1 Case Studies on Conservation of Forest Genetic Resources in Asia, Pacific and Oceania Region Contents • Background – threats, conservation tools, species diversity, sampling strategies for genetic diversity studies • Case study on two allopatric species; Hopea odorata, Dryobalanops aromatica • Case study on long-term and short-term effects of logging Threats to Forest Genetic Resources • Natural disasters – hurricanes, volcanic eruptions, earth quakes, tsunami, fire, floods, etc. • Anthropogenic factors – logging, land conversion, dams, highways, grazing, fire, collection of non-timber products, war, global warming, etc. Conservation Tools Genetic conservation areas for specific species (e.g. kapur gene pools) Virgin Jungle Reserves Gardens and arboreta (e.g. Rimba Ilmu, UM, Dipterocarp Ab FRIM) Virgin Jungle Reserves (Pasoh F.R., Bukit Bauk F.R.) Wildlife Sanctuaries and National Parks (Taman Negara, Mulu National Park) Arboretum, FRIM) • Seed or gamete banks • Clonal archives • DNA archives
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Case Studies on Conservation of Forest Genetic Resources in
Asia, Pacific and Oceania Asia, Pacific and Oceania Region
Contents
• Background – threats, conservation tools, species diversity, sampling strategies for genetic diversity studiesg y
• Case study on two allopatric species; Hopea odorata, Dryobalanops aromatica
• Case study on long-term and short-term effects of logging
Sample size (N)? MIN. 2Molecular marker? FIXED ALLELENo. of marker/loci? NType of tissue? SEED, LEAF, INNER
BARK, ROOT TIP
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Sampling strategy for genetic diversity studies
• Phylogeny– Species divergence
Sample size (N)? MIN 1Sample size (N)? MIN. 1Molecular marker? RFLP, PCR-RFLP,
SEQUENCINGNo. of marker/loci? NType of tissue? LEAF, INNER
BARK, ROOT TIP
SNP
ISOZYMES
Hopea odorata(Dipterocarpaceae)
• Local name – Merawan siput jantan (Malaysia), sao den (Vietnam), kok (Cambodia), kh’en (Laos), takhian-thong (Thailand)
• Distributed in Andaman Islands, Mynamar, Thailand, Indo-China and Peninsular Malaysia
• Occurs in lowlands (riparian) and hills up to 300 m altitude or higher (in Andaman Is.)
• Flowers – small, unisexual, pinkish petals with hairs.• Fruits – polyembryonic with up to 7 plantlets per fruit• Pollinator – small insects, inferred apomixis • Light hardwood - construction uses, furniture, veneer,
etc.
Distribution of Hopea odorata in Peninsular MalaysiaMalaysia
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H. nervosa
H. dyeri
H. dryobalanoides
H. beccariana
H. pierrei
H. latifolia
H. mengerawan
H. myrtifolia
H. ferruginea
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6267
8478
1
1
0
0
1
11
1
2
5
3
0
3
2
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Subsection Dryobalanoides
Subsection SphaerocarpaeDryobalanoides
clade
Dryobalanoides
H. sangal
H. nutans
H. odorata
H. helferi
H. apiculata
H. wightiana
Neobalanocarpus heimii
58 60
89
11
41
12
3
4
0
0
Subsection Hopea
SubsectionPierreaHopea clade
Outgroup
72-bp deletionin the trnL-trnF H
opea
Phylogeny of Hopea based on the trnL-trnF and atpB-rbcL sequences.
Numbers above branches are bootstrap values (500 replicates); numbers below branches are branch lengths
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Dryobalanops aromatica(Dipterocarpaceae)
• Local name – Kapur• Distributed in Sumatra, Riau Archipelago,
Borneo and Peninsular Malaysia• Occurs in lowlands and hills up to 365 mOccurs in lowlands and hills up to 365 m
altitude• Flowers – small, white colour, hermaphrodite.• Pollinated by bees - Apis dorsata, A. indica var.
cerrana• Medium hardwood - construction uses, poles,
• Assessment of genetic erosion should becarried out using more than onemolecular marker analysis if one of themshows no significant difference.
• Species’ vulnerability to the threat of• Species’ vulnerability to the threat ofgenetic erosion posed by selective loggingis highly correlated with its abundanceand heterogeneity in a particular FMU