : We fought the War to get away

from tyranny, what would stop this new government from doing the same thing?

ii. Arguments Against a Bill of Rights : Since Congressmen would be elected by the people, they did not need protection from themselves. Also, it was better to assume that all rights were protected than to list a limited number of rights, which would allow for unscrupulous officials to deny unlisted rights at will.

1. Eventually, Hamilton and the boys give in and promise the idiots that a Bill of Rights was forthcoming.

f. The First Ten Amendments (The Bill of Rights): adopted in 1791, written by Madison.

i. The Bill of Rights :1. Freedom of speech, press, religion, assembly, petition.

Separation of church and state.2. Right to bear arms in a state militia.3. No quartering of soldiers during peacetime.

4. No unreasonable search and seizure on people’s property.

5. No individual may be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law. No defendant may be forced to give evidence against himself, and no double jeopardy.

6. Speedy and public trial and right to call witnesses and ask questions.

7. Right to trial by jury in most civil cases.8. No excessive bail, no cruel or unusual punishment.9. Any rights not specifically mentioned in the Constitution

are also guaranteed against government infringement. (Couldn’t list all the rights here…)

10.All powers not delegated to the federal government belong to the states or the people.

D. Washington’s Presidency : The first Congress was elected in 1788, took office in March 1789 in NYC. GW was the unanimous choice of the Electoral College.

a. Organizing the federal government: i. Executive Departments : GW was to appoint heads of four

departments, per the Constitution. These appointments would then be ratified by the Senate. TJ-SecState, Alex Ham-Treas, Henry Knox-SecWar, Edmund Randolph-AttyGen. These four men made up the Cabinet that GW met with regularly. Precedent of prez seeking advice from cabinet members.

ii. Federal Court system : Supreme Court is the only federal court mentioned in the Constitution. Congress created other federal courts with lesser powers, and determine the number of justices on the SC.

1. Judiciary Act of 1789 : established a SC with one chief justice and five associate justices. It was empowered to rule on the constitutionality of decisions made by state courts. Act also created 13 district courts and three circuit courts of appeals.

iii. Hamilton’s Financial Program : New government faced dire economic concerns. Hamilton’s proposal to fix the situation:

1. Pay off the national debt at face value and pay off the war debts of the states (Federal Assumption of Debts)

2. Impose high tariffs on imports, in order to protect the “infant” industries and collect adequate revenue at the same time.

3. Create a national bank for depositing government funds and for printing bank notes that would provide the basis for a stable U.S. currency.

4. Supporters : Northerners liked this plan, because they would benefit from high tariffs and a more stable currency.

5. Opponents : Anti-federalists, feared states would lose power at expense of federal gaining power. (How did Hamilton feel about the poor running the country?) TJ did not like the plan, said it gave to the rich and took from the poor (farmers.) A slightly modified form of the plan was eventually approved by Congress:

a. Debt : In exchange for the assumption of debts (several southern states had already paid off their

debt) TJ forced Congress to agree to move national capitol to the South, along the Potomac.

b. Tariffs and Excise Taxes : Tariff set by Congress was lower than what Hamilton wanted (which means the federal budget will have less money than Hamilton had projected with the higher tariff), so Hamilton pushed Congress to pass an excise tax on certain items, including whiskey.

c. National Bank : TJ said the Constitution did not empower fed to create a national bank. (Strict Construction.) Hamilton used “necessary and proper” clause in Article I, Section 8 (“elastic clause,” “necessary and proper clause.” GW supported Hamilton, and it became law. The Bank was chartered by the federal government, but was privately owned (by the Rothschild’s, among others.)

iv. Foreign Affairs in the GW years : Most of the foreign troubles during our first 12 years as a country were based upon the French Revolution. We were forced to choose amongst three options in these years: Side with France, side with France’s enemies, or remain neutral.

1. The French Revolution : Americans supported France, but were horrified by the mob violence. U.S. remained tied to France, but not with this new Republic. Our alliance was signed with the Monarchy. TJ believed we should help France in its revolution, and, since the Brits were attacking our trade ships bound for France, we should help France in their defensive war.

2. Proclamation of Neutrality (1793): GW felt we were not strong enough to engage in a foreign war yet. TJ resigned in protest.

3. “Citizen” Genet : French minister to US, went to the people looking for support for French cause. GW requested his removal, Genet was recalled but chose to stay and marry an American and become a citizen.

4. The Jay Treaty (1794): Brits had been attacking ships and impressing sailors. GW sent Chief Justice Jay to Brits to deal with this issue. Brit agreed to abandon its forts on the western frontier, but nothing about the seizures of ships. Barely ratified by Senate, Jay’s Treaty pissed off a lot of the French supporters, but it did keep us neutral.

5. The Pinckney Treaty (1795): Spain saw Jay’s Treaty as a sign that the US and Britain were becoming close, thereby could cause problems for Spain in North America. Thomas Pinckney, US ambassador to Spain, negotiated treaty in which Spain agreed to open the lower Mississippi and New Orleans to American trade. Right of Deposit was granted to American merchants (means they don’t have to pay tax to Spain to use the port.) Also, Spain conceded that the northern border of Florida was the 31st parallel.

v. Domestic Concerns:

1. Native Americans: As Americans moved westward, they began to engage the natives, who were being armed by the Brits. 1794, U.S. army under “Mad” Anthony Wayne defeated three tribes at the Battle of Fallen Timbers (nw Ohio). The following year, the chiefs agreed to the Treaty of Greenville, in which they surrendered claims to the Ohio Territory and promised to open it up for settlement.

2. The Whisky Rebellion (1794): Western Pennsylvania, a group of farmers refused to pay the excise tax on whiskey. The farmers attacked revenue collectors. This is the first real test of the new Constitution. GW sends in 15,000 militiamen under the command of Alexander Hamilton. Rebellion collapsed with no bloodshed, which is why GW sent so many men. Supporters saw this as a direct contradiction to the helplessness the government had against Shays’ Rebellion. Westerners saw it as an unnecessary show of force against the common people. TJ supported the western farmers’ grievances. Why? Prez?

3. Western Lands: Public Land Act of 1796, established orderly procedures for dividing and selling federal lands at reasonable rates.

a. Process for adding new states to the Union (as set forth in Const.) also went smoothly. 1791, Vermont, Ky. 1792, and TN in 1796.

vi. Political Parties : GW was elected unanimously, reflecting the belief that political parties were not necessary, nor were they wanted. However, the Federalist/Anti-Federalist debates marked the coming of political parties.

1. Origins : Federalists were not just a colonial faction, they were a political belief that crossed state lines and remained connected.

a. Hamilton -leader of the Federalist Era (1790s) b. TJ -leader of the Democratic-Republicans, opposed

Hamilton’s financial program. French Revolution also helped to divide America into political factions.

2. Differences Between the Parties : a. Feds : Strong in northeast, favor growth of federal

power.i. Leaders : Adams, Hamiltonii. View of the Constitution: Loose

interpretation, strong central government.iii. Foreign policy : Pro-Britiv. Military Policy : Large peacetime army and

navyv. Domestic Policy : Aid business, national

bank, high tariffvi. Chief Supporters : Northern businessmen,

large landownersb. Dem-Reps : southern and frontier supported,

favored protection of states rights and strict containment of fed power.

i. Leaders : TJ, James Madison

ii. View of Constitution : Strict Interpretation, weak central government

iii. Foreign Policy : Pro-Frenchiv. Military Policy : Small peacetime army and

navyv. Domestic Policy : favor agriculture, no

national bank, opposed tariffsvi. Chief Supporters : skilled workers, small

farmers, plantation ownersvii. Washington’s Farewell Address : decided not to run again in

’96, feeling weak, did not want to die in office like a King, wanted to return to private life.

1. Hamilton helped in the writing of it.2. Do Not get involved in European affairs3. Do not allow the US to get entangled in permanent

alliances with foreign powers4. Do not form political parties5. Avoid sectionalism6. Sets two-term tradition

E. John Adams’ Presidency : Adams won (Federalist) by three electoral votes over TJ. (Const. said that whoever got second most votes would become prez—no prediction of political parties.) 12th Amendment changes all of this in 1804.

a. XYZ Affair : U.S. merchant ships were being seized by French warships and privateers. Adams sends some ambassadors to Paris to negotiate for this to stop. French ministers (known only as X, Y, and Z) insisted upon a bribe before any negotiations began. The Americans refuse, and the incident hits the papers. Many Americans want war with France, “Millions for defense, not one red cent for tribute…” was the slogan. A war with France could gain America land in North America, (Hamilton’s plan, anyway.) Adams ignores them and sends new ambassadors to France, as he knew the US military was not ready for war with France. This helped to cost him his presidency.

b. Alien and Sedition Acts : In mid-term elections of 1798, Feds gain many seats, and can now enact laws against the other party. For example:

i. Naturalization Act : Increased citizenship from 5 to 14 years, as most immigrants voted Dem-Rep.

ii. Alien Acts : President could deport any alien he considered dangerous and to detain any alien in time of war.

iii. Sedition Act : illegal for any newspaper editors to criticize either the prez or Congress and set heavy punishment (20 years, $10,000).

c. Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions : Reps said that these laws violated the 1st amendment. There was not yet a power of judicial review, so Supreme Court did nothing. So, state legislatures enacted nullifying laws. TJ wrote the Kentucky one, Madison wrote the Virginia one. Both basically said that the states had entered into a compact with the other states, therefore if the fed broke the compact, a state could nullify this federal law. This rationale was revisited in 1830 by other southern states. This crisis fades due to two developments:

i. Feds lost majority in Congress in 1800, and the Acts are either allowed to expire or are repealed.

ii. Supreme Court under John Marshall asserted itself as the court of last resort. (Marbury v. Madison, 1803—next unit).

F. Election of 1800 -Feds lost popularity due to the Acts, as well as tax hikes intended to prepare the US for war. Adams did avoid war, but managed to persuade Congress that the nation needed to be prepared to fight one.

a. Election Results : Feds kicked out of power in Congress and Presidency.

b. Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr received majority of the votes against Adams. Since both candidates received the same number of votes, the election goes to the House. After several days and several votes, TJ wins and Burr is VP. (Thanks in large part to Hamilton persuading the outgoing Fed majority that TJ was less dangerous than Burr.)

G. The Revolution of 1800 : US governmental switch in 1801, achieved without blood, was the first of its kind in the world. Proves that the US system might actually work.

Readings from Garraty:“Shays Rebellion” p. 110Adams and Jefferson, Intimate Enemies” p. 122“America, France, and Their Revolutions” p. 133“The Electoral College” p. 141“Alexander Hamilton, the Founding Wizard” p. 152

Term List Part 6:Mt. Vernon ConferenceAnnapolis ConventionConstitutional ConventionFramers of the ConstitutionSociety of CincinattiJames MadisonAlexander HamiltonGouverneur MorrisJohn DickinsonChecks and balancesVirginia PlanNew Jersey PlanConnecticut PlanGreat CompromiseHouse of RepresentativesSenateThree Fifths CompromiseSlave tradeCommercial CompromiseThe Federal StructureElectoral collegeFederalistsAnti-FederalistsThe Federalist PapersBill of Rights, AmendmentsLegislative branchCongressExecutive departmentsCabinet

Henry KnoxEdmund RandolphJudiciary Act (1789)“Funding the debt”AssumptionFederal courtsSupreme CourtNational debtInfant industriesHamilton’s Bank Bill“The first party system”National bankTariffsExcise taxesFrench RevolutionProclamation of Neutrality (1793)“Citizen” GenetJay TreatyPinckney TreatyRight of DepositBattle of Fallen TimbersWhiskey RebellionPublic Land Act (1796)Federalist EraDemocratic-Republican PartyPolitical partiesWashington’s farewell address“permanent alliances”two-term traditionJohn AdamsQuasi War With FranceXYZ AffairAlien and Sedition ActsKentucky and Virginia ResolutionsRevolution of 1800Midnight Appointments