Applications of LCA for Network-Level Pavement Managementpublish.illinois.edu/lcaconference/files/2016/06/...MODAT –Multi-Objective Decision-Aid Tool for Highway Asset ... DOT, FHWA,

Center for

Sustainable

Transportation

Infrastructure

Applications of LCA for Network-Level

Pavement Management

Gerardo W. Flintsch

Director, Center for Sustainable Transportation Infrastructure

Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Center for

Sustainable

Transportation

Infrastructure Acknowledgements

University of Coimbra & Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (Grant SFRH/BD/79982/2011)

MODAT – Multi-Objective Decision-Aid Tool for Highway Asset Management

EMSURE – Energy and Mobility for Sustainable Regions

– Joao Santos

– Adelino Ferreira

National Sustainable Pavement Consortium

Mississippi, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and Virginia

DOT, FHWA, and Virginia Tech

– James Bryce

Center for

Sustainable

Transportation

Infrastructure Contents

Background

Framework

Example Applications

Conclusions

Center for Sustainable

Transportation Infrastructure

Center for

Sustainable

Transportation

Infrastructure

Background


Transportation

Infrastructure

Center for

Sustainable

Transportation

Infrastructure

DATABASEIN

VE

NT

OR

Y

CONDITION

USAGE

MAINTENANCESTRATEGIES

INFORMATION MANAGEMENT

NETWORK-LEVEL ANALYSIS

TOOLS

PROJECT LEVEL

ANALYSIS (Design)

WORK PROGRAM

EXECUTION

PERFORMANCE

MONITORING

FEEDBACK

CONDITION ASSESSMENT

PRODUCTS

NETWORK-LEVEL

REPORTSPerformance AssessmentNetwork NeedsFacility Life-cycle Cost Optimized M&R ProgramPerformance-based Budget

CONSTRUCTION

DOCUMENTS

GRAPHICAL

DISPLAYS

NEEDSANALYSIS

PRIORITIZATION / OPTIMIZATION

PERFORMANCE PREDICTION

PROGRAMMINGPROJECT SELECTION

Goals & PoliciesSystem PerformanceEconomic / Social &

Environmental

Budget Allocations

STRATEGIC ANALYSISThe Asset Management

ProcessEconomic, Social

and Environmental

Impacts

Center for

Sustainable

Transportation

Infrastructure National Sustainable Pavement Consortium

Objective: To establish a research consortium focused on enhancing pavement sustainability

Identification and evaluation of novel products, practices, and pavement systems

Best practices for sustainable pavement management

Climatic changes adaptation

Scope:

Research

Applied – Shorter term quick gains

Basic – Answer fundamental questions

Education

Materials to support short courses

Materials to help develop academic classes

Outreach

Short courses, seminars, webinars and workshops

http://www.dot.state.pa.us/internet/web.nsf/PennDOTHomepage?OpenFrameSet

Center for

Sustainable

Transportation

Infrastructure

National Sustainable Pavement Consortium

LCA for Pavements Projects

Literature Review - LCA

Energy Sources

Probabilistic Analysis

Multi-criteria Analysis

Collaboration with

University of Coimbra

Project Level Analysis

Network Level Analysis

Expand Boundaries Given Updated

Models

Use LCC-LCA Results in Decision Making

Include LCA in Network Level

Analysis

Center for

Sustainable

Transportation

Infrastructure Objective

To develop a comprehensive approach and supporting tools to

calculate the life cycle impacts of pavement maintenance and

rehabilitation projects and management approaches

–Considers comprehensive and integrated pavement life cycle cost

and (environmental) life cycle assessment models

–Covers the whole pavement’s life cycle (cradle to grave)

–Balances performance, cost and environmental impacts

To apply the model to improve the management of pavement

assetsCenter for Sustainable


Center for

Sustainable

Transportation

InfrastructureAntecedent: Adding a 3rd Objective: Minimizing the Life

Cycle Environmental Impact

Objectives:

– Assess the environmental impacts of road-related practices,

strategies, and materials

– Implement a procedure to include these eco-efficiency values

into a more comprehensive decision support system

Evaluation of

alternatives/

strategies

Optimal

StrategyPerformance

Environment

CostsMulti-

Attribute

optimization

Giustozzi, Crispino, & Flintsch, “Multi-Attribute Life Cycle Assessment of Preventive Maintenance Treatments on Road

Pavements for Achieving Environmental Sustainability,” The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2012.

Center for

Sustainable

Transportation

Infrastructure

Framework


Transportation

Infrastructure

Center for

Sustainable

Transportation

InfrastructureLCCA

Optimization of Transportation Costs

Center for

Sustainable

Transportation

Infrastructure Life Cycle Assessment

0

20

40

60

80

100Climate Chage (CC)

Acidification (AC)

Eutrofization (EU)

Polution that affectHuman Health (HH)

Photochemical Smog(PS)

Consumption of MineralResourses (ADR MR)

Consumption ofEnergetic Resourses

(ADR ER)

What factors

are important?

How Important?

How we

account for

them?

Santos, J., Ferreira, A. and Flintsch, G.W., “A life cycle assessment model for pavement management: methodology

and computational framework,” International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 2014, pp. 1-20

Center for

Sustainable

Transportation

Infrastructure Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA)

Source: UNEP (2012) Social Life Cycle Assessment and Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment

The evaluation of all environmental, social and economic

negative impacts and benefits in decision-making

processes towards more sustainable products throughout

their life cycle.

http://www.lifecycleinitiative.org/starting-life-cycle-thinking/life-cycle-approaches/life-cycle-sustainability-assessment/

Center for

Sustainable

Transportation

InfrastructurePavement Phases Considered in the LCCA/LCA

Following

– International Standard Organization (ISO, 2006) & UCPRC Pavement LCA (Harvey et al., 2010)

Construction

and M&R

Usage

Materials

Extraction

and

Production

End-of-Life

WZ

Congestion

Transportation

Center for

Sustainable

Transportation

Infrastructure

DEC-UC

Inp

ut

Dec

isio

n

Su

pp

ort

MO

O

Mod

ule

LC

C-

LC

A

Mod

el

Multi-

Obje

ctive O

ptim

ization

-Base

d

Decis

ion S

upp

ort

Syste

m f

or

Su

sta

ina

ble

Pa

ve

me

nt

Ma

na

ge

me

nt

MOO Module

Decision Variables

Model Formulation

Objective Functions

Constraints

Solution Approach

Solution Algorithm

Augmented Weighted

TchebycheffAHGA

MaterialsWZ Traff.

Manag.Construction

and M&RUsage EOL

T

T

T

TDisposal

T

System Boundaries

T

Integrated Pavement LCC-LCA Model

Energy Sources Production

Decision-Support Module

Best Optimal Compromise

Solution (BOCS) Selection

Pareto Front

BOCS's Performance Evaluation:- Optimal M&R strategy- Pavement's functional quality report- LCHAC report- LCRUC report- LCI report- LCEI report

Data Management Module

Getting Started

Results Report Module

General Inputs Detailed InputsGoal and scope

definition

Center for

Sustainable

Transportation

InfrastructureMulti-Objective Optimization Model

Formulation

Objective Functions

Agency Cost

User Costs

Env. Impacts

Constraints

…

50

1

6

1

11

1

t r

rtTMrt

R&M.Crt

odPrMatExtrtt

XCCCd

OFMinimize

50

1

6

1

21

1

t

Usaget

r

rtWZTMrt

WZTMrtt

VOCXTDCVOCd

OFMinimize

3

1

50

1

6

1

3

i t

Usageit

r

rtWZTMirt

TMirt

R&M.Cirt

odPrMatExtirt

CCi LCIXLCILCILCILCI CFOFMinimize

5016111110 ,...,t;,...,r),X,...,X,...,X,...,X,CCI(ΦCCI rtrtt

50161 ,...,t;,...,r,CCIX trs

501,...,t,min

CCIt

CCI

5011

6

1

,...,t,X

r

rt

MO

O

Mod

ule

MOO Module

Decision Variables

Model Formulation

Objective Functions

Constraints

Solution Approach

Solution Algorithm

Augmented Weighted

TchebycheffAHGA

MaterialsWZ Traff.

Manag.Construction

and M&RUsage EOL

T

T

T

TDisposal

T

System Boundaries

T






Pareto Front



Getting Started



definition

Center for

Sustainable

Transportation

Infrastructure Multi-Objective Optimization Model Solution Approach

Define a combined

Objective Function

with additional constraints

Solve using and Adaptive

Hybrid Genetic Algorithm

,w,N,...,i,w

Nobj

i

iobji 110

1

obji N,...,i,w 10

objN

i

mini

maxi

minii

mini

maxi

minii

i

,...,iff

fXf

ff

fXfwmax

131

Subjected to:

Center for

Sustainable

Transportation

Infrastructure

LC

C-L

CA

Mo

del

MOO Module

Decision Variables

Model Formulation

Objective Functions

Constraints

Solution Approach

Solution Algorithm

Augmented Weighted

TchebycheffAHGA

MaterialsWZ Traff.

Manag.Construction

and M&RUsage EOL

T

T

T

TDisposal

T

System Boundaries

T






Pareto Front



Getting Started



definition

LCC-LCA Model

Economic Life Cycle Inventory Environmental Life Cycle Inventory

Life Cycle Costs Assessment Life Cycle Impacts Assessment

Analysis Definition: Goal and Scope General InputsDetail Inputs

Materials Extraction and

Production

Construction and M&R

WZ Traffic Management

UsageEnd-of-

LifeT

T T

T

T

T


Customizable Database

Disposal Facility

Objective Functions Constraints

Multi-Objective Optimization-Based Life Cycle Costing – Life Cycle Assessment Integrated Model

o Internal Costs:- Highway Agency Costs;- User Costs;

o External Costs:- Environmental Costs;- Social Costs:

o Airborne Emissionso Materials Consumptiono Energy Sources Consumption

o Conventional Life Cycle Costingo Environmental Life Cycle Costingo Societal Life Cycle Costing

o Impact Categorieso Category Indicatorso Categorization Factors

- Optimal Pavement Maintenance and Rehabilitation Plan- Life Cycle Costs Assessment Results

- Life Cycle Impacts Assessment Results

Energy Sources

Life Cycle

Inventories

LCCA LCA

Santos, J., Flintsch, G. and Ferreira, A. “Environmental and economic assessment of pavement construction and management

practices for enhancing pavement sustainability,” Resources, Conservation & Recycling, 2017, 116, pp. 15-31.

Center for

Sustainable

Transportation

Infrastructure

Dec

isio

n

Su

pp

ort

MOO Module

Decision Variables

Model Formulation

Objective Functions

Constraints

Solution Approach

Solution Algorithm

Augmented Weighted

TchebycheffAHGA

MaterialsWZ Traff.

Manag.Construction

and M&RUsage EOL

T

T

T

TDisposal

T

System Boundaries

T






Pareto Front



Getting Started



definition

Decision Support Model

Choose the solution in the Pareto front furthest from the

most inferior solution, according to the membership function concept in

the fuzzy set theory

The solution with the maximum value of b j is considered as the best

optimal compromise solution (BOCS)

b j = the fuzzy cardinal priority ranking of each non-dominated solution

mini

maxi

ji

maxij

iff

ffu

objN

i

M

j

ji

ob jN

i

ji

j

u

u

1 1

1b

Center for

Sustainable

Transportation

Infrastructure

Example Applications


Transportation

Infrastructure

Center for

Sustainable

Transportation

Infrastructure

Example I – LCCA/LCA Model only

Life-Cycle Assessment of I-81 Recycling

Project in Virginia, USA

Functional unit: Section of

Interstate 81:

–5.89 km long

–2 lanes

–Directional AADT in 2011:

25000 (28% trucks)

–Annual traffic growth rate: 3%

–Project analysis period: 50

years

50 year time horizon

All phases except EOL

– Use phase evaluated using Chatti

and Zaabar’s NCHRP models and

MOVES

– Traffic congestion effects

considered using MOVES

– Impact Assessment using TRACI

Each alternative had different

rehab. schedules

Center for

Sustainable

Transportation

Infrastructure Compared 3 Strategies

• Initial Intervention: In-Place recycling;

• M&R plan: VDOT’s maintenance actions performed in years 12, 22, 32 and 44

Recycling-based

• Initial Intervention: Traditional reconstruction

• M&R plan: VDOT’s maintenance actions performed in years 12, 22, 32 and 44

Traditional Reconstruction

• Initial Intervention: Corrective Maintenance

• M&R plan: VDOT’s maintenance actions performed in years 4, 10, 14, 18, 24, 28, 34, 38, 44 and 48

Corrective Maintenance

Center for

Sustainable

Transportation

InfrastructureExample of LCA Results

Impact on Climate Change

2 1

00

15

2

20

6

3 5

93

112 9

26

3 7

88

26

0

72

1

3 9

42

112 9

26

3 3

47

21

6 46

9

7 3

35

156 8

59

1

10

100

1 000

10 000

100 000

1 000 000

Materials Construction andM&R

Transportation WZ TrafficMangement

Usage EOL

Ton

ne

so

fC

O2

-e

q

Recycling-based Traditional Reconstruction Corrective Maintenance

Santos, J., Bryce, J., Flintsch, G., Ferreira, A. and Diefenderfer, B. (2014). A life cycle assessment of in-

place recycling and conventional pavement construction and maintenance practices. Structure and

Infrastructure Engineering: Maintenance, Management, Life-Cycle Design and Performance, 1-19.

Center for

Sustainable

Transportation

Infrastructure LCCA Comparison

$2

.43

86

$0

.35

82

$0

.23

32

$9

.12

15

$2

.46

51

$(0

.15

19)

$1

4.4

648

$4

.53

87

$0

.72

61

$0

.68

56

$1

0.1

087

$2

.46

51

$(0

.15

19)

$1

8.3

723

$4

.73

78

$0

.52

21

$0

.47

20

$1

8.4

943

$3

.52

70

$(0

.13

59)

$2

7.6

173

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Materials

Extraction and

Production

Construction

and M&R

Transportation

of Materials

WZ Traffic

Management

Usage EOL Total

NP

V [

M$]

Pavement life cycle phase

Recycling-based Traditional Reconstruction Corrective Maintenance

Santos, J., Bryce, J., Flintsch, G. and Ferreira, A. (2015). A comprehensive life cycle costs analysis of

in-place recycling and conventional pavement construction and maintenance practices. International

Journal of Pavement Engineering (online)

Center for

Sustainable

Transportation

Infrastructure

1.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.83

x 107

60

70

80

90

100

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Condition

Energy Consumption (MJ)

Co

st

(Ten

s o

f T

ho

usan

ds o

f D

ollars

)

50th Percentile

5th Percentile

95th Percentile

Example II - Incorporating the use-phase into LCA for

pavements

Project-level LCA tool

Compared energy consumption at network level for use

(mainly roughness) and maintenance phases

Probabilistic Network-level LCA

Multi-criteria Analysis

→ Incorporating

Stakeholder’s input

Bryce, J., Katicha, S., Flintsch, G.W., Sivaneswaran, N., Santos, J. “Probabilistic Lifecycle Assessment

as a Network-Level Evaluation Tool for the Use and Maintenance Phases of Pavements.” Journal of the

Transportation Research Board, 2014, vol. 2455 (1), pp. 44-53

Center for

Sustainable

Transportation

Infrastructure Methodology

Defined a marginal energy consumption

–RR energy

–EM energy consumption due to maintenance action

• Materials and Construction, Impact of roughness on vehicles

Evaluate tradeoff between cost, condition and energy consumption

–Each variable has uncertainty

–Used a simple synthetic network

–Monte Carlo Simulation

–Assumed that preventive maintenance impact condition but not

pavement roughness

Center for

Sustainable

Transportation

Infrastructure Results

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

x 106

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

Energy Consumption

Fre

qu

en

cy

Histogram of Energy Consumption

PM

CM

RM

RC

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

x 106

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000


Fre

quency

Road 7

Road 3Road 4

Road 1

Road 8

Road 6

Road 5Road 2

1.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.83

x 107

60

70

80

90

100

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Condition


Co

st

(Ten

s o

f T

ho

usan

ds o

f D

ollars

)

50th Percentile

5th Percentile

95th Percentile

Center for

Sustainable

Transportation

Infrastructure Discussion & Example of Findings

Multi-criteria approach to

pavement management

–Tradeoff between

maintenance and RR

–Probabilistic approach

facilitates the consideration of

uncertainties and confidence

for decision making

– Increasing maintenance costs up to a point decreases total

energy consumption

Condition (0 to 100 Scale, 100 is Perfect Condition)

Co

st

(Te

ns o

f T

ho

usan

ds o

f D

olla

rs)

70 75 80 85 90

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

4.6

4.8

5

5.2

5.4

5.6

5.8

6

6.2

6.4x 10

9

Center for

Sustainable

Transportation

Infrastructure

Example III – Environmental and Economic Assessment

of Pavement Construction and Management Practices for

Enhancing Pavement Sustainability

Functional unit:

– 1 km-long 2-lanes

asphalt section

– AADT: 20000

– Traffic Growth Rate: 3%

– PAP: 50 years

Type of scenario ID Scenario name

Conventional

VDOT

1 HMA - 0% RAP

2 HMA - 15% RAP

3 HMA - 30% RAP

4 Sasobit® WMA - 0% RAP



Recycling-based

VDOT

7 HMA - 0% RAP

8 HMA - 15% RAP

9 HMA - 30% RAP




Preventive

maintenance

13 Microsurfacing - 0% RAP

14 THMACO - 0% RAP

Santos, J., Flintsch, G. and Ferreira, A. “Environmental

and economic assessment of pavement construction

and management practices for enhancing pavement

sustainability,” Resources, Conservation & Recycling,

2017, 116, pp. 15-31.

Center for

Sustainable

Transportation

Infrastructure Formulation

Maintenance and rehabilitation plans

Pavement Performance Prediction Models:

– CM, RM and RC:

1. Conventional VDOT scenario

CM: 12 and 44

RM: 22

Conventional RC: 32

2. Recycling-based VDOT scenario

CM: 12 and 44

RM: 22

Recycling-based RC: 32

3. Preventive maintenance: Microsurfacing

Conventional RC: 32

Microsurf.:7, 15, 23, 39 and 47

4. Preventive maintenance: THMACO

Conventional RC: 32

THMACO: 7, 16, 24, 39, 47

Center for

Sustainable

Transportation

Infrastructure Solution

Multi-criteria decision making

approach:

–TOPSIS method;

–Combinatorial weight

assignment method for the 3

main criteria: AC; RUC;

Environmental Impacts

–Seven environmental sub-

criteria weighted according to

BEES software’s weights.

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

1

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0

1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0

Scenario 14

Scenario 9

WHAC WRUC

WEnv

WHAC + WRUC + WEnv = 1 WHAC = 1

WEnv = 1 WRUC = 1

Center for

Sustainable

Transportation

Infrastructure Some Findings

Allowed to compare different pavement management strategies

that can then be applied at the network level

For the conditions considered in this case study

–THMACO-based preventive maintenance strategy has proven to

be the most environmentally-friendly solution.

• It may be linked to current application criteria

–Recycling-based VDOT M&R strategy (HMA containing 30% of

RAP) provides a generally “optimal” balance in a MCDM.

Advancing Transportation

Through Innovation

Santos, J., Flintsch, G. and Ferreira, A. “Environmental and economic assessment of pavement

construction and management practices for enhancing pavement sustainability,” Resources,

Conservation & Recycling, 2017, 116, pp. 15-31.

Center for

Sustainable

Transportation

Infrastructure

Conclusions

Center for

Sustainable

Transportation

Infrastructure Final Remarks

Customizable optimization-based pavement management DSS:

– Integrated pavement LCC-LCA model

–An AHGA mechanism for optimizing the pavement life cycle

–MOO-based pavement life cycle optimization model

Application in real and simulated case studies

–Demonstrated that is applicable and practical

–Provided insights on the efficiency of pavement engineering and

management solutions in improving and balancing environmental

and economic impacts of pavement managementCenter for Sustainable


Center for

Sustainable

Transportation

Infrastructure

Applications of LCA for Network-Level

Pavement Management

Gerardo W. Flintsch

Director, Center for Sustainable Transportation Infrastructure

Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Applications of LCA for Network-Level Pavement Managementpublish.illinois.edu/lcaconference/files/2016/06/...MODAT –Multi-Objective Decision-Aid Tool for Highway Asset ... DOT, FHWA,

Documents