Approaches strategies and policies of cd

Approaches, Strategies and Policies of Community

Development

Prepared and Presented By:Roll No: 1-5 BSc. Ag 6th Semester IAAS Paklihawa

Campus

Defining Community Development A group of people in a community

reaching a decision to initiate a social action process (that is, planned intervention) to change their economic, social, cultural, or environmental situation.

» Christenson and Robinson, 1978

Collective Agency– believe working together can make a

difference– organize to address their shared needs

collectively

Key Qualities of Community Development It is always purposive Its purpose is always positive It exists in the efforts of people and not

necessarily in goal achievement. Trying is enough to qualify as community development

It is structure-oriented

Development “In” vs. “Of” the Community

Development in the community is principally concerned with building the economic or physical infrastructure of a community.

Development of the community is focused on building the human capacity to address local issues and concerns. As such, it affects the structure of the community.

Reasons for Community Development Expand participation Reaction against some proposed

change in the local area that is deemed as having negative consequences on residents’ quality of life

Modify severe social, economic or environmental problems in the community

Satisfy missing needs or resources

Approaches to Community

Development

Approaches to Community

Development

Three Approaches to Community Development

Technical Assistance

Conflict Approach

Self-Help Approach

Technical Assistance Characteristics Usually involves the delivery of programs of

services to a local area by some agency or organization

It is often a “top-down” approach that involves the use of experts

The focus is mainly on the task to be performed

Assumes that answers to community problems can be arrived at scientifically

Technical Assistance Characteristics If residents wish to participate, they

must study and understand a great deal of complex information

Local citizens are defined as consumers of such development - not participants in it

The most frequent employers of the technical assistance model is government

Problems with this Approach Local community participation is

downplayed due to a greater interest in realizing efficiency rather than access on the part of citizens

Some question as to whose values are influencing development decisions; often are guided by middle class values of the government officials and consultants

The assisting group does not always have a full understanding of the community

Conflict Approach Primary focus is upon the deliberate use

or creation of confrontation by professional organizers

The goal is to redistribute power A major organizing tool is to confront

those forces seen as blocking efforts to solve problems

In this approach, there is a deep suspicion of those who have formal community power

Conflict Approach This perspective assumes that power is

never given away, that it has to be taken.

Goal is to build a people’s organization to allow those without power to gain it through direct action. Their strength is in numbers -- people working collectively.

Steps in the Conflict Approach

An outside organizer enters the community, usually at the request of a local group wanting change. Outside person usually informs the local leaders, analyzes the power structure, and assesses what the major problems are

The organizer and the local allies seek to build a people’s organization

Steps in the Conflict Approach The coalition engages in direct action

– traditional power structure is confronted through direct action involving a large number of people• publicity or threat: press conferences,

advertising, public hearing• action: courts, lobbying, sit-ins, strikes,

demonstrations• pressure: boycott of goods or facilities

People’s organization is then formulized by developing a permanent organizational structure (although not always)

Criticisms of this Approach Maintenance of effort: once problem is

solved, hard to maintain commitment Burn-out: key organizers and volunteer staff

often become burnt out after their initial organizational efforts

Loss of leaders: professional organizer often leave after the issue has been addressed; leaders who remain get tempted to seek local or external positions in government/corporations

Finance: hard to keep a reliable source of funds available to support the group’s work

Self-Help Approach

Emphasis is on process -- people within the community working together to arrive at group decisions and taking actions to improve their community

Based on the principle that people can collaborate in a community to provide important needs and services

The process is more important than any particular task or goal

In the Self-Help Approach . . .

Want to institutionalize a process of change based on building community institutions and strengthening community relationships, rather than to achieve any particular objective

Self Help Approach Also Includes

Key Persons & Interpersonal Relationship Approach

Group Approach Committee Approach

Key Features of the Self-Help Approach Project is community controlled Local needs are clearly defined and action is initiated

by the community Effective leadership and skills are present; effective

use of volunteers Good efforts to secure financial resources Significant cooperation and integration of people and

organizations in the effort Access to outside support, as needed Self-sustaining enterprises that can spur other

community improvement efforts

Community vs. Economic Development

Community development is much broader than economic development

Unlike CD, economic development does not necessarily involve local citizen action, and it may not result in an improvement in the quality of life

If economic development is undertaken without much community involvement, than there is no community development

Economic development for community development has distinctive features that economic development alone might not have

Community vs. Economic Development

It seeks to increase the resources for people to meet their needs

It encourages the development of jobs, services, facilities, and groups that are needed by the whole community

It seeks to reduce inequality It provides for and depends upon local

community action and involvement

Strategies Of Community Development

•  

A) Locality DevelopmentImprovements in the well-being of local citizens through increased resources, facilities, services, etc., brought about by the active involvement of citizens.Examples:Building a community center, Home renovation subsidies B) Social Action~Seeks a redistribution of power~Focus is on a specific issue~Advocacy activitiesExamples:Anti-poverty activists seeking increases to social assistance rates.

•

C) Social Planning~Rational problem-solving process to address social problems~Involves needs assessments, analysis of service delivery mechanisms, systems co-ordination and other technical expertise~Involvement of community members in consultation, interpretation of results and service planningExamples:Conducting a needs assessment of people who are homeless and using the results to plan a new housing development in needed locations, with appropriate services on-site.

D) Social ReformActivity by one group on behalf of a relatively disadvantaged groupExample:Advocating for community acceptance, supports and services for people that have a mental illnessE) Community RelationsFocus is on increasing social integrationOften attempts to improve the social status of minority populationsExamples:Mediating between community factions, Anti-racism programs

F) Social Capital Formation~Focus in on connections among individuals - social networks and the norms of reciprocity and trustworthiness~high social capital = effective schools, governments, lower crime, higher economic equality, greater tolerance~includes political engagement, civic and religious organizations, family gatherings, socializing, group recreational activities Examples:Creating places and opportunities for community members to gather and network with each other, Orientation programs to welcome newcomers, Community activities to develop and/neighborliness.

G) Capacity BuildingCapacity is the participatory leadership, skills, resources, knowledge and tools of individuals in communities and organizations that enable them to address, and have greater control over, conditions and factors that affect their quality of life. (a) Individual Capacity is the sum of the assets (skills, talents, experience and knowledge) possessed by an individual that will help them succeed and contribute to their community.(b) Organizational Capacity is the participatory decision-making, program development, planning, research, resources, tools, skills, education & training, knowledge contained within an organization(c) Community Capacity: the combination of a community's commitment, leadership, resources and skills that can be deployed to build on community strengths and address community problems and opportunities.

H) Asset-Based Community Development~Assets are the gifts, skills, resources and abilities of community residents; sometimes physical resources are also included~Every community has a unique combination of assets upon which to build its future~Starts with identifying assets rather than needs~Is internally focused and relationship-drivenExamples:Some communities have mapped the location of their community assets and used the data to connect people with similar interests, or people in need of help with someone that can provide it. Co-operative businesses and new volunteer groups have been established from community mapping projects.  

Policies of Community Development

National Policies and Legal Provisions for Community Development

Local Self‐Governance Act, 2055 The Local Self Regulations, 2056 and The Local Body (Financial

Administration) Regulations, 2064.

Being based on them a new national program is in operation called LGCDP

What is LGCDP????

Local Governance and Community Development Programme (LGCDP) is a national programme, managed and implemented by the Ministry of Local Development (MLD).

financed by the Government of Nepal Supported by ADB, CIDA DFID,

DANIDA, GTZ, Norway, SDC, and UN Agencies including UNDP, UNCDF, UNICEF, UNFPA, UNV, UNIFEM etc.

Programme Components

Policy: Governance Reform Supply: Service Delivery and Capacity

Development Demand: Citizens Empowerment Local Development: Socio-Economic

and Infrastructure Development

Programme Goal To contribute towards poverty reduction

through better local governance and community development

Programme Outcomes (1st Phase) Citizens and communities hold their local

governance actors accountable. Local Bodies are more responsive to citizen's

demand. All citizens are provided with efficient and

effective local services. Strengthened policy and institutional

framework for devolution, sub-national governance and local service delivery

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