Applied Ludology@Itu 2007 10 30

A p p l i e d L u d o l o g y

P r a c t i c a l M e t h o d s f o r A n a l y s i n g G a m e P l a y

I T U C o p e n h a g e n 2 0 0 7 - 1 0 - 3 0

A k i J ä r v i n e n

w w w . g a m e s w i t h o u t f r o n t i e r s . n e t

b a c k g r o u n d

g a m e d e s i g n r e s e a r c h

t y p o l o g i e s , c a t e g o r i e s , t e m p l a t e s

‘ r a p i d a n a l y s i s m e t h o d s ’

t h e o r y o f p l a y e r e x p e r i e n c e

p s y c h o l o g y o f g o a l s

p r e t e n s e b e h a v i o u r

h u m a n a b i l i t i e s

p s y c h o l o g y o f e m o t i o n s

p s y c h o l o g y o f e n t e r t a i n m e n t

‘ 1 0 0 + g a m e s

p r o j e c t ’

A s t e r o i d sD o o mP a i n t b a l lS o c c e rI c e H o c k e yB a s k e t b a l lI c e S k a t i n gT a b l e t o p R P G sTe x a s H o l d ' e m P o k e rC a r c a s s o n n eG oJ i g s a w p u z z l e sTe t r i sB o t f i g h t e r sL o t t oL e g e n d o f Z e l d a s e r i e sS S XTe k k e n s e r i e sC i v i l i z a t i o nT i c k e t t o R i d eD a V i n c i C o d eR i c o c h e t R o b o tM o n o p o l yS n a k e s & L a d d e r sP a c - M a nP o n gT i c - T a c - To eT r i v i a l P u r s u i tP i c t i o n a r yA l i a sC h e s sU n oS o l i t a i r e ( W i n d o w s )

T a gS p a c e I n v a d e r sD a n c e D a n c e R e v o l u t i o nA n i m a l C r o s s i n gT h e S i m sM S F l i g h t S i m u l a t o rT r a c k & F i e l dR o u l e t t eS l o t m a c h i n eR u s h H o u r1 4 / 1 5 P u z z l eR u b i k ' s C u b eH e xM y s tI C OZ o r kF i n a l F a n t a s y s e r i e sB i l l i a r d sB o x i n gB a c k g a m m o nF a n t a s y l e a g u e sC o n n e c t - 4S c r a b b l eF o x & G e e s eL o r d o f t h e R i n g s : B o a r d g a m eD r a u g h t s / C h e c k e r sR i s kS t a r c r a f tC r i b b a g eD o m i n o e s

R u m m y g a m e s : G i n , C a n a s t aM a g i c t h e G a t h e r i n gM a s t e r m i n dF r e q u e n c yW o r l d o f W a r c r a f tM o d e r n A r tB r i d g e ( C o n t r a c t B r i d g e )S i m C i t yM i s s i l e C o m m a n dF a l l O u tR e zS i l e n t H i l lC h u - C h u R o c k e tB o m b e r m a nH a l f - l i f eG r a n d T h e f t A u t o I I IS c r a t c h t i c k e tM a n g a M a n g a !B e j e w e l e d , Z o o K e e p e rB r e a k o u tA r k a n o i dS k e e tS u p e r M o n k e y B a l lTu g o f W a rS u d o k uN i a g a r aZ u m aM u s i c a l C h a i r sY e n g a

C r o q u e tB l a c k J a c kP e t a n q u eD i n e r D a s hN i n t e n d o g sB o w l i n gH a l oH u n d r e d m e t e r s p r i n tD e a l o r N o D e a lW h o W a n t s t o b e a M i l l i o n a i r eS i n g s t a rM a n c a l aD a r t sM a r i o K a r tR o c k P a p e r S c i s s o r sP o k e m o nL o s t C i t i e sM a x P a y n eP u z z l e B o b b l eW e r e w o l f / M a f i aL a b y r i n t h W o o d e n M a z eQ i xL o o pTw i s t e rH o p s c o t c hB i n g oB o n n i e ' s B o o k s t o r eS n a k eF l o w

u n d e r s t a n d i n g g a m e p l a y

i d e n t i f y i n g d e s i g n f l a w s

f o r s t u d e n t s & t e a c h e r s

g a m e a n a l y s i s b o o t c a m p

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h t t p : / / w w w . g a m e s w i t h o u t f r o n t i e r s . n e t /m y g a m e s t u d i e s /

M E T H O D # 1

I d e n t i f y i n g G a m e E l e m e n t s

‘ s y s t e m i s a d y n a m i c w h o l e w i t h i n t e r a c t i n g p a r t s ’

S a l e n & Z i m m e r m a n

i . e . w h a t p a r t s a r e t h e r e i n a g a m e s y s t e m ?

w h o o w n s t h e p a r t s ?

a n s w e r c o m e s i n p a r t s , o r , i n e l e m e n t s

9 g a m e e l e m e n t s

s e l f / o t h e r / s y s t e m

r u l e s a s e m b o d i e d i n t o t h e e l e m e n t s

g a m e e l e m e n t s

c o m p o n e n t se n v i r o n m e n ti n f o r m a t i o n

g a m e m e c h a n i c sr u l e s e t

t h e m e

p l a y e r sc o n t e x t s

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t h e g a m e g a m e

M E T H O D # 2

I d e n t i f y i n g G o a l s a n d G a m e M e c h a n i c s

h o w d o t h e p a r t s i n t e r a c t ?

e v e r y p l a y e r a c t i o n t h a t n e e d s t o b e a c k n o w l e d g e d b y t h e g a m e s y s t e m i s i n r e l a t i o n t o g o a l ( s )

t h e r o a d t o a t t a i n i n g g o a l s i s b e s e t b y e m o t i o n s

g o a l c a t e g o r i e s

A c c o m p l i s hA c c u m u l a t eA l i g n m e n tC a p t u r eC o l l e c t i o nC o n c e a lC o n f i g u r a t i o nC o n n e c t i o nC o n t a c tD e l i v e r yD i s c a r dE l i m i n a t eE n c l o s u r eE v a d eE x p l o r a t i o nG a i n C o m p e t e n c e

G a i n I n f o r m a t i o nG a i n O w n e r s h i pG u a r dH e r dK i n g o f t h e H i l lL a s t M a n S t a n d i n gM a t c hN u r t u r eO u t p l a yO v e r c o m eR a c eR e c o n n a i s s a n c eR e s c u eS t e a l t hS u r v i v eTr a v e r s e

t h e r o a d t o a t t a i n i n g g o a l s i s b e s e t b y p l a y e r p e r f o r m a n c e s , i . e .

s e t s o f a c t i o n s

a c t i o n s d e f i n e d a sg a m e m e c h a n i c s

g a m e m e c h a n i c s a s v e r b s

l i b r a r y o f g a m e m e c h a n i c s

A c c e l e r a t i n g / D e c e l e r a t i n gA i m i n g & S h o o t i n gA l l o c a t i n g A r r a n g i n gA t t a c k i n g / D e f e n d i n gB i d d i n gB r o w s i n gB u i l d i n gB u y i n g / S e l l i n gC a t c h i n gC h o o s i n gC o m p o s i n gC o n q u e r i n gC o n t r a c t i n gC o n t r o l l i n gC o n v e r s i n gD i s c a r d i n gE n c l o s i n gE x p r e s s i n gH e r d i n g

I n f o r m a t i o n - s e e k i n gJ u m p i n gM a n o e u v r i n gM o t i o nM o v i n gO p e r a t i n gP e r f o r m i n gP l a c i n gP o i n t - t o - p o i n t M o v e m e n tP o w e r i n gS e q u e n c i n gS p r i n t i n g / S l o w i n g S t o r y t e l l i n gS u b m i t t i n gS u b s t i t u t i n gTa k i n gTr a d i n gTr a n s f o r m i n gU p g r a d i n g / D o w n g r a d i n gV o t i n g

A c c e l e r a t i n g / D e c e l e r a t i n g

T h e p l a y e r s a r e a l l o w e d t o c h a n g e t h e s p e e d o f t h e g a m e e l e m e n t ( o f t e n c o m p o n e n t - o f - s e l f ) t h e y a r e c o n t r o l l i n g . E x a m p l e s : M a r i o K a r t , S S X .

N o t e s : O f t e n a s u b m e c h a n i c t o M a n o e u v r i n g .

O p e r a t i n g

T a k i n g a n a c t i o n w h e r e a n o b j e c t b e l o n g i n g t o t h e g a m e s y s t e m i s o p e r a t e d . U s u a l l y t h e o p e r a t i o n e x e c u t e s a g a m e s y s t e m p r o c e d u r e t h a t p r o d u c e s i n f o r m a t i o n o r c h a n g e i n o t h e r g a m e e l e m e n t s .

E x a m p l e s : R o l l i n g a d i c e , s p i n n i n g a w h e e l o f f o r t u n e , o p e n i n g a d o o r i n a n a d v e n t u r e g a m e .

h o w d o s e t s o f g a m e m e c h a n i c s r e l a t e t o t h e d y n a m i c s o f g a m e p l a y ?

w h a t a r e ‘ c o r e m e c h a n i c s ’ m a d e o f ?

h o w a r e v a r i o u s g a m e m e c h a n i c s r e l a t e d t o t h e

g o a l s o f t h e g a m e ?

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M E T H O D # 3

I d e n t i f y i n g E l i c i t i n g C o n d i t i o n s f o r

E m o t i o n s :

S u s p e n s e

U n d e r s t a n d i n g V i d e o G a m e s a s E m o t i o n a l E x p e r i e n c e s

‘ e m b o d y i n g f e e l i n g i n t o a w o r k ’

G e r a l d C u p c h i c k o n a r t i s t i c p r a c t i c e s

h o w i s f e e l i n g e m b o d i e d i n t o g a m e d e s i g n s ?

e m o t i o n s a r e p h a s i c :

r e c o g n i t i o n

a p p r a i s a l

a c t i o n t e n d e n c y

g a m e p l a y i s p h a s i c

r e c o g n i t i o n o f s o m e t h i n g s i g n i f i c a n t

m a k i n g a n a p p r a i s a l o f t h e s i t u a t i o n a n d w h a t t o d o

t a k i n g a c t i o n s w i t h i n t h e r u l e s

I r r e v e r s i b i l i t y : S h a d o w o f t h e C o l o s s u s

H o p e l e s s n e s s ( u n d e s i r a b i l i t y + i r r e v e r s i b i l i t y )

R e s i g n a t i o n ( u n d e s i r a b i l i t y + i n e v i t a b i l i t y )

S e n s e o f L o s s & I n e v i t a b i l i t y a s k e y m o o d s

e m o t i o n s a s v a l e n c e d r e a c t i o n s t o e v e n t s , a g e n t s ,

o r o b j e c t s

O r t o n y , C o l l i n s & C l o r e

a d a p t i n g t h e O C C m o d e l

s u s p e n s e a s a c o m p o u n d e m o t i o n o f h o p e + f e a r + u n c e r t a i n t y

O r t o n y , C o l l i n s & C l o r e

v a r i a b l e s t h a t a f f e c t t h e i n t e n s i t y o f e m o t i o n s

a n a l y z i n g h o p e , f e a r , a n d u n c e r t a i n t y

+ s e n s e o f p r o x i m i t y

+ m o d u l a t i o n o f i n t e n s i t y

l o o k i n g f o r e m b o d i m e n t s , c u l m i n a t i o n p o i n t s , g a m e s t a t e s

w i t h h i g h e m o t i o n a l v a l e n c e

i d e n t i f y i n g

‘ v e c t o r s o f s u s p e n s e ’

‘ a r e a s o f h o p e ’

‘ a r e a s o f f e a r ’

‘ f a c t o r s o f u n c e r t a i n t y ’

e t c .

E x a m p l e :i d e n t i f y i n g e l i c i t i n g c o n d i t i o n s f o r s u s p e n s e

a k i @ g a m e s w i t h o u t f r o n t i e r s . n e t

h t t p : / / w w w . g a m e s w i t h o u t f r o n t i e r s . n e t

h t t p : / / w w w . s l i d e s h a r e . n e t /g a m e s w i t h o u t f r o n t i e r s

m y g a m e s t u d i e s . c o m

2 0 0 7 . 1 2 . 1 0

P l a y t o U n d e r s t a n d