"APPROVED" Head of Department of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Toxicological Chemistry MD, Professor ______________ I.V.Nizhenkovska Protocol № ____ of "_____" _________ 2017 The list of questions to the final Module control 1 on Biological chemistry for 2 year students Pharmaceutical faculty full-time education Specialty "Pharmacy" 1. Subject and tasks of biochemistry. Role in biochemistry and clinical medicine and pharmacy. 2. Structural and functional components of cells, their biochemical functions. Classes of biomolecules. Their hierarchy and origin. 3. Structure and Classification of proteinogenic amino acids. Amino acids as pharmaceuticals. 4. The term "protein". The most important functions of proteins in the body. Proteins as pharmaceuticals. 5. The primary structure of the protein. The structure and properties of the peptide bond. 6. The secondary structure of a protein: α-helix and β-structure. Types of links of protein secondary structure. 7. The tertiary structure of the protein. The types of connections tertiary protein structure. 8. The quaternary structure of proteins. The types of connections of the quaternary structure of the protein. Oligomeric proteins. 9. Physical and chemical properties of proteins. Denaturation and renaturation of proteins. Factors causing denaturation. 10. Classification of simple and complex proteins, their functions in the body. 11. Enzymes: definition; properties of enzymes as biological catalysts. Classification and nomenclature of enzymes, characteristic of certain classes of enzymes. 12. The structure of the enzymes. Active and allosteric (regulatory) enzyme centers. Features of the structure of the active site of simple and complex enzymes,. 13. The structure and properties of coenzymes, vitamins as precursors in the biosynthesis of coenzyme. 14. Types of reactions that are catalyzed by certain classes of coenzymes. 15. Kinetics and mechanisms of action of the enzymatic reactions: the dependence of reaction rate on the substrate concentration, pH and temperature. 16. Regulation of enzymatic processes. Ways and mechanisms of regulation: allosteric enzymes; Covalent modification of enzymes. The cyclic nucleotides (cAMP and cGMP) as regulators of enzymatic reactions and biologycal cell functions. 17. Activators and inhibitors of enzymes activity (type of inhibition). Activators and inhibitors of enzymes as drugs. 18. Zymogen (zymogens) and isoenzymes. Their physiological significance. 19. The enzymotherapy, and Enzymodiagnostic and enzimopathology. 20. Principles and methods of identifying enzymes in biological objects. Units of activity and the number of enzymes. 21. Catabolic, anabolic and amfibolic way in metabolism. Their meaning and relationship. 22. The energy release phases of the nutrients and their characteristics. Stages of substances catabolism in the body. 23. The oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate: the process of localization, coenzymes multienzyme complex and energy yield. 24. General characteristics of the citric acid cycle: intracellular localization, biological role, a sequence of enzymatic reactions, coenzymes, energy yield. 25. The reactions of biological oxidation; Types of reactions (dehydrogenase, oxidase, oxygenase) and their biological significance. Cellular respiration. 26. The sequence of the mitochondrial respiratory chain components. Molecular complexes of internal membranes of mitochondria. 27. The structure of biological significance and medical use of ATP. ATP synthesis pathway in the body (oxidative and phosphorylation of substrate). 28. Oxidative phosphorylation: points coupling of electron transport and phosphorylation rate of oxidative phosphorylation.
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"APPROVED"
Head of Department of Pharmaceutical,
Biological and Toxicological Chemistry
MD, Professor ______________ I.V.Nizhenkovska
Protocol № ____ of "_____" _________ 2017
The list of questions to the final Module control 1
on Biological chemistry
for 2 year students Pharmaceutical faculty full-time education
Specialty "Pharmacy"
1. Subject and tasks of biochemistry. Role in biochemistry and clinical medicine and pharmacy.
2. Structural and functional components of cells, their biochemical functions. Classes of
biomolecules. Their hierarchy and origin.
3. Structure and Classification of proteinogenic amino acids. Amino acids as pharmaceuticals.
4. The term "protein". The most important functions of proteins in the body. Proteins as
pharmaceuticals.
5. The primary structure of the protein. The structure and properties of the peptide bond.
6. The secondary structure of a protein: α-helix and β-structure. Types of links of protein
secondary structure.
7. The tertiary structure of the protein. The types of connections tertiary protein structure.
8. The quaternary structure of proteins. The types of connections of the quaternary structure of
the protein. Oligomeric proteins.
9. Physical and chemical properties of proteins. Denaturation and renaturation of proteins.
Factors causing denaturation.
10. Classification of simple and complex proteins, their functions in the body.
11. Enzymes: definition; properties of enzymes as biological catalysts. Classification and
nomenclature of enzymes, characteristic of certain classes of enzymes.
12. The structure of the enzymes. Active and allosteric (regulatory) enzyme centers. Features of
the structure of the active site of simple and complex enzymes,.
13. The structure and properties of coenzymes, vitamins as precursors in the biosynthesis of
coenzyme.
14. Types of reactions that are catalyzed by certain classes of coenzymes.
15. Kinetics and mechanisms of action of the enzymatic reactions: the dependence of reaction rate
on the substrate concentration, pH and temperature.
16. Regulation of enzymatic processes. Ways and mechanisms of regulation: allosteric enzymes;
Covalent modification of enzymes. The cyclic nucleotides (cAMP and cGMP) as regulators of
enzymatic reactions and biologycal cell functions.
17. Activators and inhibitors of enzymes activity (type of inhibition). Activators and inhibitors of
enzymes as drugs.
18. Zymogen (zymogens) and isoenzymes. Their physiological significance.
19. The enzymotherapy, and Enzymodiagnostic and enzimopathology.
20. Principles and methods of identifying enzymes in biological objects. Units of activity and the
number of enzymes.
21. Catabolic, anabolic and amfibolic way in metabolism. Their meaning and relationship.
22. The energy release phases of the nutrients and their characteristics. Stages of substances
catabolism in the body.
23. The oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate: the process of localization, coenzymes
multienzyme complex and energy yield.
24. General characteristics of the citric acid cycle: intracellular localization, biological role, a
sequence of enzymatic reactions, coenzymes, energy yield.
25. The reactions of biological oxidation; Types of reactions (dehydrogenase, oxidase, oxygenase)
and their biological significance. Cellular respiration.
26. The sequence of the mitochondrial respiratory chain components. Molecular complexes of
internal membranes of mitochondria.
27. The structure of biological significance and medical use of ATP. ATP synthesis pathway in the
body (oxidative and phosphorylation of substrate).
28. Oxidative phosphorylation: points coupling of electron transport and phosphorylation rate of
oxidative phosphorylation.
29. Chemiosmotic theory of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP synthase of mitochondria.
30. Inhibitors of electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation disconnectors. Pharmaceuticals -
inhibitors of tissue respiration and oxidative phosphorylation disconnectors.
31. The structure of the most important representatives of carbohydrates to the body. Their
biological significance path metabolism in the body.
32. Basic conversion of carbohydrates in the alimentary canal, the characteristic enzymes.
33. The term "glycolysis". Anaerobic glycolysis: enzyme reactions, regulation, energy balance,
biological role. Cori cycle.
34. Aerobic oxidation of glucose to CO2 and H2O: stages, regulation, energy yield, biological
role. The glycolytic oxidoreduction: substrate phosphorylation and shuttle arrangements
glycolytic oxidation of NADH.
35. Comparative characteristics of bio-energy aerobic and anaerobic oxidation of glucose, Pasteur
effect.
36. Gluconeogenesis: localization, substrates, enzymatic reactions and physiological process
value. The regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.
37. The breakdown of glycogen (glycogenolysis) in liver and muscle: enzyme reactions, energy
yield and value to the body. Regulating the activity of glycogen phosphorylase.
38. Glycogen biosynthesis: the enzymatic reaction in the body. The regulation of the activity of
glycogen synthase.
39. Pentose phosphate pathway of glucose metabolism and biological role in metabolism
40. Metabolic ways of converting fructose and galactose; hereditary enzimopathy of their
metabolism.
41. Hormonal regulation of carbohydrate metabolism. Basic biochemical changes that occur in
diabetes. Correction of disorders of carbohydrate metabolism processes of pharmaceuticals.
42. The structure of the most important representatives of the body lipids. Their biological
significance path metabolism in the body.
43. Basic lipid conversion in the gut, characteristic enzymes. Resynthesis of triacylglycerols in the
intestine.
44. Transport forms of lipids: classification, structure, biological role in metabolism in the body.
Clinical and diagnostic value of determination of LDL and HDL in the blood.
45. Tissue lypolysis: localization in the body, stimulation conditions, the chemistry of the process.
Regulated activity triacilglycerollypase.
46. The oxidation of glycerol: enzyme, reactions, energy yield.
47. β-oxidation of palmitic acid: a sequence of reactions, the energy balance, the biological
significance of the process. The role of carnitine in higher fatty acid metabolism.
48. Ketone bodies: structure, their formation and decay, biological significance.
49. Synthesis of palmitic acid: location, general description of the composition of
palmitatsynthases complex, chemistry and process regulation. Metabolic sources NADPH + H
+, malonyl-CoA.
50. Biosynthesis of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids in human organism.
51. Biosynthesis of triacylglycerols: localization and chemistry of the process. Regulation of
lipogenesis.
52. Biosynthesis of phosphoglycerides. Lipotropic factors.
53. Cholesterol Biosynthesis: the steps of the reaction synthesis of mevalonic acid, regulation,
biological significance.
54. Ways of biotransformation of cholesterol in the human body, biological significance.
55. Violation of lipid metabolism (ketosis, hyperlipidemia, lipidoses tissue, atherosclerosis).
Pharmaceuticals for the correction of lipid metabolism disorders.
List of practical tasks
to the final Module control 1 on Biological chemistry
for 2 year students Pharmaceutical faculty full-time education
Specialty "Pharmacy"
1. Separation of proteins by salting. The principle of the method. Clinical and diagnostic value.
2. Quantitative determination of protein in blood serum by biuret method. The principle of the
method, rate, clinical and diagnostic value.
3. Explain the basic principles of the study of the action of enzymes in the saliva amylase
example (using iodine starch sample and Trommer reaction).
4. Study of thermolability of enzymes in example of studying of properties of salivary amylase.
Write a graph of the activity of the enzyme on the temperature.
5. Draw a graph of the enzyme activity on pH as a result of determining the activity of salivary
amylase. Explain it.
6. Study of the specificity of action of salivary amylase. Prove relative specificity of salivary
amylase. What other types of specificity characteristic of enzymes do You know?
7. The influence of the concentration of enzyme (amylase of saliva) on the rate of enzymatic
reaction. The principle of the method and the rate of clinical diagnostic value.
8. Determination of diastase (amylase) in urine. The principle of the method, clinical-diagnostic
value.
9. How can you prove the functioning of citric acid cycle? The principle of determining the
activity of the CAC enzymes. Study the functioning of CAC by using acetyl-CoA formation of
CO2 by the release of the hydrogen atoms of the intermediates.
10. The principle of the method of studying the activity of succinate dehydrogenase in muscles.
Specify the location of the enzyme of the Krebs cycle in mitochondria.
11. Inhibition of CAC enzymes by malonic acid (for example, succinate muscles). What type of
inhibition it is? How can You can avoid the negative influence of malonate? Draw a graph of
enzyme activity of CAC on the concentration of the substrate without malonic acid and in its
presence.
12. Examine the process of oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria, to explain on which it
is based. Pharmacological and physiological connectors are disconnectors of respiration and
phosphorylation? Explain biochemical mechanisms of their action.
13. Determination of the end product of anaerobic glycolysis - lactic acid - a method Uffelmana.
The principle of the method.
14. Determination of pyruvic acid in biological fluids by a colorimetric method. Explain principle.
How to construct a calibration curve? Clinical and diagnostic value.
15. Identification of glucose in the reaction solution Fehling, Trommer. Write the equation.
16. Determination of glucose oxidase method. The principle of the method of clinical and
diagnostic value.
17. Determination of acetone (ketone bodies) in urine reactions with sodium nitroprusside and iron
(III) chloride. Principles of methods. Clinical and diagnostic value of determination of ketone
bodies in the blood and urine.
18. Determination of cholesterol by Ilka`s method (reagent Lieberman-Burchard). The principle of
the method. Clinical and diagnostic value.
Formuls of bio-organic substances (to be able to write):
1. 20 proteinogenic alpha-L-amino acids;
2. Glucose, fructose, ribose, deoxyribose and phosphate ester;
3. Pyruvate, lactate, ketone bodies;
4. Cholesterol;
5. Higher fatty acids;
6. Triacylglycerols and phosphoglycerides;
Schemes and reaction of processes (to be able to write, labeling enzymes and coenzymes,
biomedical interpret the meaning):
1. The oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate;
2. CAC.
3. Interconversion of glucose and glucose-6-phosphate;
4. Interconversion of pyruvate and lactate;
5. Activation of fatty acids;
6. The fatty acid β-oxidation (to cleave first molecule to acetyl-coenzyme A)
7. Synthesis of fatty acids (formation of malonyl-CoA biosynthesis to form butyryl-ACP scheme)
8. Synthesis and utilization of ketone bodies;
9. Synthesis of cholesterol from mevalonic acid
10. Formation glycerol-3-phosphate to glycerol;
11. Synthesis of triacylglycerols and phosphoglycerides.
List of tasks to the final Module control 1
on Biological chemistry
for 2 year students Pharmaceutical faculty full-time education
Specialty "Pharmacy"
1. Patient fatty liver. What is the mechanism of this process? Lack of which substances in the diet
could lead to fatty liver? Answer arguments.
2. A patient with atherosclerosis entered the hospital for examination. Changes in lipid metabolism are
to be expected in this patient? Answer arguments.
3. The patient with a high degree of obesity as a dietary supplement carnitine recommended to
improve the "burning" of fat. What is carnitine directly involved in the process of burning fat? Answer
arguments.
4. The 23-year-old intestinal dysbiosis due to prolonged use of high doses sulfanilamides. What are
vitamins and why it is advisable to appoint this patient? Answer arguments.
5. Some pharmaceuticals that are used for weight loss, its effect is disconnectors biological oxidation
and oxidative phosphorylation. Explain their tera-pevtychnu action.
6. When cyanide poisoning occurs instantaneous death. What is the mechanism of action of cyanide at
the molecular level? Answer arguments.
7. Phenobarbital - pharmaceuticals, which is used in pharmacology as hypnotics. What is the
mechanism of its action on the processes of tissue respiration? Answer arguments.
8. In the urine of patients found sugar, ketone bodies, blood glucose level of 10.1 mmol / L. For what
disease is characterized by such indicators? Answer arguments.
9. A patient with urine excreted increased amounts of pyruvic acid. On the lack of vitamins in the
body where it shows? A chemical reaction confirmed.
10. The 3-year-old child with high fever after taking aspirin increased erythrocyte hemolysis occurs.
Congenital deficiency of the enzyme which could lead to hemolytic anemia? Answer arguments.
11. In patients with low activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in red blood cells there is
increased susceptibility to oxidant and restoring disturbed methemolobinu. What is the reason for this
state? Answer arguments.
12. In the serum of patients with pyelonephritis detected changes in the ratios of protein fractions.
Specify how the method can be divided into factions plasma proteins? What are the physical and
chemical properties of proteins based this method? Answer arguments.
13. The patient entered the hospital with a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Among the metabolic
changes is a reduction in the rate of synthesis oksaloatsetatu. What metabolic process disrupted as a
result? What energy losses will occur in violation of metabolic processes. Specify which metabolic
pathways are activated to compensate for the energy loss.
14. How many molecules AT'F formed at one glucose molecule oxidized to CO2 and H2O?
A confirmed transfer.
15. How many ATP molecules produced in the body during aerobic glycolysis? Answer
confirm the transfer.
16. How many ATP molecules produced in the body during anaerobic glycolysis? A confirmed
transfer.
17. The injection of adrenaline leads to increased blood glucose levels. What process is mainly
activated by this? Give scheme mechanism of action of adrenaline.
18. Derivative pterine - aminopteryn and metatreksat - is a competitive inhibitor of dihydrofolate
reductase, thus they inhibit regeneration tetrahidrofoliyevoyi acid dyhidrofolatu. These drugs lead to
inhibition of intermolecular single-carbon transport groups. Biosynthesis nucleotides is thus
suppressed?
19. What are the conditions and enzymes necessary for digestion of proteins and peptides in the
digestive canal? What pathological processes develop in the digestive proteins in the gut?
20. In the serum of patients with increased activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) 6 times and
creatine phosphokinase (CPK) 3.2 times. What pathological processes in the body which develops in
the patient?
21. During fasting gluconeogenesis is activated. Who is the vitamin that is actively involved in the
process karboksyluvannya pyruvic acid. Answer arguments.
22. The patient's urine found sugar, ketone bodies, blood glucose level of 10.1 mmol / L. Violation of
hormone secretion is detected in the patient? Answer arguments.
23. In patients with chronic gastritis marked decrease in activity of pepsin, gastric juice pH is 5.0.
Explain the reason for decreased activity of pepsin. Reason for such patients previously administered
before meals take a weak solution of hydrochloric acid? What type of specificity is characteristic of
this enzyme?
24. In patients with chronic alcoholism marked increase in pyruvate content in serum and increase its
excretion in the urine due to lack of thiamine. The activity which decreases metabolism in these
patients? Write the scheme of the process, provide enzymes and coenzymes. Use of the drug is
coenzyme increase the activity of metabolic pathways?
25. In urgent clinic brought a patient with suspected acute pancreatitis. Growing activity of enzymes
which blood and urine tests will confirm the diagnosis? Activities which of pancreatic enzymes in
urine is determined by the method Volgemut?
26. The 23-year-old gut dysbiosis due to prolonged use of high doses sulfanilamides. What are
vitamins and why it is advisable to appoint this patient? Answer arguments.
27 patients after stroke to restore muscle mobility appointed proserin among other drugs. Which
inhibits enzyme activity Neostigmine? What type inhibitors it belongs? The concentration of the
metabolite is (neurotransmitters) will increase muscle when exposed Proserinum?
28. incubation environment, where they succinate and succinic acid, malonic acid added. How to
change the activity of the enzyme? How can I get rid of the negative impact of malonic acid? Answer
arguments.
29 patients with atherosclerosis entered the hospital for examination. Changes in lipid metabolism are
to be expected in this patient? Answer arguments.
30. The injection of adrenaline leads to increased blood glucose levels. What process is mainly
activated by this?
31. How many molecules AT'F formed at one glucose molecule oxidized to CO2 and H2O?
A confirmed transfer.
32. Some pharmaceuticals that are used for weight loss, its effect is disconnectors biological oxidation
and oxidative phosphorylation. Explain their therapeutic effect.
33. How many ATP molecules produced in the body during aerobic glycolysis? A confirmed transfer.
34. In the urine of patients found sugar, ketone bodies, blood glucose level of 10.1 mmol / L. For what
disease is characterized by such indicators? Answer arguments.
35. In surgical practice festering wound treated solutions containing proteolytic enzymes. What is the
use of these enzymes is based?
36. The distribution of isoenzymes of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in various organs uneven: in
cardiac muscle LDH1 predominates in skeletal muscle - LDG5. Normally, the activity of these
isozymes in serum low activity in the tissue destruction of relevant isoforms in the blood increase
dramatically because these enzymes are called "indicator". How will the activity in the blood LDH1
myocardial infarction?
37. The patient entered the hospital with a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Among the metabolic
changes is a reduction in the rate of synthesis oksaloatsetatu. What metabolic process disrupted as a
result? What energy losses will occur in violation of metabolic processes. Specify which metabolic
pathways are activated to compensate for the energy loss.
38. Phenobarbital - pharmaceuticals, which is used in pharmacology as hypnotics. What is the
mechanism of its action on the processes of tissue respiration? Answer arguments.
39. In the serum of patients with pyelonephritis detected changes in the ratios of protein fractions.
Specify how the method can be divided into factions plasma proteins? What are the physical and
chemical properties of proteins based this method? Answer arguments.
Test
to the final Module control 1
on Biological chemistry
for 2 year students Pharmaceutical faculty full-time education
Specialty "Pharmacy"
1. The patient has impaired conversion of glucose-6-phosphate into glucose, resulting in the
accumulation of glycogen in the liver and kidneys. Inherited disorder synthesis of what enzyme causes
this condition?
A. hexokinase
B. aldolase
C. phosphofructokinase
D. glucose-6-phosphatase
E. glucokinase
2. 47-year old patient has an elevated level of lipids in the blood [16 g / l] and elevated level of blood
glucose [8.0 mmol / L]. What disease it may mean?
A Coronary heart disease
B Atherosclerosis
C Diabetes
D Gastritis
E Myocardial infarction
3. In patients with diabetes showed increased content of ketone bodies in the blood. Select a
compound from which ketone bodies synthesized. A. glucose
B. succinate
C. lactate
D. acetyl – CoA
E. malate
4. Human organism synthesizes fatty acids. What compound is the precursor in this synthesis?
A. Glycine
B. Vitamin C
C Acetyl-CoA
D. Succinate
E. Cholesterol
5. When inflammation in the gallbladder the bile wastes colloidal properties. This can lead to the
formation of gallstones. Crystallization of what substance is one of the reasons for gallstone
formation?
A hemoglobin
B albumin
C cholesterol
D urate
E oxalate
6. The primary structure of nucleic acids - a polynucleotide chain, which has a certain structure and
order of the nucleotides. What bonds stabilize this structure?
A. disulfide
B. peptide
C. glycoside
D. 3 ', 5'-phosphodiether
E. amid
7. A derivative of what vitamin coenzyme thiamine pyrophosphate is:
A. B1.
B. B2.
C. B3.
D. B5.
E. B6.
8. Asparagine is necessary for protein synthesis in cancer - leukemic cells. For leukemia
chemotherapy uses enzyme cleaved asparagine. Specify this enzyme:
A. asparaginase
B. amylase
C. alanine aminotransferase
D. argininosuccinatelyase
E. arginase
9. The patient was diagnosed akhily. What is a proteolytic enzyme substitute the catalytic action of
pepsin in proteins digestion under this condition?
A Alpha-amylase
B Lipase
C Renin
D Chymotrypsin
E Elastase
10. What of these coenzymes is not involved in the TCA cycle functioning?
A. TPP.
B. NAD.
C. Biotin.
D. Lipoic acid.
E. FAD.
11. What of these enzymes of the TCA cycle is not a regulator?
A. α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
B. isocitrate dehydrogenase
C. aconitase
D. citrate
E. succinate dehydrogenase
12. To reduce the oxidative processes in the body uses cytochrome C. To what class of substances it
belongs to?
A nucleoproteins
B lipoproteins
C hemoproteins
D glycoproteins
E phosphoproteins
13. At intense physical work, when the circulatory system does not manage to supply oxygen, the
muscles are supplied with energy due to the reactions of substrate phosphorylation. What metabolic
pathways include these reactions?
A glycolysis and the TCA cycle
B tissue respiration and oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate
C gluconeogenesis and alcoholic fermentation
D PPC and gluconeogenesis
E PPC and tissue respiration
14. Lipoproteins transport lipids in the blood. What are lipids which transport mainly provided by
chylomicrons:
A. exogenous triglycerides
B. endogenous triglycerides
C. endogenous cholesterol
D. endogenous phospholipids
E. cholesterol esters
15. Coenzyme - part of the respiratory chain - is used for the treatment of tissue respiration (hypoxia,
poisoning). Specify this coenzyme.
A. ubiquinone
B. monooxygenase
C. catalase
D. lipoic acid
E. carnitine
16. Most important phase of starch and glycogen cleavage occurs in the duodenum under the action of
pancreatic enzymes. Which enzyme cleaves ɑ-1,4-glycosidic bonds in these molecules?
A hexokinase
B amilo -1,6-glycosidase
C aldolase
D alpha-amylase
E maltase
17. In order to improve athletic performance athlete is recommended to use carnitine. What process is
activated by carnitine?
A. Transport of glucose
B. Transport of amino acids
C. Transport of vitamin B12
D. Transport of fatty acids
E. Transport of vitamin K
18. A 65 year old woman complains on constant thirst and increased diuresis. Diabetes mellitus type
II diagnosed. A doctor administered biguanid metformin. What biochemical processes is suppressed
by this drug?
A breakdown of glycogen
B glycolysis
C gluconeogenesis
D pentose phosphate pathway
E glycogen synthesis
19. Vegetable fatty acids containing an odd number of carbon atoms. Name the product of fatty acids
beta-oxidation with an odd number of carbon atoms:
A. propionyl-CoA
B. palmityl –CoA
C. stearyl-CoA
D. acetoacetyl-CoA
E. oxymethylglutaryl-CoA
20. Bile acids play an important role in the digestion of lipids in the intestine. According to the
chemical structure the bile acids are derivatives:
A. purine nucleotides
B. amino acids
C. glycerol
D. fatty acids
E. cholesterol
21. The complex of nucleoprotein includes significant amounts of proteins, which have an alkaline
character. Which proteins have a structural function in chromatin?
A. Protamins and glutenins
B. Albumins and globulins
C. Protamins and histones
D. Gemoglobin and myoglobin
E. Interferons and mucin
22. General properties of enzymes and inorganic catalysts are:
A. Thermolability.
B. Catalysis only thermodynamically possible reactions.
C. The specificity of action.
D. Dependence of the amount of substrate.
E. Dependence on effectors.
23. Sulfonamide widely used as bacteriostatic agents. The mechanism of antimicrobial action of
sulfonamides is based on the structural similarity between sulfonamide and:
A folic acid
B glutamic acid
C para-aminobenzoic acid
D nucleic acid
E antibiotics
24. Gout develops when the metabolism of purine nucleotides violated. Doctor prescribed allopurinol,
a drug which is a competitive inhibitor of:
A. alcohol dehydrogenase
B. succinate dehydrogenase
C. xanthine oxidase
D. lactate dehydrogenase
E. hexokinase
25. The child is observed lack of synthesis of the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. What
is the conversion of carbohydrate metabolic pathway is disrupted in this child?
A pentose phosphate cycle
B glycogenolysis
C glycogenesis
D gluconeogenesis
E aerobic oxidation of glucose
26. How many molecules of FAD + reduced in the one TCA cycle:
A. 1.
B. 2.
C. 3.
D. 4.
E. 5.
27. The patient complained of breath shortness and dizziness. It is known that he works at a chemical
plant for the production of hydrocyanic acid. With the violation of the activity of what enzyme may
connect these changes?
A. cytochrome oxidase
B. lactate dehydrogenase
C. succinate dehydrogenase
D. catalase
E. pyruvate dehydrogenase
28. One way of conversion of carbohydrates in the body is its anaerobic cleavage. Glycolysis begins
with the conversion of glucose under the action of hexokinase into:
A. glucose-5-monophosphate
B. glucose-4-monophosphate
C. glucose-6-monophosphate
D. glucose-2-monophosphate
E. glucose-3-monophosphate
29. During fasting gluconeogenesis activates. Name vitamin that plays an active role in the process of
pyruvic acid carboxylation:
A. Nicotinamide
B. Retinol
C. Calciferol
D. Biotin
E. Folacin
30. Snake venom contains a substance which, when it enters the human body causes hemolysis. The
blood analysis showed a large content of lysolecithin. Specify what enzyme leads to the lysolecithin
accumulation in the blood:
A. Phospholipase C
B. Phospholipase A1
C. Phospholipase A2
D. Phospholipase D
E. Neuraminidase
1. Hormones regulate many metabolic processes. Indicate which of the hormone activates glycogen
synthesis:
A Epinephrine
B Insulin
C Vazopresin
D Thyroxine
E Oxytocin
2. A woman in 52 years developed cataracts (opacity of the lens) on the background of diabetes
mellitus. Activation of what process is the cause of lens opacity?
A. gluconeogenesis
B. lipolysis
C. ketogenesis
D. proteolysis of proteins
E. protein glycosylation
3. The patient, contact the doctor, revealed elevated levels of glucose in the blood, urine. Diabetes is
supposed. What changes in lipid metabolism lead this disease?
A. hypophospholipidemia
B. hypocholesterolemia
C. hypoketonemiya
D. hypolipoproteinaemias
E. hyperketonemia
4. The patient showed achlorhydria condition. Appointment of what enzymatic medicine he need in
this situation?
A. succinate dehydrogenase
B. cocarboxilase
C. pepsin
D. creatine phosphokinase
E. hexokinase
5. Lipoproteins are the transport forms of lipids in the blood. In what complex form cholesterol is
mainly transported in the liver?
A HDL
B LDL
C VLDL
D interferon
E albumin
6. In eukaryotic cells the DNA is in the form of complex with proteins. Select proteins bonded to
DNA and stabilizing its structure:
A. Globulins
B. Albumin
C. Histones
D. Interferons
E. Glutelins
7. Dehydrogenase - enzymes that split off hydrogen atoms from the substrate. Which class of enzymes
lactate dehydrogenase belongs to?
A oxidoreductase
B transferase
C hydrolase
D isomerase
E lyase
8. Streptokinase and medicine Streptodekase are enzymes with fibrinolytic activity. Streptodekase has
a longer duration of action than free streptokinase, as used in its manufacture:
A. Freeze-drying
B. Immobilization
C. Dialysis
D. Denaturation
E. Salting
9. Central intermediate in metabolism of proteins, lipids and carbohydrates are:
A. succinyl-CoA
B. acetyl-CoA
C. oxaloacetate
D. lactate
E. citrate
10. TB patients prescribed antibiotics oligomycin. What process inhibits this drug in the
mitochondria?
A. microsomal oxidation
B. substrate phosphorylation
C. oxidative phosphorylation
D. lipid peroxidation
E. oxidative decarboxylation
11. What is the qualitative reaction is used to detect fructose in biological fluids?
A. Trommer`s
B. Fehling`s
C. Selivanov`s
D. Tollens`s
E. Wagner`s
12. Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate is substrate to oxidative decarboxylation. Specify one of the
coenzymes, which is part of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.
A. NAD +
B. PALPH
C. FMN
D. methyl-cobalamin
E. N-carboxibiotin
13. Lipid metabolism is possible in the presence of a number of conditions. Which of the following
substances provide emulsification of fats, activation of lipase and fatty acid absorption?
A Amino Acids
B Cholesterol
C.Glucose
D Bile acids
E Hydrochloric acid
14. 12 years-old child diagnosed hyperlipoproteinemia type 1, characterized by a high content in
blood plasma chylomicrons. The high concentration of chylomicrons is a result of insufficiency of:
A lipoprotein lipase
B triacylglycerol lipase
C carnitine acyltransferase
D cholesterolesterase
E phosphokinase
15. How many molecules of NAD +, restored in one citric acid cycle:
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
E. 5
16. The administration of epinephrine leads to blood glucose levels increase. What is the process in
this case is mainly activated?
A synthesis of fatty acids
B glycogen synthesis
C cleavage of glycogen
D pentose phosphate cycle
E alcoholic fermentation
17. In what condition in the patient hyperglycemia, glycosuria, high density of urine; an increased
level in the blood of glucocorticoids; in blood and urine increased concentration of 17-ketosteroids is
observed?
A. Diabetes insipidus
B. Diabetes mellitus
C. Steroid diabetes
D. Renal diabetes
E. Hepatic diabetes
18. The patient is observed thirst, excessive diuresis and weakness. Hyperglycemia and
hyperketonemia determined. In urine glucose and ketone bodies detected. The doctor establishes a
diagnosis:
A. Diabetes mellitus.
B. Acromegaly.
C. Thyrotoxicosis.
D. Alimentary hyperglycemia.
E. Myocardial infarction.
19. A 56 years old woman has cholelithiasis. Which compound is preferably included in the
composition of the gallstones?
A. cholic acid
B. stercobilin
C. urea
D. cholesterol
E. chenodeoxycholic acid
20. The composition of the nitrogenous bases of DNA and RNA differ. What heterocyclic nitrogenous
base contained only in a part of the RNA?
A Uracil
B Thymine
C Guanine
D Cytosine
E Adenine
21. After the addition of pancreas extracts into the tube with the starch solution, indicated the absence
of blue color in the sample with iodine solution, indicates the starch hydrolysis. Under the influence of
what pancreatic enzyme did this happen?
A. aldolas
B. chymotrypsin
C. lipase
D. α-amylase
E. trypsin
22. NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) used in medical practice for the treatment of
rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, inflammatory connective tissue diseases. Activity of what enzyme
these drugs inhibit?
A aminotransferase
B hexokinase
C succinate dehydrogenase
D cyclooxygenase
E xanthine oxidase
23. At one cycle of the beta-oxidation of fatty acids in mitochondria formed 1 molecule of FADH2
and 1 molecule of NADH (H). These coenzymes transfer hydrogen atoms in the respiratory chain,
which is formed:
A. 15 ATP
B. 10 ATP
C. 8 ATP
D. 5 ATP
E. 3 ATP
24. When applying hydrogen peroxide to a dental oral mucosa appeared intense foam. The presence of
what enzyme can cause this effect?
A. catalase
B. cholinesterase
C. acetyltransferase
D. glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
E. methemoglobin reductase
25. Most important phase of starch and glycogen cleavage occurs in the duodenum under the action of
pancreatic enzymes. Which enzyme cleaves ɑ-1,4-glycosidic bonds in these molecules?
A maltase
B amilo-1,6-glycosidase
C aldolase
D hexokinase
E alpha-amylase
26. Patient's blood plasma has a milky color due to the high concentration of chylomicrons. At the
same time there is a violation of triacylglycerols cleavage. Defect of what enzyme activity is observed
in the patient?
A. cholesterolesterase
B. amylase
C. trypsin
D. lipoprotein lipase
E. lactase
27. In the 5-year-old patient has cataracts, fatty liver. In biochemical study found a high concentration
of galactose in the blood, while the level of glucose is too low. What disease occurs in patients?
A fructosemia
B galactosemia
C glycogenosis
D aglykogenosis
E diabetes
28. Red blood cells for their functioning need energy in the form of ATP. Choose metabolic process
that provides the necessary amount of ATP to erythrocytes.
A. Beta-oxidation of fatty acids
B. Gluconeogenesis
C. Pentose phosphate cycle
D. Anaerobic glycolysis
E. Citric acid cycle
29. Patients suffering from diseases of the joints, the doctor has prescribed an ointment, the active
ingredient of which is a glycosaminoglycan - an essential component of cartilage. What is it?
A. arabinose
B. heparin
C. glycogen
D. chondroitin sulfate
E. starch
30. To reduce the oxidative processes in the body uses cytochrome C. To what class of substances it
belongs to?
A nucleoproteins
B lipoproteins
C hemoproteins
D glycoproteins
E phosphoproteins
1. In the liver contained an enzyme which is capable of destroying the α-1,4-glucosidic bonds in a
molecule of glycogen. Point this enzyme.
A phosphofructokinase
B hexokinase
C α-Glucanphosphorilase
D glucose-6-phosphatase
E glucokinase
2. In the hospital was taken the patient with hyperglycemic coma. Insulin normalized blood glucose
concentration. What is the most probable cause of hyperglycemia in a patient?
A Anomaly of cell receptors
B Adrenal hormones hyperfunction
C Adrenal medulla tumor
D Reduced insulin production
E β - cells destruction
3. At the regular intense physical work fat in adipose tissue is reduced. It comes out from the cells into
the bloodstream in the form of:
A ketone bodies
B chylomicron
C lipoproteins
D free fatty acids and glycerol
E glucose
4. Cholesterol derivatives produced in the liver is necessary for lipids digestion. What are these
products?
A. Corticosteroids
B. catecholamines
C. Bile acids
D. Acetyl -CoA
E. calciferol
5. In clinical practice for fractionation of serum proteins and other biological fluids using the salting
out method. What compounds are used for this method?
A heavy metal salts
B detergents
C alkali metal salts
D acids
E alkalis
6. Amino acids which include hydroxyl group as radical, are often included in the active center of the
enzymes. Name this amino acid.
A. Cysteine
B. Alanine
C. Valine
D. Serin
E. Phenylalanine
7. The patient with the cancer assigned fluorouracil, which is a competitive inhibitor of thymidine
synthetase. With inhibition of what process connects its medical effect?
A Purine nucleotides catabolism
B Carbohydrates catabolism
C Purine nucleotides synthesis
D Pyrimidine nucleotides synthesis
E Lipids synthesis
8. Sulfonamides inhibit the growth and development of bacteria. The mechanism of their action is a
violation of synthesis of:
A pantothenic acid
B lipoic acid
C niacin
D folate
E pangamic acid
9. Tricarboxylic acid cycle is the general pathway for carbohydrates, amino acids and fatty acids
oxidation. Choose the acid that enters into the first reaction of the TCA cycle with acetyl-CoA:
A. isocitric
B. citric
C. oxaloacetic
D. fumaric
E. malic
10. The patient received a large dose of sleeping pills from the class of barbiturates (amobarbital),
which is an inhibitor of the NAD-dependent dehydrogenase of the respiratory chain. What process is
violated under these conditions in the mitochondria?
A amino acids synthesis
B glycogen synthesis
C ATP synthesis
D lipids synthesis
E glucose synthesis
11. It is known that certain compounds uncouple the tissue respiration and oxidative phosphorylation.
Which substance has said properties?
A. Lactic Acid
B. carbon monoxide
C. Antimitsin A
D. 2,4-dinitrophenol
E. Acety l-CoA
12. During intense physical work, when the circulatory system does not manage to supply oxygen, the
muscles are supplied with energy due to the reactions of substrate phosphorylation. What metabolic
pathways include these reactions?
A glycolysis and the TCA cycle.
B tissue respiration and oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate.
C gluconeogenesis and alcoholic fermentation.
D PFC and gluconeogenesis.
E PFC and tissue respiration.
13. In aerobic conditions, pyruvic acid is subject to oxidative decarboxylation under the action of
pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Specify one of the coenzymes, which is part of this complex.
A FMN.
B PALPH
C FAD
D Methyl-cobalamin.
E N-carboxibiotin
14 For the patients with coronary heart disease doctor recommended to consume fats containing
polyunsaturated higher fatty acids [PUFA]. Which of the higher fatty acid is a polyunsaturated?
A Palmitic
B Oleic
C Arachidonic
D Stearic
E Palmitoleic
15. The patient was administred the aspirin as anti-inflammatory agent, inhibits the production of
prostaglandins. Which enzyme is blocked at the same time?
A monooxygenase
B cyclooxygenase.
C dioxygenase.
D lipoxygenase
E peroxidase.
16. After eating the rich carbohydrate food alimentary hyperglycemia observed. The activity of what
enzyme in hepatocytes is induced most?
A. phosphorylase
B. aldolase
C. glucokinase
D. isocitrate dehydrogenase
E. glucose-6-phosphatase
17. Most important phase of starch and glycogen catabolism occurs in the duodenum under the action
of pancreatic enzymes. Which enzyme cleaves ɑ-1,4-glycosidic bonds in these molecules?
A hexokinase
B Amilo -1,6-glycosidase
C Aldolase
D alpha-amylase
E maltase
18. Intracellular metabolism of glycerol begins with its activation. Which compound is formed in the
first reaction of it converting?
A lactate
B pyruvate
C Alpha-glycerolphosphate
D Choline
E Acetyl-Co A
19. The bile acids play an important role in the lipids digestion in the intestine. According to the
chemical structure the bile acids are derived from:
A. cholesterol
B. amino acids
C. glycerol
D. fatty acids
E. purine nucleotides
20. In the electrophoretic separation of serum proteins albumins manifest the electronegative
properties. Which amino acid is contained in large amounts in the albumin and determines their acidic
properties?
A tryptophan
B lysine
C leucine
D alanine
E glutamic acid
21. The enzyme urease is able to destroy only the structure of urea. Specify the type of its specificity.
A. Relative group specificity
B. The stereochemical specificity
C. Absolute group specificity
D. Absolute specificity
E. Relative specificity
22. A method of treatment in cases of poisoning with methanol is the administration of ethanol (per
os, or intravenously), in amounts which in healthy humans cause intoxication. Why this method of
treatment is effective?
A. Etanol allosterically inactivates alcohol dehydrogenase.
B. Ethanol competes with methanol for the active site of alcohol dehydrogenase.
C. Ethanol blocks alcohol dehydrogenase coenzyme.
D. Ethanol cleaved faster than methanol.
E. Ethanol inhibits the diffusion of methanol.
23. A patient diagnosed with acute pancreatitis. Determination of what enzyme activity in the blood is
necessary to determine the diagnosis?
A aldolase.
B amylase
C LDH.
D creatine kinase
E pepsin
24. Tricarboxylic acid cycle is the final common pathway of energy-rich molecules oxidation
(carbohydrates, amino acids, fatty acids). Specify with which of the compound is reacted acetyl-CoA
in the process.
A. oxaloacetate
B. malate
C. citrate
D. isocitrate
E. fumarate
25. In the synthesis of ATP in the cell involves a number of enzymes. Respiratory chain enzymes
localized in:
A peroxisomes
B nucleus
C lysosomes
D mitochondria
E ribosomes
26. Because of riboflavin hypovitaminosis in patient disrupted conversion of succinic acid. Activity of
what enzyme in the citric acid cycle will be reduced in this patient?
A. succinate dehydrogenase
B. fumarase
C. citrate synthase
D. malate dehydrogenase
E. isocitrate dehydrogenase
27. It is known that some carbohydrates are not digested in the digestive tract of the human body.
Choose this carbohydrate.
A. Cellulose
B. Starch
C. Sucrose
D. Glycogen
E. Lactose
28. Upon cleavage of glucose during glycolysis occur a number of transformations. Indicate a
compound into which glucose-6-phosphate is converted in the first reaction?
A fructose-6-phosphate
B acetyl-CoA
C. fructose-1-phosphate
D galactose-1-phosphate
E mannose-1-phosphate
29. At the 4-year-old child with ARI (acute respiratory infection), after taking aspirin observed
hemolysis. Congenital defect of synthesis of what enzyme could make him hemolytic anemia?
A glycogen phosphorylase
B glucose-6-phosphatase
C glycerol phosphokinase
D glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase
E glucokinase
30. Medicine "Linetol" used in medical practice for the correction of lipid metabolism. What is an
essential fatty acid (polyunsaturated) are included:
A. palmitic
B. linoleic
C. butyric
D. stearic
E. capronic
1. In patient violated conversion of glucose-6-phosphate into glucose, resulting in the accumulation of
glycogen in the liver and kidneys. Inherited disorder synthesis of what enzyme causes this condition?
A. hexokinase
B. aldolase
C. phosphofructokinase
D. Glucose-6-phosphatase
E. glucokinase
2. Stimulation of insulin secretion by the pancreas occurs after eating carbohydrate foods. Activity of
what enzyme insulin regulates?
A pyruvate kinase
B. aldolase
C. lactate dehydrogenase
D. enolase
E. glucokinase
3. The patient an elevated level of glucose in the blood and urine. The diabetes mellitus is expected.
For what changes in lipid metabolism lead this disease:
A hypolipoproteinemia
B hypocholesterolemia
C hypoketonemiya
D hyperketonemiya
E hypophospholipidemia
4. A man has signs of atherosclerotic affection of the cardiovascular system. Increasing of what
following parameters of the biochemical analysis of blood is most likely for this condition?
A LDH5 activity
B level of high density lipoprotein
C level of chylomicrons
D. low density lipoprotein
E activity of pancreatic lipase
5. One of the indicators of metabolism in the body is the level of total protein in blood serum. What
reaction is usually used in clinical laboratories to determine the protein content?
A ksantoprotein
B ninhydrin
C biuret
D Foll
E nitroprusside
6. In some diseases gastric pepsin which is a proteolytic enzyme is administered. Specify the chemical
bonds which pepsin break.
A ethereal
B glycoside
C peptide
D disulfide
E hydrogen
7. Transmission of information from peptide hormones on intracellular second messengers occurs
with the participation of adenylate cyclase. What kind of reaction is catalyzed by adenylate cyclase?
A. cAMP synthesis
B. The cleavage of ATP to ADP and inorganic phosphate.
C. Synthesis of ATP from AMP and pyrophosphate.
D. The cleavage of ADP to AMP and inorganic phosphate.
E. The cleavage of ATP to AMP and pyrophosphate.
8. The patient developed acute pancreatitis. To avoid autolysis of the pancreas should be applied:
A sulfa drugs
B insulin
C trypsinogen
D antibiotics
E Inhibitors of proteolytic enzymes
9. In the citric acid cycle is a reaction of substrate phosphorylation. What compound is entering in the
reaction?
A. succinyl-coenzyme A
B. Alpha-Ketoglutarate
C. acetyl-coenzyme A
D. succinate
E. malate
10. The patient poisoned by barbiturates. Analysis of arterial blood showed that blood pH decreases to
7.18. What metabolic disorders with an overdose of this medication can lead to acidosis?
A block of electron transport through NADH KoQ reductase
B uncoupling of tissue respiration and oxidative phosphorylation
C stimulation of the oxygen utilization
D inhibition of ATP synthase function
E Inhibition of cytochrome respiratory chain
11. Energy from macroergic bonds used for all processes, except for:
A. substances biosynthesis
B. mechanical work
C. active transport of ions
D. transport of urea,glycerol
E. generation of nerve impulse
12. The main structural component of the cell membrane of plant cells is homopolyshugar cellulose. It
consists of glucose residues as starch, but unlike starch doesn’t cleave in the human digestive tract.
Why?
A. Because cellulose is consist of L-glucose
B. Because is not brunching
C. Because also contains galactose residues
D. Because the glucose residues in the cellulose linked by beta-1,4 glycosidic bond
E. Because the glucose residues in the cellulose linked by alpha-1,4 glycosidic bond
13. In anaerobic glycolysis the synthesis of ATP is by substrate phosphorylation, during which is used
other energy compounds. Specify one of these substances.
A lactate
B glucose-6-phosphate
C phosphoenolpyruvate
D pyruvate
E glucose
14. Lack of linoleic and linolenic acids in a body leads to a decrease in resistance to infectious
diseases, skin damage, hair loss, delayed wound healing, thrombocytopenia, and others. Violation of
synthesis of what biologically active compounds likely cause these symptoms:
A catecholamines
B interleukins
C interferons
D eicosanoids
E corticosteroids
15. The central intermediate of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates metabolism is:
A. succinyl-CoA
B. acetyl-CoA
C. oxaloacetate
D. lactate
E. citrate
16. Hormones regulate many metabolic processes. Indicate which of the hormone activates glycogen
synthesis:
A Epinephrin
B Insulin
C Vazopresin
D Thyroxine
E Oxytocin
17. The patient's blood glucose level after fasting was 5.30 mmol/l after 1 hour after sugar loading is
8.55 mmol/l, and after 2 hours -7.10 mmol/l. These figures are typical for:
A healthy person
B patients with latent diabetes
C patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
D patients with insulin-independent diabetes
E patients with thyrotoxicosis
18. The function of each class of lipoproteins is to transport different groups of lipids. Which of the
following lipoprotein is transported cholesterol from the tissues to the liver, preventing the
development of atherosclerosis?
A. HDL
B. LDL
C. VLDL
D. Chylomicrons
E. LPG
19. In many diseases to confirm the diagnosis in biochemical laboratories analyze protein fractions by
method of electrophoresis. On which property of proteins this method is based?
A. Swelling capacity
B. Optical activity
C. Poor solubility
D. The presence of charge
E. High viscosity
20. Nucleosidase and nucleotidase in gastrointestinal tract catalyze the hydrolysis of nucleic acids,
mononucleotides, as well as drugs which have in the molecule a following bond:
A hydrogen bond
B glycoside bond
C peptide bond
D phosphodiester bond
E amide
21. Digestion of the proteins occurs in the stomach by pepsin that is released as an inactive
pepsinogen. Conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin performed by cleaving of the N-terminus peptide by
the action of:
A bile acids
B sulfuric acid
C acetic acid
D hydrochloric acid
E amino acids
22. In chronic pancreatitis observed a decrease in the synthesis and secretion of trypsin. Digestion and
absorption of what substances violated in this case?
A polysaccharide
B lipid
C proteins
D nucleic acid
E disaccharides
23 Patients suffering from diabetes, developed ketoacidosis. Biochemical cause of this state is to
reduce the utilization of acetyl-CoA in cells due to inhibition of:
A. pentose phosphate pathway
B. glycolysis
C. Krebs cycle
D. beta-oxidation of fatty acids
E. ornithine cycle
24. Most of the biochemical processes in the human body due to the use of energy. Which substance
are a unique battery donor and transformer of energy in the body?
A. lactate
B. pyruvate
C. malate
D. adenosine triphosphate
E. adenosine monophosphate
25. An increase in thyroid function observed weight loss and fever. What biochemical processes are
activated at the same time?
A. catabolism
B. anabolism
C. neoglucogenesis
D. lipogenesis
E. steroidogenesis
26 Patient suffering from diseases of the joints, the doctor has prescribed an ointment, the active
ingredient of which is a glycosaminoglycan - an essential component of cartilage. Name this
substance.
A. arabinose
B. heparin
C. glycogen
D. chondroitin sulfate
E. starch
27. The general energy source for red blood cells is glycolysis. What is the energy value of
glycolysis?
A 4 molecules of ATP
B 5 molecules of ATP
C 7 molecules of ATP
D 3 molecules of ATP
E 2 molecules of ATP
28. One year old child was taken to the hospital with symptoms: diarrhea, vomiting, impaired growth
and development, mental retardation, cataracts. Diagnosed - galactosemia. Deficiency of what enzyme
occurs in a sick child?
A hexose-1-phosphate uridiltransferase
B glucokinase
C UDP-glucose 4-epimerase
D UDP- -glucose pyrophosphorylase
E glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
29. Phosphatidylinositol-4-5-phosphate, which is one of the major components of the membrane, for
transmission signal is converted into intracellular inositol 1, 4, 5-triphosphate and diglycerol. Specify
an enzyme that takes part in this.
A phospholipase A2
B phospholipase A1
C phospholipase C
D phospholipase D
E lipase
30. What is the qualitative reaction is used to detect fructose in biological fluids?
A. Trommer`s
B. Fehling`s
C. Selivanov`s
D. Tollens
E. Wagner`s
1. In organism adrenaline administration causes an increase of blood glucose level. What process is
mainly activated at the same time?
A synthesis of fatty acids
B glycogen synthesis
C breakdown of glycogen
D pentose phosphate cycle
E alcoholic fermentation
2. The 45 years old patient, admitted to the hospital, there is a dry mouth, thirst, excessive diuresis,
general weakness. Biochemical study found hyperglycemia and hyperketonemiya. In urine detected
glucose and ketone bodies. An electrocardiogram showed diffuse changes in the myocardium. What is
the diagnosis established doctor
A atherosclerosis
B diabetes insipidus
C steroid diabetes
D diabetes
E myocardial infarction
3. In the 60-year-old patient suffering from diabetes, developed ketoacidosis. Biochemical cause of
this state is to reduce the utilization of acetyl-CoA cells due to lack of:
A oxaloacetate
B 2-oxoglutarate
C glutamate
D aspartate
E succinate
4. The patient suffers from cerebral atherosclerosis. A blood test revealed hyperlipoproteinemia. The
content of what class of blood plasma lipoproteins most significantly increased in this case?
A low-density lipoproteins
B high density lipoproteins
C chylomicrons
D globulin complexes with steroid hormones
E. VLDL.
5. In the apparatus "artificial kidney" applied membranes that allow release the blood from the
harmful substances. In what way the solution of proteins can be released from the low molecular
weight impurities?
A. Dialysis
B. Salting
C. Electrophoresis
D. The isoelectric focusing
E. X-ray analysis
6. Amylolytic enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of polysaccharides and oligosaccharides. What kind of
chemical bond they cleave:
A. amide
B. hydrogen
C. peptide
D. glycosidic
E. phosphodiesteric
7. Conversion of succinate to fumarate catalyzed by succinate dehydrogenase. What is a competitive
inhibitor inhibits the activity of the enzyme?
A. malic acid
B. oxaloacetic acid
C. malonic acid
D. fumaric acid
E. pyruvic acid
8. After drinking the milk 1-year-old child developed diarrhea, flatulence. Deficiency of what enzyme
occurs in a child?
A. hexokinase
B. maltase
C. aldolase
D. lactase
E. glycosidase
9. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex requires five coenzymes (TDP, FAD, NAD +, CoA and lipoic
acid). What other enzyme complex has a similar structure?
A. glucose-6-phosphatase
B. glucose-6-phosphtedehydrogenase
C. hexokinase
D. glycogensynthetase
E. alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
10. Izoniazid used as an anti-TB drug due to its ability to inhibit the biological oxidation processes.
Activity of what enzymes of tissue respiration it can suppress?
A. isomerase
B. synthetase
C. dehydrogenase
D. transferase
E. carboxylase
11. For the normal metabolism of cells the energy compounds is necessary. Which of the following
compounds are macroergs?
A. creatine
B. creatine
C. creatinine
D. Glucose-6-phosphate
E. adenosine
12. The amylose is the part of starch. What bonds interconnect glucopyranose residues of amylose?
A. α-1,6-glycoside
B. α-1,3-glycoside
C. α-1,4-glycoside
D. α-1,2-glycoside
E. α-1,5-glycoside.
13. Name the compound involved in the reaction of substrate phosphorylation during glycolysis.
A glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
B glucose 6-phosphate
C fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
D phosphoenolpyruvate
E 2-phosphoglyceric acid
14. After the physical work gluconeogenesis is activated. Specify what substrate is used in this
process:
A. aspartic acid
B. alpha – ketoglutarate
C. glutamic acid
D. lactate
E. serine
15. Inhibition of bile acid synthesis from cholesterol in the liver of experimental animals resulted in
the disruption of lipid digestion. What role do bile acids play in the digestion of lipids?
A part of LDL
B important for the resynthesis of lipids
C emulsified food lipids
D maintained alkaline medium in the intestine
E activates the formation of chylomicrons
16. The action of certain hormones on carbohydrate metabolism is manifested in the stimulation of
glycogen breakdown in the tissues. What enzyme catalyzes the first reaction of glycogen breakdown
to glucose-1-phosphate?
A glycogen synthetase
B glycogen phosphorylase
C Aldolase
D phosphofructokinase
E pyruvate kinase
17. Female 47 years old complains on feeling unwell. The fasting blood glucose level is determined
by the increased [7.5 mmol / L]. Other symptoms of diabetes are absent. Which test should be
conducted to clarify the diagnosis of the patient?
A Determination of amylase activity in blood
B Determination of glucose in the blood
C Determination of tolerance to glucose in the blood
D Determination of blood galactose
E Determination of fructose in blood
18. During starvation ketoacidosis develops. Increased levels of what metabolite in the blood is a sign
of this condition?
A. acetoacetate
B. oxaloacetate
C. malonate
D. beta-hydroxy-beta-methyl glutaryl-CoA
E. acetyl-CoA
19. The transport form of lipids in the blood is a lipoprotein. Which of the lipoprotein fractions
transports cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver?
A VLDL
B LDL
C HDL
D chylomicrons
E MDLP
20. Many proteins have quaternary structure that is consist of several polypeptide chains. Select one of
these proteins.
A.albumin
B.mioglobin
C.hemoglobin
D.elastin
E.prealbumin
21 Lipolytic enzymes in digestive tract catalyze the hydrolysis of lipids. Specify a bond, they cleave:
A. ester
B. peptide
C. glycoside
D. hydrogen
E. amide
22. Acetylsalicylic acid used in the treatment of rheumatism. Which process affects acetylsalicylic
acid?
A. Synthesis of glycogen
B. The cleavage of glucose
C. The synthesis of prostaglandins
D. Synthesis of amino acids
E. The cleavage of fat
23. The antitumor drug methotrexate inhibits dihydrofolate reductase by binding to its active center.
Enzyme activity can be restored by the increasing of substrate concentration. What type of inhibition
is observed?
A. allosteric
B. irreversible
C. noncompetitive
D. competitive
E. uncompetitive
24. Because of hypovitaminosis of riboflavin in patient disrupted conversion of succinic acid. Activity
of what enzyme in citric acid cycle will be reduced in this patient?
A. malate dehydrogenase
B. fumarase
C. citrate
D. succinate dehydrogenase
E. isocitrate dehydrogenase
25. Coenzyme - a component of the respiratory chain - is used for the treatment of tissue respiration
(hypoxia, poisoning). Specify this component.
A. ubiquinone
B. monooxygenases
C. catalase
D. lipoic acid
E. carnitine
26. Which of the substances is the end product of aerobic dehydrogenases action?
A free oxygen
B. water
C. the hydrogen peroxide
D. hydrogen peroxide and water
E. superoxide radical
27. In the formation of the tertiary structure of most globular proteins nonpolar amino acid residues
are immersed in the internal hydrophobic phase of molecules. Name one of these hydrophobic amino
acids.
A Arginine
B Lysine
C Valine
D Glutamic acid
E Aspartic acid
28. The purpose of the interscapular brown fat in the newborns is:
A. Serve as a plastic material.
B. Serve as a thermal insulator.
C. Serve as a source of heat by uncoupling of respiration and phosphorylation.
D. Provide mechanical protection of tissues and organs.
E. The source for the formation of ketone bodies.
29. Aromatic amino acids that are the part of natural protein, it is possible to detect with the specific
reaction:
A. with Fehling's reagent
B. biuret reaction
C. Foll`s reaction
D. ksantoprotein
E. ninhydrin
30. Trypsin is able to provide for own activation. What term refers to the ability of the active form of
the enzyme to catalyze the formation of own precursor?
A. Dephosphorylation
B. Competitive inhibition
C. Chemical modification
D. Phosphorylation
E. Autocatalysis
1. Lipoproteins transport lipids in the blood. Choose the lipids, which mainly provide transport of
chylomicrons in the blood:
A. exogenous triglycerides
B. endogenous triglycerides
C. endogenous cholesterol
D. endogenous phospholipids
E. cholesterol esters
2. A 65 year old woman complains of constant thirst and increased diuresis. Diagnosed diabetes
mellitus type II. A doctor appointed biguanidinmetformin. What biochemical process these drugs
suppress?
A breakdown of glycogen
B glycolysis
C gluconeogenesis
D pentose phosphate pathway
E glycogen synthesis
3. In a patient with Cushing's syndrome there is persistent hyperglycemia and glycosuria. What
hormone synthesis and secretion is increased in this case?
A. Glucagon;
B. Epinephrine;
C. Cortisol;
D. Thyroxine;
E. Insulin.
4. To improve athletic performance athlete is recommended to use carnitine. What process is activated
by carnitine?
A. Transport of glucose
B. Transport of amino acids
C. Transport of vitamin B12
D. Transport of fatty acids
E. Transport of vitamin K
5. In one cycle of the beta-oxidation of fatty acids in mitochondria formed 1 molecule of FADH2 and
1 molecule of NADH (H). These coenzymes transfer hydrogen atoms to the respiratory chain, where
is formed:
A. 15 ATP
B. 10 ATP
C. 8 ATP
D. 5 ATP
E. 3 ATP
6. The fatty acids synthesized in human body. What is the precursor in this synthesis?
A. Glycine
B. Vitamin C
C. Acetyl-CoA
D. Succinate
E. Cholesterol
7. In experimental animals with administration of glucose observed a decrease in the activity of the
TCA cycle. What compound is a direct inhibitor of the TCA cycle?
A. NADH
B. NADP
C. NADP H
D. HS-CoA
E. Ca ions
8. The role of brown fat in the interscapular region in newborns is:
A. is a plastic material.
B. is isolation material.
C is the heat source due to uncoupling of respiration and phosphorylation.
D. is mechanical protection of tissues and organs.
E. is source for the formation of ketone bodies.
9. It is known that some carbohydrates are not digested in the digestive tract of the human body.
Choose this carbohydrate.
A. Cellulose
B. Starch
C. Sucrose
D. Glycogen
E. Lactose
10. During the long distance running skeletal muscles of trained person uses glucose to produce ATP
energy needed for muscle contraction. Choose the process of glucose utilization in this condition.
A anaerobic glycolysis
B aerobic glycolysis
C lipolysis
D gluconeogenesis
E glycogenesis
11. Inhibition of bile acid synthesis from cholesterol in the liver of experimental animals resulted in
the disruption of lipid digestion. What is the role of bile acids in the lipids digestion?
A part of LDL
B participate in the resynthesis of lipids
C emulsified food lipids
D support alkaline environment in the gut
E activates the formation of chylomicrons
12. A man has atherosclerotic damage of the cardiovascular system. Increasing what of the following
parameters of the biochemical analysis of blood is caracteristic for this condition?
A Activity of LDH5
B Level of high density lipoprotein.
C Level of chylomicrons.
D. Low density lipoprotein.
E Activity of pancreatic lipase.
13. What is the name of process in ATP synthesis, which occurs in coupling with the oxidation
reactions with the participation of respiratory enzymes of mitochondria?
A. Reducing phosphorylation.
B. Substrate phosphorylation.
C. Free oxidation.
D. Photosynthetic phosphorylation.
E. Oxidative phosphorylation.
14. The structure of the respiratory chain includes all of the following substances, except:
A. NAD, FMN.
B. iron-sulfur proteins
C. ubiquinone
D. pyruvate
E. cytochromes
15. The medical examiner at the autopsy of the body of 20-year-old girl found that the death was
caused by cyanide poisoning. Violation of what process is caused the girl's death?
A. transport of oxygen by hemoglobin
B. synthesis of hemoglobin
C. tissue respiration
D. synthesis of urea
E. transport of hydrogen by malate aspartate mechanism
16. Hormones regulate many metabolic processes. Indicate which of the hormone activates glycogen
synthesis:
A Epinephrine
B Insulin
C Vazopresin
D Thyroxine
E Oxytocin
17. The 45 years old patient, admitted to the hospital, has a dry mouth, thirst, excessive diuresis and
general weakness. Biochemical diagnosis found hyperglycemia and hyperketonemiya. In urine
detected glucose and ketone bodies. An electrocardiogram showed diffuse changes in the
myocardium. The doctor diagnoses:
A alimentary hyperglycemia
B diabetes insipidus
C steroid diabetes
D diabetes
E myocardial infarction.
18. Patient has decreased level of glucose in blood and urine. Diabetes is diagnosed. To what changes
in lipid metabolism this disease leads?
A hypolipoproteinaemias
B hypocholesterolemia
C hypoketonemiya
D hyperketonemiya
E hypophospholipidemia
19. The patient suffers from cerebral atherosclerosis. A blood test revealed hyperlipoproteinemia. The
content of what class of blood plasma lipoproteins most significantly increased in this case?
A low-density lipoproteins
B high density lipoproteins
C chylomicrons
D globulin complexes with steroid hormones
20. In clinical practice for fractionation of serum proteins and other biological fluids used method of
salting. What substances are used for this method?
A heavy metal salts
B detergents
C alkali metal salts
D acids
E alkalis
21. During electrophoretic separation of serum proteins the albumin shows more electronegative
properties. Which amino acid is contained in large amounts in the albumin and determines their acidic
properties?
A tryptophan
B lysine
C leucine
D alanine
E glutamic acid
22. The antitumor drug methotrexate inhibits dihydrofolate reductase by binding to its active center.
Enzyme activity can be restored by increasing level of substrate concentration. What type of inhibition
observed in this case?
A. allosteric
B. irreversible
C. noncompetitive
D. competitive
E. uncompetitive
23. In chronic pancreatitis trypsin synthesis and secretion is decreased. What substances digestion and
absorption is violated in pancreatitis?
A polysaccharide
B lipid
C proteins
D nucleic acid
E disaccharides
24. Tricarboxylic acid cycle is the final common pathway of energy-rich molecules oxidation
(carbohydrates, amino acids, fatty acids). Choose the compound reacted with acetyl-CoA in the TAC.
A. oxaloacetate
B. malate
C. citrate
D. isocitrate
E. fumarate
25. In the citric acid cycle occurs substrate phosphorylation. What substance involved in this reaction?
A. succinyl-coenzyme A
B. alpha-ketoglutarate
C. acetyl-coenzyme A
D. succinate
E. malate
26. Glycolysis begins from irreversible conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate. Which enzyme
catalyzes the reaction?
A lipase
B aldolase
C catalase
D hexokinase
E creatine kinase
27. On what principle is based qualitative determination of glucose in biological fluids?
A. Reduction of glucose.
B. Reduction of reagents.
C. Oxidation of reagents.
D. Binding the reagents.
E. Evaporation of reagents.
28. At the 4-year-old child with ARI, after aspirin taking observed hemolysis. Congenital defect of
synthesis of what enzyme could provoke hemolytic anemia?
A glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
B glucose-6-phosphatase
C glycerilphosphokinase
D glycogen phosphorilase
E glucokinase
29. Most important phase of starch and glycogen cleavage occurs in the duodenum under the action of
pancreatic enzymes. Which enzyme cleaves ɑ-1,4-glycosidic bonds in these molecules?
A hexokinase
B amilo -1,6-glycosidase
C Aldolase
D alpha amylase
E maltase
30. Snake venom contains a substance which, when it enters the human body causes hemolysis. The
blood analysis showed a large content of lysolecithin. Specify what enzyme leads to the lysolecithin
accumulation in the blood:
A. Phospholipase C
B. Phospholipase A1
C. Phospholipase A2
D. Phospholipase D
E. Neuraminidase
1. Most important phase of starch and glycogen cleavage occurs in the duodenum under the action of
pancreatic enzymes. Which enzyme cleaves ɑ-1,4-glycosidic bonds in these molecules?
A hexokinase
B amilo -1,6-glycosidase
C aldolase
D alpha-amylase
E maltase
2. In a patient with Cushing's syndrome there is persistent hyperglycemia and glycosuria. What
hormone synthesis and secretion is increased in this case?
A. Glucagon;
B. Epinephrine;
C. Cortisol;
D. Thyroxine;
E. Insulin.
3. Bile acids play an important role in the digestion of lipids in the intestine. According to the
chemical structure the bile acids are derived:
A. cholesterol
B. amino acids
C. glycerol
D. fatty acids
E. purine nucleotides
4. To activate and transfer the FFA through the mitochondrial membrane is necessary vitamin-like
substance. Specify it.
A. Carnitine
B. Biotin
C. Riboflavin
D. Ubiquinone
E. Thiamine
5. Patients suffering from atherosclerosis, was taken to the emergency department of the city hospital
with symptoms of acute gallstone disease. What substance is dominant in the composition of
gallstones in this patient?
A. Uric acid
B. Cholesterol
C. Albumin
D. Phosphates
E. Urea
6. To reduce the oxidative processes in the body uses cytochrome C. To what class of substances it is
belong to?
A glycoproteins
B lipoproteins
C nucleoproteins
D hemoproteins
E phosphoproteins
7. In addition to the normal types of hemoglobin in the adult human body can present pathological
types. Select one of them.
A HbS
B HbF
C HbSO2
D HbA2
E HbO2
8. Absolute specificity characteristic for enzymes:
A. pepsin, trypsin
B. amylase
C. sucrase, urease
D. alcohol dehydrogenase
E. phosphatase
9. Gout develops when metabolism of purine nucleotides disturbed. Doctor prescribed patient
medicine allopurinol, which is a competitive inhibitor of:
A. alcohol dehydrogenase
B. succinate dehydrogenase
C. xanthine oxidase
D. lactate dehydrogenase
E. hexokinase
10. In the patient's blood found increased activity of LDG1, LDG2, AST, CK - MB. Determine in
which organ there is a violation of biochemical processes?
A skeletal muscle
B heart
C kidneys
D liver
E pancreas
11. A patient suffering from insomnia, sleeping pills class of barbiturates administered. Name
mitochondrial enzyme for which this drug is an inhibitor.
A. isocitrate dehydrogenase
B. cytochrome oxidase
C. succinate dehydrogenase
D. NADH dehydrogenase
E. alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
12. Upon cleavage of glucose during glycolysis occur a number of transformations. Select a product in
which glucose converted by the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate isomerase action.
A fructose-1-phosphate
B galactose-6-phosphate
C fructose-6-phosphate
D galactose-1-phosphate
E mannose-1-phosphate
13. When hypoxia the accumulation of lactic acid in the blood is seen. What is the end product of
anaerobic glycolysis?
A. Malat
B. CO2 and H2O
C. Oxaloacetate
D. Lactate
E. Alanine
14. It is known that daily in the human body due to gluconeogenesis synthesized about 80 g of
glucose. In which organ mainly occurs this process?
A. Skeletal muscle
B. Liver
C. Brain
D. Stomach
E. Heart
15. Patient assigned aspirin as an anti-inflammatory agent that inhibits the production of
prostaglandins. Which enzyme is blocked at the same time?
A monooxygenase
B cyclooxygenase
C dioxygenase
D lipoxygenase
E peroxidase
16. Hormones regulate many metabolic processes. Indicate which of the hormone activates glycogen
synthesis:
A Epinephrine
B Insulin
C Vazopresin
D Thyroxine
E Oxytocin
17. The injection of epinephrine into the body leads to an increase in blood glucose levels. What
process is mainly activated at the same time?
A synthesis of fatty acids
B glycogen synthesis
C breakdown of glycogen
D pentose phosphate cycle
E alcoholic fermentation
18. A 40 years old man after fasting glucose level in the blood was 5.6 mmol / L. After 1 hour after
glucose load glucose level reached 8.0 mmol / l, but after 2 hours was 4.5 mmol / l. These biochemical
parameters characteristic for:
A healthy person
B patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
C patients with insulin-independent diabetes mellitus
D patients with latent diabetes
E patients with steroid diabetes
19. In the intensive care unit unconscious patient was taken. He has a smell of acetone breath, severe
hyperglycemia and ketonemia. Which of the complications of diabetes occur in this case?
A. Cataract
B. Hypoglycemic coma
C. Diabetic coma
D. Acute acetone
E. Nephritis
20. More significant evidence of protein nature of enzymes is:
A. high molecular weight
B. receiving of crystalline forms
C. possibility of laboratory synthesis
D. hydrophilicity
E. destruction by proteolytic enzymes
21. The drug Neostigmine is a reversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase. Choose the mechanism of
the inhibitory action of neostigmine?
A. Covalent binding outside the active site of the enzyme
B. Enzyme denaturation
C. Covalent binding to the substrate of enzyme
D. Competition with acetylcholine for the active site of the enzyme
E. Oxidation of the iron ion in the active center of the enzyme
22. The function of the respiratory chain in mitochondria is:
A. Conversion of nutrients and energy.
B. Oxidation of compounds to CO2 and H2O.
C. Supplying cells NAD + and FAD +.
D. Transferring the hydrogen atoms from NADH to O2 to form H2O and ATP.
E. The transfer of electrons to the cytochromes.
23. The tissue respiration substrates are all these substances, except:
A. isocitrate
B. malate
C. α-ketoglutarate
D. succinate
E. lactate
24. During intense physical work, when the circulatory system does not manage to supply oxygen, the
muscles are supplied with energy due to the reactions of substrate phosphorylation. What metabolic
pathways include these reactions?
A glycolysis and the TCA cycle
B tissue respiration and oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate
C gluconeogenesis and alcoholic fermentation
D PPC and gluconeogenesis
E PPC and tissue respiration
25. The child is observed lack of synthesis of the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. What
is the carbohydrate metabolic pathway is disrupted in this child?
A gluconeogenesis
B glycogenolysis
C glycogenesis
D pentose phosphate cycle
E aerobic oxidation of glucose
26. One of the stages of aerobic oxidation of glucose is the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate.
What is the main product of this reaction?
A. citrate
B. succinate
C. pyruvate
D. acetyl-CoA
E. oxaloacetate
27. For induction of birth and as anti-inflammatory drugs used hormone-like substances from the
group of eicosanoids. What are the substances that have this effect?
A enkephalins
B interleukins
C endorphins
D angiotensin
E prostaglandins
28. When bleeding wounds treated with hydrogen peroxide solution it is seen its destruction by one of
blood enzymes. Select this enzyme:
A catalase
B.MAO
C citochrome oxidase
D aspartataminotrasferase
E lactate dehydrogenase
29. It is known that the determination of the LDH isoenzymes is used in the differential diagnosis of
pathological conditions. Choose the property on which isoform of LDH separation based on?
A. solubility
B. hydrophilicity
C. hydrophobicity
D. electrophoretic mobility
E. nonprotein components
30. Fatty acids should reach the mitochondria where they are oxidizes. What is vitamin-like substance
involved in the transport of fatty acids across the mitochondrial membrane?
A. Pantothenic acid
B. Choline
C. Biotin
D. Carnitine
E. Folic Acid
1. After epinephrine injection patient has elevated levels of blood serum glucose. What metabolic
effects epinephrine has?
A. Epinephrine activates glycogen synthesis
B. Epinephrine activates the cleavage of glycogen
C. Epinephrine activates the synthesis of fatty acids
D. Epinephrine reduces membrane permeability for glucose
E. Epinephrine stimulates ektogenez
2. A 40 years old man after fasting has blood glucose level 5.6 mmol / L. 1 hour after glucose load
glucose levels was 8.0 mmol / l, but after 2 hours was 4.5 mmol / l. These biochemical parameters
characteristic for:
A healthy person
B patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
C patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
D patients with latent diabetes
E patients with steroid diabetes
3. Violation of glucose transport into cells provokes energy insufficiency and switch metabolic
recycling of ketone bodies. At what pathology observed ketonemia in the body?
A. Atherosclerosis
B. Acute pancreatitis
C. Diabetes
D. Rheumatism
E. Acute viral infections
4. The 60-year-old patient has atherosclerosis. Man observed malfunction of plasma membranes by
increasing their stiffness and strength. Increasing the content of what component of biological
membranes leads to this?
A phosphatidylethanolamin
B phosphatadylcholinu
C glycolipids
D cholesterol
E proteins
5. Hemoglobin is a complex protein that carries oxygen to the body and removes carbon dioxide from
it. Specify the class which it belongs to
A. lipoprotein
B. nucleoprotein
C. metaloprotein
D chromoprotein
E glycoprotein
6. The enzyme Transfers structural fragment from one substrate to another. Name the class of this
enzyme.
A. Ligases
B. Isomerases
C. Oxidoreductases
D. Transferases
E. Hydrolases
7. Digestive pancreatic enzymes are produced in an inactive form. Which enzyme starts to convert
proenzymes into enzymes in the intestine?
A enterokinase
B lactase
C aminopeptidase
D amylase
E chymotrypsin
8. Patients for the treatment of festering wounds used a bandage with immobilized enzyme on it.
Specify this enzyme:
A. Trypsin
B. Arginase
C. Catalase
D. Alkaline phosphatase
E. Acid phosphatase
9. The conversion of succinate to fumarate catalyzed by succinate dehydrogenase. What is a
competitive inhibitor inhibits the activity of the enzyme?
A. fumaric acid
B. oxaloacetic acid
C. malic acid
D. malonic acid
E. pyruvic acid
10. A patient suffering from insomnia, sleeping pills class of barbiturates administered. Name
mitochondrial enzyme for which this drug is an inhibitor.
A. isocitrate dehydrogenase
B. cytochrome oxidase
C. succinate dehydrogenase
D. NADH dehydrogenase
E. alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
11. Lactate dehydrogenase catalyzes the reaction of pyruvate to lactate reduction with NADH. Which
subclass of enzymes it belongs to?
A Aerobic dehydrogenase
B Anaerobic dehydrogenase
C Oxidase
D Peroxidases
E Monooxygenases
12. On what principle is based qualitative determination of glucose in biological fluids?
A. Reduction of glucose.
B. Reduction of reagents.
C. Oxidation of reagents.
D. Binding the reagents.
E. Evaporation of reagents.
13. One of the ways of carbohydrates converting in the body is the anaerobic cleavage. Glycolysis
begins with the conversion of glucose by the action of hexokinase in:
A. glucose-5-monophosphate
B. glucose-4-monophosphate
C. glucose-6-monophosphate
D. glucose-2-monophosphate
E. glucose-3-monophosphate
14. The patient for improve digestion of fatty foods was prescribed bile. What are the components of
the bile participate in the emulsification of fats?
A bile acids
B cholesterol
C diglycerides
D amino acids
E higher fatty acid
15. In the body, glucose can be synthesized from non-carbohydrate precursors. Select a compound
which can be a substrate in the gluconeogenesis:
A. Glucose
B. Glycogen
C. Pyruvate
D. Fructose
E. Galactose
16. Caffeine inhibits phosphodiesterase activity, which converts cAMP to AMP. What is the
biochemical changes the most typical in case of caffeine poisoning?
A. Reducing the activity of glycolysis
B. Reduction of protein phosphorylation
C. Reducing the activity of the pentose phosphate pathway
D. Reduction of glycogen synthesis
E. Decreased activity of lipolysis
17. Fatty liver prevented by lipotropics. Which of the following substances is lipotropic?
A. Cholesterol
B. Methionine
C. Bilirubin
D. Glycine
E. Glucose
18. In the intensive care unit was taken unconscious patient. It is noted smell of acetone breath, severe
hyperglycemia and ketonemia. Which of the diabetes complications occurs in this case?
A. Nephritis
B. Hypoglycemic coma
C. Cataracts
D. Acute acetone poisoning
E. Diabetic coma
19. Atherosclerosis - a disease associated with impaired metabolism of cholesterol, which is
transported by lipoproteins. Indicate the changes of what lipoprotein leads to the development of this
disease?
A VHDL
B HDL
C LDL
D chylomicrons
E triglycerides
20. The chromatin includes histone proteins, which have a positive charge. Which of these amino
acids in a large amount is included in the complex of histone proteins?
A. Lysine
B. Alanine
C. Valine
D. Threonine
E. Serine
21. The hydrolytic degradation of compounds provides a class of enzymes - hydrolase. What
compounds are hydrolyzed by proteases?
A. Glucose
B. Higher fatty acids
C. Proteins
D. Pyruvic acid
E. Carbon dioxide
22. Trypsin is able to independently provide for their activation. What term refers to the ability of the
active form of the enzyme to catalyze the formation from own predecessor?
A. Dephosphorilation
B. Competitive inhibition
C. Chemical modification
D. Phosphorylation
E. Autocatalysis
23. The carbon monoxide poisoning is suppressed tissue respiration in humans. Name the respiratory
chain enzyme whose activity is sharply reduced under these conditions.
A. cytochrome
B. succinate dehydrogenase
C.NADH dehydrogenase
D. ATP synthase
E. Co Q
24. The coenzyme of NADH dehydrogenase in the respiratory chain is:
A. FAD.
B. NAD +
C. PALPH
D. FMN
E. NADP
25. The energy discharge from the substrates of tissue respiration in the respiratory chain is due to:
A cleavage of the substrate to CO2 and H2O
B increase of the redox potential of the components of the respiratory chain
C the transfer of electrons along the respiratory chain
D. the conversion of energy of electron transfer in the proton potential of the inner mitochondrial
membrane
E. reduction of oxygen to water
26. Upon cleavage of glucose during glycolysis occur a number of transformations. Select a
compound which is converted glucose by the action of enzyme glucose-6-phosphate-isomerase?
A fructose-1-phosphate
B galactose-6-phosphate
C fructose-6-phosphate
D galactose-1-phosphate
E mannose-1-phosphate
27. Hypoxia accumulates lactic acid in the blood. Add the end product of anaerobic glycolysis.
A. Malat
B. CO2 and H2O
C. Oxaloacetate
D. Lactate
E. Alanine
28. Biosynthesis of purine ring occurs on ribose-5-phosphate, a gradual increase of carbon and
nitrogen atoms and ring closure. The source of ribosophosphate is the process:
A. gluconeogenesis
B. glycolysis
C. gluconeogenesis
D. pentose phosphate cycle
E. glycogenolysis
29. Which of the carbohydrate is the part of the nucleic acids?
A. Galactose.
B. Fructose.
C. Glucose.
D. Ribose.
E. Xylulose.
30. The medical examiner at the autopsy of the 20-year-old girl body found that the death was caused
by cyanide poisoning. Violation of what process likely caused the girl's death?
A. transport of oxygen by hemoglobin
B. synthesis of hemoglobin
C. tissue respiration
D. synthesis of urea
E. transport of hydrogen by malate aspartate mechanism
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