April 2, 1865 - Richmond Falls April 7, Lee sends message to Grant April 9, 1865 April 9, 1865 Lee Surrenders at Appomattox Courthouse April 14,1865 April 14,1865 - Fords Theatre Abraham Abraham Lincoln Lincoln assassinated assassinated John Wilkes Booth John Wilkes Booth Copperhead Conspiracy
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April 2, 1865 - Richmond Falls n April 7, Lee sends message to Grant April 9, 1865 April 9, 1865 Lee Surrenders at Appomattox Courthouse April 14,1865.
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April 2, 1865 - Richmond Falls April 7, Lee sends message to Grant April 9, 1865April 9, 1865 Lee Surrenders
at Appomattox Courthouse April 14,1865April 14,1865 - Fords Theatre
Abraham LincolnAbraham Lincoln assassinatedassassinated John Wilkes BoothJohn Wilkes Booth Copperhead Conspiracy
John Wilkes BoothJohn Wilkes BoothJohn Wilkes BoothJohn Wilkes Booth
The AssassinationThe AssassinationThe AssassinationThe Assassination
WANTED~WANTED~~!!~!!
WANTED~WANTED~~!!~!!
Now He Belongs to the Now He Belongs to the Ages!Ages!
Now He Belongs to the Now He Belongs to the Ages!Ages!
The ExecutionThe ExecutionThe ExecutionThe Execution
Civil War DEATHSCivil War DEATHSComparison to Other Comparison to Other
WarsWars
Civil War DEATHSCivil War DEATHSComparison to Other Comparison to Other
WarsWars
LINCOLN’S PLANHE BELIEVED THAT:
1) The rebellion was the work of individual southerners (BIG Money politics)
2) The President should decide reconstruction
3) Reconstruction should be “lenient”, “Bind the Country together & create a Lasting Peace”
Purpose – to bring Southern Purpose – to bring Southern states back into the Unionstates back into the Union
Purpose – to bring Southern Purpose – to bring Southern states back into the Unionstates back into the Union
UNITED STATES in UNITED STATES in CRISISCRISIS
•Military Casualties
•Physical/Economic Crisis
•Constitutional Crisis
•Political Crisis
•Social Crisis
•Psychological Crisis
Key QuestionsKey Questions
1. How do we1. How do webring the Southbring the Southback into the back into the
Union?Union?
1. How do we1. How do webring the Southbring the Southback into the back into the
Union?Union?
2. How do we 2. How do we rebuild the rebuild the
South after itsSouth after itsdestruction destruction
during the war?during the war?
2. How do we 2. How do we rebuild the rebuild the
South after itsSouth after itsdestruction destruction
during the war?during the war?
3. How do we3. How do weintegrate andintegrate andprotect newly-protect newly-emancipatedemancipated
black freedmen?black freedmen?
3. How do we3. How do weintegrate andintegrate andprotect newly-protect newly-emancipatedemancipated
black freedmen?black freedmen?
4. What branch4. What branchof governmentof governmentshould controlshould controlthe process ofthe process of
Reconstruction?Reconstruction?
4. What branch4. What branchof governmentof governmentshould controlshould controlthe process ofthe process of
Reconstruction?Reconstruction?
“What conditions should be placed upon the southern states before permitting them to return to the Union and assume their former rights?”
“Which branch of the Gov’t should determine what conditions the south should follow(President/Congress)?”
“What political, economic & social rights should be granted to blacks, & how do you enforce these rights?”
Effects of the Civil War and Effects of the Civil War and RECONSTRUCTIONRECONSTRUCTION
What Goals should the government What Goals should the government set to Reconstruct the South?set to Reconstruct the South?
Effects of the War are devastating in the South - Resources, Money, and Opportunity are almost non-existent
In what ways can the South rebuild it’s devastated economy?
How can Northern resources help the South to rebuild after the war?
What can the government do to assist African Americans in the South?
2 Plans for Reconstruction (1) = President’s Plan (LINCOLN /
JOHNSON) RECONSTRUCTIONRECONSTRUCTION create lasting peace by bringing the South back create lasting peace by bringing the South back into the “Union” as quick as possibleinto the “Union” as quick as possible
(2) = Congress Plan (Wade-Davis Bill) RADICAL RADICAL RECONSTRUCTIONRECONSTRUCTION the South is the South is “Conquered Territory”, to be reformed as “Conquered Territory”, to be reformed as Congress desiresCongress desires
Lincoln’s Plan for ReconstructionLincoln’s Plan for Reconstruction– RECONSTRUCTION– Lincoln’s 10 Percent Plan
14th Amendment– 1866 Congressional Elections– Reconstruction Act of 1867– Johnson Impeached
IMPEACH– Ulysses S. Grant Elected
15th Amendment
Section 2Section 2RECONSTRUCTING RECONSTRUCTING
SOCIETY SOCIETY Conditions in the Postwar SouthConditions in the Postwar South
– Physical and Economic Conditions– Public Works Programs
FREEDMEN’s BUREAU Politics in the Postwar SouthPolitics in the Postwar South
– Scalawags and Carpetbaggers SCALAWAGS CARPETBAGGERS
– African Americans as Voters– Political Differences
Former Slaves Face Many ChallengesFormer Slaves Face Many Challenges– New-Won Freedoms– Reunification of Families– Education– Churches and Volunteer Groups– Politics and African Americans
HIRAM REVELS– Laws against Segregation
Changes in the Southern EconomyChanges in the Southern Economy– “40 Acres and a Mule”– Restoration of Plantations– Sharecropping and Tenant Farming
SHARE CROPPING TENANT FARMING
– Cotton No Longer KING
Section 3:Section 3:COLLAPSE of COLLAPSE of
RECONSTRUCTION RECONSTRUCTION Opposition to ReconstructionOpposition to Reconstruction
– KU KLUX KLAN– Economic Pressure– Legislative Response– Shifts in Political Power
Scandals & Money Crisis Hurts RepublicansScandals & Money Crisis Hurts Republicans Ulysses S. Grant Administration
– Fraud & Bribery CREDIT MOBLIER SCANDAL
– Republican Unity Shattered– Continued Scandal
WHISKEY RING Economic TurmoilEconomic Turmoil
– Panic of 1873– Currency Dispute
Judicial & Popular Support FadesJudicial & Popular Support Fades– Supreme Court Decisions– Northern Support Fades
REDEMPTION (S. Democrats)– Election of 1876
Rutherford B. Hayes Compromise of 1877
– Home Rule in the South Legacy of ReconstructionLegacy of Reconstruction
– Success / Failure
The War’s AftermathThe War’s Aftermath Physical Toll
DESTROYEDDESTROYED
– 2/3 southern shipping
– 9,000 miles RR lines
– 1/3 of ALL livestock
– Billions of $$$$$$$$$$ of farms, buildings, machinery, bridges, roads, factories, and cities DESTROYED
Human Toll– NORTH 364,000
– SOUTH 260,000 1 out of 3 killed or wounded
– SOUTH civilians attacked ( orphans & widows – war atrocities )
Southern Hardships
– (1) Black Southerners (3 mill freed) New Lives- poor region, few jobs ruined economy, inflation
Sherman’s “March March to the Seato the Sea” will capture lands along the coast
What do we do with What do we do with the captured lands?the captured lands?
On January 12, 1865, in the midst of his "March to the Sea""March to the Sea" during the Civil War, General William T. Sherman and Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton met with 20 Black community leaders of Savannah, Georgia to discuss the Emancipation proclamation and the freedom of previously enslaved individuals.
Based on their input, General Sherman's Special Field Order #15 on January 16, 1865 was to set aside the Sea Islands and a 30 mile Inland tract of land, starting along the Southern Coast of Charleston and extending down to the St. Johns River, Florida, for the exclusive settlement of Blacks. Each family would receive 40 acres of land, and an army mule to work the land, thus "Forty Acres and a Mule." General Rufus Saxton was assigned by Sherman to implement the order.
Sherman’s Field Order 15 Primary Source
– ““40 Acres and a Mule40 Acres and a Mule”” for the Coastal Areas Lands under Sherman’s Union control
Who will keep the land?– 55thth Amendment Amendment protections - property
(Due Process of LawDue Process of Law) argument
– CAN’T take property without Due Process
– Property Owners v. Freed Slaves?
MUST HAVE MINIMUMMUST HAVE MINIMUM COVER PAGECOVER PAGE
(Name of Newspaper - SLOGAN to capture interest - Picture)
EDITORIAL ARTICLESEDITORIAL ARTICLES (2) Opinion concerning an Historical Event
HISTORICAL ARTICLESHISTORICAL ARTICLES (2) YOU ARE THERE – What do you SEE, FEEL, HEAR?
OBITUARIESOBITUARIES (2) Someone that Everyone will recognize
14th Amendment– 1866 Congressional Elections– Reconstruction Act of 1867– Johnson Impeached
IMPEACH– Ulysses S. Grant Elected
15th Amendment
Section 2Section 2RECONSTRUCTING RECONSTRUCTING
SOCIETY SOCIETY Conditions in the Postwar SouthConditions in the Postwar South
– Physical and Economic Conditions– Public Works Programs
FREEDMEN’s BUREAU Politics in the Postwar SouthPolitics in the Postwar South
– Scalawags and Carpetbaggers SCALAWAGS CARPETBAGGERS
– African Americans as Voters– Political Differences
Former Slaves Face Many ChallengesFormer Slaves Face Many Challenges– New-Won Freedoms– Reunification of Families– Education– Churches and Volunteer Groups– Politics and African Americans
HIRAM REVELS– Laws against Segregation
Changes in the Southern EconomyChanges in the Southern Economy– “40 Acres and a Mule”– Restoration of Plantations– Sharecropping and Tenant Farming
SHARE CROPPING TENANT FARMING
– Cotton No Longer KING
Section 3:Section 3:COLLAPSE of COLLAPSE of
RECONSTRUCTION RECONSTRUCTION Opposition to ReconstructionOpposition to Reconstruction
– KU KLUX KLAN– Economic Pressure– Legislative Response– Shifts in Political Power
Scandals & Money Crisis Hurts RepublicansScandals & Money Crisis Hurts Republicans Ulysses S. Grant Administration
– Fraud & Bribery CREDIT MOBLIER SCANDAL
– Republican Unity Shattered– Continued Scandal
WHISKEY RING Economic TurmoilEconomic Turmoil
– Panic of 1873– Currency Dispute
Judicial & Popular Support FadesJudicial & Popular Support Fades– Supreme Court Decisions– Northern Support Fades
REDEMPTION (S. Democrats)– Election of 1876
Rutherford B. Hayes Compromise of 1877
– Home Rule in the South Legacy of ReconstructionLegacy of Reconstruction
– Success / Failure
2 Plans for Reconstruction (1) = President’s Plan (LINCOLN /
JOHNSON) RECONSTRUCTIONRECONSTRUCTION create lasting peace by bringing the South back create lasting peace by bringing the South back into the “Union” as quick as possibleinto the “Union” as quick as possible
(2) = Congress Plan (Wade-Davis Bill) RADICAL RADICAL RECONSTRUCTIONRECONSTRUCTION the South is the South is “Conquered Territory”, to be reformed as “Conquered Territory”, to be reformed as Congress desiresCongress desires
After the WAR – Plans to RebuildCongressional Congressional
PlanPlan Thaddeus Stevens
– Wade / Davis Bill– Reconstruction Acts
RADICAL RECONSTRUCTION
REVENGEREVENGE
Presidents PlanPresidents Plan Lincoln / Johnson
– 10 % Plan
RECONSTRUCTION (Create Lasting Peace)
PEACEPEACE (Lenient)
Yale University Lecture
(1) All Southerners (except High ranking Confederate officials), should be pardoned after taking a loyalty oath
When 10% of the voters in the state took the oath the state could form a legal government. ( Lincoln’s 10% Plan )
Andrew Johnson implements Lincoln’s plans, by 1866 most states re-established.
President Lincoln’s PlanPresident Lincoln’s Plan10% Plan (Loyalty Oath)
Intended to make the South’s return to the Union as quick & easy as possible
Pardon all Confederates who would swear allegiance to the US
When 10% of 1860 voters took the oath states could elect Representatives & Senators to Congress
Wade-Davis Bill (1864)Wade-Davis Bill (1864) Required 50% of the
number of 1860 voters to take an oath of allegiance to the US
Radical Republicans sponsored the Wade-Davis Bill
SenatorBenjamin
Wade(R-OH)
Congr.Henry
W. Davis(R-MD)
Wade-Davis Bill (1864)Wade-Davis Bill (1864)Lincoln used a pocket veto to
kill the bill after Congress adjourned.
The assassination of Lincoln left President Johnson to
deal with Reconstruction.
PresidentPresidentLincolnLincoln
PresidentPresidentLincolnLincoln
Wade-DavisWade-DavisBillBill
Wade-DavisWade-DavisBillBill
PocketPocketVetoVeto
PocketPocketVetoVeto
President Johnson’s Plan (10%+)
President Johnson’s Plan (10%+) Offered amnesty upon simple oath to all except
Confederate civil and military officers and those with property over $20,000 (they could apply directly to Johnson)
In new constitutions, they must accept minimumconditions repudiating slavery, secession and state debts.
Named provisional governors in Confederate states and called them to oversee elections for constitutional conventions.EFFECTS?
1. Disenfranchised certain leading Confederates.2. Pardoned planter aristocrats brought them back to political power to control state organizations.3. Republicans were outraged that planter elite were back in power in the South!
13th Amendment13th Amendment
Abolished slavery and Abolished slavery and involuntary servitudeinvoluntary servitude
Congress shall have power to power to enforceenforce this article by appropriate legislationappropriate legislation.
Ratified in December, 1865.Yale University LectureReconstruction:Reconstruction: “A NEW REVOLUTION and NEW DEFINITION of the UNITED
STATES”
Freedmen’s Bureau School
Freedmen’s Bureau School
The Freedmen’s Bureau Officially called the Bureau of Freedmen,
Refugees and Abandoned Lands Issued emergency food rations,
clothes and shelter for the homeless victims of the war (whites and blackswhites and blacks)
Tasked with an extensive education program for the freed slaves
Served as an early employment agency for African Americans
Clothing, Hospitals, Schools– Red CrossRed Cross (Clara Barton)
Black CodesBlack Codes - Recognized some rights but not ALL (Restricted some of the Rights of Freed Blacks in the South)
Civil Rights Act of 1866Civil Rights Act of 1866 – provided Citizenship for former slaves and abolished the Black Codes
Slavery is Dead?Slavery is Dead?
Radical Reconstruction(CONGRESS)
1865 - Congress (Radical Republicans) refused to recognize the “new” southern governments, and condemned Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan.
1866 election (Republican control) Held the “Majority” in Congress ( 2/3 )
– Can OVERIDE any Presidential Veto
Congress Breaks with the President
Congress Breaks with the President Congress bars Southern
Congressional delegates.
Joint Committee on Reconstruction created.
February, 1866 Presidentvetoed the Freedmen’sBureau bill.
March, 1866 Johnsonvetoed the 1866 Civil Rights Act.
Congress passed both bills over Johnson’s vetoes
1st in U. S. history!!
Radical Plan for Readmission
Radical Plan for Readmission Civil authorities in the territories
were subject to military military supervisionsupervision.
Required new state constitutions, including Black suffrageBlack suffrage and ratification of the 1313thth and 1414thth Amendments.
In March, 1867, Congress passed an act that authorized the military military toto enroll eligible black votersenroll eligible black voters and begin the process of constitution making.
14th Amendment14th Amendment
Defines CITIZENSHIP
* Provide a constitutional guarantee of the rights and security of freed people.
* Insure against Neo-Confederate Insure against Neo-Confederate political power (NO Confederates political power (NO Confederates hold office)hold office)
* What is a Confederate?What is a Confederate?
* Ratified in July, 1868.
Southern states would be punished for denying the right to vote to black citizens!
Reconstruction Acts of 1867
Reconstruction Acts of 1867
Military Reconstruction Act
Command of the Army Act
Tenure of Office Act
Military Reconstruction Act
Military Reconstruction Act
After the WAR
Congressional PlanCongressional Plan Thaddeus Stevens
– Wade / Davis Bill– Reconstruction Acts
RADICAL RECONSTRUCTION
REVENGEREVENGE Who, What, When
Presidents PlanPresidents Plan Lincoln / Johnson 10 % Plan
– States
RECONSTRUCTION
PEACEPEACE (Lenient) Who, What, When
The Tenure of Office ActThe Tenure of Office Act
Edwin Stanton
The Senate The Senate MUST APPROVEMUST APPROVE any any presidential presidential dismissal of a dismissal of a cabinet official or cabinet official or general of the army.general of the army.
Designed to protect Radical members within Executive government.
Question of the constitutionality of this law from the start.
President Johnson’s Impeachment
President Johnson’s Impeachment Johnson removed Stanton in February,
1868.
Johnson replaced generals in the field who were more sympathetic to Radical Reconstruction. CHARGES
The House impeached him on February 24 before even drawing up the charges by a vote of
126 – 47!
The Senate TrialThe Senate Trial
11 week trial.
Johnson acquitted 35 to 19 (one short of required 2/3 vote).
President Johnson Impeached Tenure of Office Act (1867)
-To Control the Executive Branch– Charged with “High Crimes & Misdemeanors”
led by Radical Republicans.– Failed by 1 vote to get a 2/3 majority necessary for
the conviction. POWER of PRES. DECLINESPOWER of PRES. DECLINES
Election of 1868 - Ulysses S. Grant – elected President in 1868
( Radical Republicans endorse candidate )
Reconstruction ACTS placed the South under Federal Troops control. ( 5 districts )
Reconstruction Acts - Martial Law 14th - Defines Citizenship Rights 15th - Guarantees Voting Rights Civil Rights Act- Protects Rights of
Freed Slaves in the South
14th14th Amendment Amendment
( Citizenship Rights ) - disqualified ANY Confederate leaders from ever holding office in State Governments. what is a confederate? ( ONLY Tenn. would ratify the 14th )
Civil Rights ActsCivil Rights Acts (1866) - weaken the “Black Codes” - Use Federal Troops to control the South
Freedmen’s BureauFreedmen’s Bureau Act(1866) - Provide food, clothing, jobs, schools
Radical Reconstruction Acts Civil Rights ActsCivil Rights Acts (1866)
- weaken the “Black Codes” - Use Federal Troops to control the South
Freedmen’s BureauFreedmen’s Bureau Act(1866) - Provide food, clothing, jobs, schools
14th14th Amendment Amendment ( Citizenship Rights ) - disqualified ANY Confederate leaders from ever holding office in State Governments. ( ONLY Tenn. would ratify the 14th )
1st Reconstruction Act1st Reconstruction Act - Divided the South into 5 military districts ( Military Law )
Conditions in the South Physical Destruction
– 2/3 southern shipping– 9,000 miles RR lines– 1/3 of ALL livestock– Billions of $$$$$$$$$$ of farms, buildings, machinery, bridges, roads
Human Death Toll– NORTH 364,000– SOUTH 260,000 1 out of 3 killed or wounded– SOUTH civilians attacked ( orphans & widows )
War Atrocities
Black & White Political Participation
Black & White Political Participation
The Balance of Power in Congress
The Balance of Power in Congress
StateWhite Citizens
Freedmen
SC 291,000 411,000
Miss 353,000 436,000
Louis 357,000 350,000
GA 591,000 465,000
AL 596,000 437,000
VA 719,000 533,000
NC 631,000 331,000
Black Senate & House Delegates
Black Senate & House Delegates
Colored Rule
in the South?
Colored Rule
in the South?
Blacks in Southern PoliticsBlacks in Southern Politics Core voters were black veterans.
Blacks were politically unprepared.
Blacks could register and vote in states since 1867.
The 15th Amendment guaranteedfederal voting.
15th Amendment15th Amendment Ratified in 1870.
The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
Women’s rights groups were furious that they were not granted the vote!
African American POLITICS– Most 1st were
FREE BORNFREE BORN– By 1867 former slaves
are IN as well Hiram Revels
– 11stst African American SENATOR African American SENATOR By 1866 most states END BLACK
CODES Morehouse CollegeMorehouse College Established
in Atlanta in 1867 (Augusta Institute)– Ministry– Education
Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)
Freedmen’s Bureau (1865) Many
Northerners moved South after the war.
Called “carpetbaggers” by white southern Democrats.
To AID the South
To GET RICH off the weakened South
CARPETBAGGERSCARPETBAGGERS - Northerners who went South after the War + Help Freed Blacks in the South - Gain Fortunes through “taking advantage” of the “worn torn South” - will control Southern Governments
SCALAWAGSSCALAWAGS - Southerners who cooperated with Carpetbaggers & the newly formed Governments.
Political Corruption in New GovernmentsPolitical Corruption in New Governments Secret societies fight to control
the south vs -carpetbaggers, scalawags, former slaves
KU KLUX KLAN
“Invisible Empire of the South”
“Invisible Empire of the South”Enforcement
Acts of 1870 & 1871 [also known as the KKK Act].
The Civil Rights Act of 1875The Civil Rights Act of 1875
Crime for any individual to deny full &equal use of public conveyances andpublic places.
Prohibited discrimination in jury selection.
Shortcoming lacked a strong enforcement mechanism.
How to Rebuild the Economy of the South?
Southern Farmers (white and black) have the SKILLS to be successful, but:– lack $$$$$$ money for crops– Lack Tools and Equipment – Lack Land to produce crops
Land Owners lack skilled labor to work the land
SharecroppingSharecropping
Changes in Farming Small farmers lack $ to buy land
Owners need for labor sources to work land During Reconstruction former slaves and many
small white farmers became trapped in a new system of economic exploitation known as sharecroppingsharecropping.
In exchange for land, a cabin, and supplies sharecroppers agreed to raise a cash crop and give half the crop to their landlord.
SHARECROPPINGSHARECROPPING - farmed land ( received % of harvest - 1/3 to 1/2 )
High interests rates charged for goods bought on credit transformed sharecropping into a system of economic dependency and poverty.
TENANT FARMINGTENANT FARMING - rent land to farm ( You chose what to plant )
Changes in Farming Small farmers lack $ to buy land
– SHARECROPPINGSHARECROPPING - farmed land
( received % of harvest - 1/3 to 1/2 ) TENANT FARMINGTENANT FARMING - rent land to
farm ( You chose what to plant )– SHARE Tenant
Keep 2/3 of profits
– Cash Tenant Keep ALL profits
Tenant Farming Crop Lien System
Tenant Farming Crop Lien SystemFurnishing
MerchantTenant Farmer Landowner
Loan tools and seed up to 60%60% interest to tenant farmer to plant spring crop.
Farmer also secures food, clothing, andother necessities oncreditcredit from merchant until the harvest.
Merchant holds “lienlien” {mortgage} on part of tenant’s future crops as repayment of debt.
Plants crop, harvests in autumn.
Turns over up to
½ of crop to land owner as payment of rent.
Tenant gives remainder of crop to merchant inpayment of debt.
Rents land to tenant in
exchange for ¼
to ½ of tenant farmer’s future crop.
As farm TenancyTenancy grew, a tenancy laddertenancy ladder evolved. From the bottom rung, the hapless sharecropper could climb to share tenant if he could accumulate enough of his own equipment and money.
Share tenants kept two-thirds or three-fourths of the crop, depending on how much they could furnish.
If a share tenant progressed to a point of needing nothing but the land, he could become a cash tenant by paying a fixed rental. Cash tenants kept all of the proceeds from the crop.
Cash tenants could then eventually buy their own land Unfortunately, tens of thousands of farmers fell down
the tenancy ladder rather than moving up it – because of crop failures and other issues.
What began as a device to get former slaves back to work became a pernicious system that entrapped white as well as black farmers.
In the decades after Reconstruction tenancy and sharecropping became the way of life in the Cotton Belt.
After 1900 the number of white tenant farmers grew alarmingly. By 1935 nearly half of white farmers (50 percent) and (77 percent) of black farmers in the country were landless.
Long-Term Lasting Effects on the South *Emphasis on cash crops (not food) creates a -Cycle of DebtCycle of Debt one
generation after another generation
Reconstructions End by 1877Reconstructions End by 1877 Growing “IndifferenceIndifference” by the North
– Other issues gain public attention
Political ScandalsScandals hit the “North” - corruptioncorruption in Grant’s Administration