Application of Geotechnical Engineering in … 2011-Presentation.pdfLABORATORY TESTING •BULK DENSITY TEST •MOISTURE CONTENT TEST •ATTERBERG LIMIT TEST •PARTICLE - SIZE DISTRIBUTION

Application of Geotechnical Engineering

in Construction Industry and Beyond

By

Dr Myint Win BO, Ph.D, P.Eng, P.Geo, IntPE

Senior Principal/Director (Geo-Services)

DST Consulting Engineers Inc.

Adjunct Professor

University of Ottawa, Lakehead University, Canada &

Swinburne University of Technology, Australia

OUT LINES OF LECTURE

• Introduction

• Ground Investigation

• Laboratory Testing

• Evolution of Geotechnical Theories & Soil Mechanics

• Geotechnical Analyses

• Ground Improvement

• Ground Engineering

• Geotechnical Instrumentation & Observational method

• Preparation for the Future

What are the Civil Engineering

Constructions?• Buildings

• Roads, Highways, Railways, subways, Bridges & Causeways

• Runways &Airports

• Marine Structures, ports, costal protections

• Tunneling , Excavations & underground structures

• Dams & Tailing Dams

• Hydropower plants, Wind Firms, Nuclear Power Plants

• Communication towers

• Land Reclamations

• Landfills and waste disposals

GROUND INVESTIGATION

• BORING , SAMPLING &

STANDARD PENETRATION TEST

•CONE PENETRATION TEST

• FIELD VANE SHEAR TEST

• SELF BORING PRESSUREMETER

• DILATOMETER

• BAT- PERMEAMETER

• IN - SITU PERMEABILITY TEST

• AUTO - RAM SOUNDING TEST

• GAMMA - GAMMA LOGGING

• CONE PRESSUREMETER

• NUCLEAR METER TEST

For profiling and characterization of the seabed soils and also

to check the characteristic of improved soils.

For profiling and to measure the Cone Resistance, Friction and

Penetration Pore Pressure to interprete Shear Strength, OCR and

Coefficient of Horizontal Consolidation Ch for cohesive soil.

To measure improved densification of granular soil.

To measure Initial Undrained Shear Strength and improved

undrained Shear Strength of cohesive soils.

To measure In-Situ lateral stress, Shear modulus,

Undrained Shear Strength, Friction Angle and Coefficient

of Horizontal Consolidation Ch.

To measure In-Situ lateral stress, Shear modulus, Undrained Shear Strength,

Friction Angle and Coefficient of Horizontal Consolidation Ch.

To measure in-situ Permeability of soils.

To measure in-situ Permeability of soils.

To measure Dynamic Driving Resistance of Soils

To measure Bulk Density of soils.

To measure initial and improved Modulus of Soils.

To measure initial bulk and dry density and water content of soils.

DESCRIPTION PURPOSE

OFFSHORE SITE INVESTIGATION SHIP

Drilling & Standard Penetration Test

(SPT)

International standard

Hammer weight – 63.5 kg

Drop height – 760 mm

Total penetration – initial seating drive or 150 mm +

300 mm

Driving mechanism – Guide/free fall

Trip mechanism

Donut/safety

60 ° cone for granular soilSize of borehole – between 65-115 mm

Measured parameter – N value = blow counts / 0.3 m

FIELD VANE TEST (FVT)

Dimension - B = 55 or 65 mm

- H = 110 or 130 mm

- Inserted depth - 4B

- Waiting time - 5 minutes

- Rotation rate - 12 degree per minutes

- 25 times rotation for remolding

GENOR FIELD VANE BLADEFIELD VANE TEST IN PROGRESS

CONE PENETROMETER (CPT)

• Cone Resistance (qc)

• Friction (fs)

• Pore Pressure (u)

• Inclination (i)

• Friction Ratio (fr)

• Pore Pressure Ratio (ur)

Using above parameters and applying Robertson and Campanella (1983), Robertson (1990), soil classification could be carried out.

DILATOMETER

TEST (DMT)

- Measured pressures on the

membrane.

- Type of soil could be classified.

- Cu , Modulus, Ko , OCR could be

interpreted.

- Ch & Kh could be interpreted

STRESS-STRAIN CURVE

from SBPT

- Strain Control during loading.

- Stress Control during loading

& unloading.

- Modulus could be obtained

from slope.

SELF BORING PRESSURE

METER(SBPT)

- Self boring mechanism

included

- Could be obtain fit size cylinder

- Following could be interpreted

- Modulus - Cu

- Ch - Kh

- OCR - Ko

When will be the time Ground Investigation Contractor be running

out of the work?

WATER ON THE MOON

LABORATORY TESTING

•BULK DENSITY TEST

• MOISTURE CONTENT TEST

• ATTERBERG LIMIT TEST

• PARTICLE - SIZE DISTRIBUTION TEST

• DIRECT SIMPLE SHEAR TEST

•LAB VANE TEST

•TRI - AXIAL COMPRESSION TEST

• CONSOLIDATION TEST

• ROWE CELL TEST

To measure initial and improved Bulk Density of soils.

To measure initial and Improved Water Content of soils.

To measure Liquid limit, Plastic Limit, Plastic Index,

Activity for the purpose of classification.

To measure grain size distribution of soils for

classification.

To measure initial and improved Undrained / Drained

Shear Strength.

To measure initial and improved Undrained

Shear Strength.

To measure initial and improved Undrained / Drained

Shear Strength.

To measure coefficient of consolidation Cv,

Compression Index Cc, Initial and improved

Preconsolidation Pressure Pc.

To measure Coefficient of Consolidation due to

horizontal direction Ch.

TYPE OF TEST PURPOSE

Shear Strength of Geological Material

• UUC

• UU

• CIU

• CID

• Cko U

• Cko D

• Stress Path

• Strain Path

• Direct Simple Shear

• Hollow Cylinder Test

Sleeping – No

strength

Standing - more

strength

Walking – Much

more strength

Running –

Highest strength

Too much mobilized –

Residual strength

SOIL STRENGTH IS NOT UNIQUE, MOBILIZE DEPENDS UPON STRAIN, STRESS LEVELS & RATE

OF STRAIN

High sensitivity

Medium sensitivity

Low sensitivity

16

Modes of Failure'1

'3

'1

'3 '3

'1

Simple Shear (SS)

Triaxial

Extension (TE)

Stress direction is

different than SS

and Triaxial

Triaxial

Compression (TC)

Stress state along a Potential Failure surface

NO (A) (B) (C)

DEFORMATION&

PRINCIPLESTRESS

TEST TYPEEXTENTION

TESTDIRECT SIMPLE

SHEAR TESTCOMPRESSION

TEST

TESTEQUIPMENT

GDS STRESSPATH SYSTEM

DIRECT SIMPLESHEAR

APPARATUS

TRIAXIALCOMPRESSION

TESTAPPARATUS

Earth Pressure TheoriesEVOLUTION OF SOIL MECHANICS THEORIES

BEGINNING OF ERDBAUMECHANIK

(SOIL MECHANICS) AND CONSOLIDATION THEORY

Terzaghi & Fillunger affair

Pre-consolidation Pressure or Yield Stress

Secondary Compression

When does the Secondary Compression start?

Chichen Itza Pyramid in Maxico

Pyramid in Egypt

BEARING CAPACITY AND SETTLEMENT ANALYSES

AD

Construction begin

with basement 1.5 m deep - 1173

Completed 3 stories and

stopped due to politic and debt - 1178

(but tower already tilted to south)

Restarted with compensated weight

at the North to counter act tilt - 1272

Completed seventh stories

Tower titled south by 1 ° (0.8 m) - 1278 Constructed top Bell chamber

with compensated weight on North by adding more steps - 1360

Completed 200 ft (80 m) highTower and officially open - 1370

TOTAL OF NEARLY 200 YEARS CONSTRUCTION PERIODTOTAL WEIGHT – 1 445 tonnes

In 1990 degree of tilt reached 5.5 ° and predicted to be fallen by 2050

Placed counterweight 600 tonnes -1993 Attempted to stabilize by ground freezing -1995

(but increased the lean) Stopped by putting counter weight 870 tonnes -1995 Extracted soils with 8 inches diameter drill holes -1999

SUCCESSFULLY MAKE TO LEAN BACK TOWARD THE

CENTER BY 0.5 m which is same degree of lean as in 1838

Vertical drains accelerate settlements but do not reduce final

movement (after Hausmann)

GROUND IMPROVEMENT

&

GROUND ENGINEERING

Land Reclamation for Chick Lap Kok

International Airport, Hong kong

Land Reclamation for

Changi Internatinal Airport,

Singapore

SOIL PROFILE AT KANSAI INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT SITE

Fill thickness – 30 m

Predicted settlement – 8 m

Settlement to date – 13 m

Settlement after construction – 5 m

HYDRAULIC ADJUSTING DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT

DYNAMIC COMPACTION: Cranes &

Tripods

Improving Loose Granular Soils

VIBROFLOTATION

MRC:

Equipment

700

mm

450 mm

700

mm

GROUND ENGINEERING

110 story tower

7 levels of basement

T = 1 m , D = 21 m

w = 150 m , L = 300 m

4 totally collapsed, 4

partially collapsed, 9

major damage, 18

moderately damage

5 months supported

with rubbles

Re-installed 1000

anchors

It took a year to remove

the rubbles

Affected 406 buildings

What about low rise?

Not a problem of high or low rise, it is Terrorist?

How to find them?

All types of material in the universe are deformable.

Deformation can beLinear or non-linear

Recoverable or non-recoverable

Recoverable - Elastic

Non-recoverable - Plastic

Soil deformation is elasto-visco plastic

Additional stresses imposed on the soils - Varied in magnitudes

- & Directions

- Also varied in rate of

loading

Prediction Performances

GEOTECHNICAL

INSTRUMENTATION &

OBSERVATIONAL METHOD

•DEEP REFERENCE POINT

• PIEZOMETERS

(a) Pneumatic piezometer

(b) Electric vibrating wire piezometer

• CASAGRANDE OPEN TYPE PIEZOMETER

• SURFACE SETTLEMENT PLATE

• DEEP SETTLEMENT GAUGE

• MULTI - LEVEL SETTLEMENT GAUGE

• LIQUID SETTLEMENT GAUGE

• WATER STAND PIPE

• INCLINOMETER

• EARTH PRESSURE CELL

GEOTECHNICAL INSTRUMENTATION

Bench mark for elevation monitoring of soil instrument

To monitor the dissipation of Excess Pore Pressure

To check the drainage condition.

To monitor ground settlement.

To monitor settlement of various sub layers at various

levels.

To monitor settlement of various sub layers at various

levels

To monitor ground settlement.

To monitor the static water level.

To monitor the lateral ground movement.

To measure the total pressure.

INSTRUMENT PURPOSE

Equivalent to 35 storeys

Automatic Remote Monitoring Instrument

• Old Days

• Using Conventional

Survey Method

•Late 1990s

•Electronics Instrument

Receives Data

Transmits Data

Traveling

by Train

At Home

In your Car

Antenna

Solar

Panel

• 21st Century

• Wireless Technology

Traveling

by Plane

HELPING THE WORLD IN ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND

PREPARING FOR THE FUTURE

Waste Management

Solid waste (Landfill)

Liquid waste (deep injection)

Nuclear waste

Global Climate Change

Renewable energy

Carbon Auditing

Carbon capturing

Prevention of salt water intrusion

Flood prevention (Harricane Katrina)

Tsunami monitoring

Natural hazard identification and monitoring

Health outbreak

Food and mouth disease

H1N1

Environmental assessment

for final destination

WASTE MECHANICS

Stability of landfill

Settlement of landfill

Deformation of liner and cap

Hydraulic conductivity of waste

Highly variable both in strength

and compressibility

In addition to pore leachate

pressure, gas pressure also involve

Deformation due to

Biodegradation

Prevent contaminant migration

to surface and groundwater

receptors

Contaminants migrate not only

due to hydraulic gradient but also

due to thermal and concentration

gradient

Gas generation

HELPING THE WORLD IN ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND

PREPARING FOR THE FUTURE

Waste Management

Solid waste (Landfill)

Liquid waste (deep injection)

Nuclear waste

Global Climate Change

Renewable energy

Carbon Auditing

Carbon capturing

Prevention of salt water intrusion

Flood prevention (Harricane Katrina)

Tsunami monitoring

Natural hazard identification and monitoring

Health outbreak

Food and mouth disease

H1N1

Environmental assessment

for final destination

Concrete In Fill, 157.54

Steel, 64.55

Prelims, 0.32

Site Labour

Transport, 0.04

Construction Plant,

9.78

Waste, 2.08

Total Embodied CO2

Piles

Approximate Total Embodied CO2 = 234.31 t

Wick Drains,

9.33Prelims, 0.56

Site Labour

Transport, 0.01

Construction Plant,

4.29

Waste, 0.00

Total Embodied CO2

Wick Drains

Approximate Total Embodied CO2 = 14.19 t

HELPING THE WORLD IN ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND

PREPARING FOR THE FUTURE

Waste Management

Solid waste (Landfill)

Liquid waste (deep injection)

Nuclear waste

Global Climate Change

Renewable energy

Carbon Auditing

Carbon capturing

Prevention of salt water intrusion

Flood prevention (Harricane Katrina)

Tsunami monitoring

Natural hazard identification and monitoring

Health outbreak

Food and mouth disease

H1N1

Environmental assessment

for final destination

CONCLUSION

Geotechnical Engineering has been applied NOT

only in construction but also in:

• Rescuing valuable heritage structures

• Exploring new lands for human being

• Demolition of heavy structures

• Transporting heavy equipments

• Protecting Environment we are living

THANK

FOR YOUR ATTENTION