APPLICATION OF ADVANCED MICROPROCESSOR IN …eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/53864/1/ThaeerMueenSahibMFKE2015.pdf · 3.1 Interface temperature sensor LM35 41 3.2 Temperature sensor readings

APPLICATION OF ADVANCED MICROPROCESSOR IN MODERN

AGRICULTURE

THAEER MUEEN SAHIB

A project submitted in partial fulfilment of the

requirements for the award of the degree of

Masters of Engineering (Electrical – Computer and Microelectronic System)

Faculty of Electrical Engineering

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

JUNE 2015

iii

Dedicated to my beloved family;

Especially my mother, my Wife and Children, who have encouraged,

guided and inspired me throughout my journey of education

iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, I would like to thank Allah who made this

accomplishment possible. Also, I would like to thank our parents, who provided

support and everything I need in my study. For that, I ask Allah to bless all of them.

Then, I would like to express my appreciation to my supervisor

Assoc.Prof.Dr. MUHAMMAD NASIR BIN IBRAHIM for his continuous help,

support and encouragement.

In addition to, I am extremely grateful to my friends and colleagues who

helped me to accomplish this study.

Besides, I would like to thank the authority of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

(UTM) and Faculty of Electrical Engineering (FKE) for providing me with a good

environment and facilities such as an advanced microprocessor laboratory to

complete this project with all the necessary software during the search process.

v

ABSTRACT

Appropriate environmental conditions are necessary for optimum plant

growth inside the greenhouse. Improved crop yields are related to controllable

environments, including efficient use of water and other resources. Hence there is a

need for automating the data acquisition process of the soil moisture, temperature

conditions and various climatic parameters that govern plant growth. A new

environmental monitoring and control system is developed which employs

Microcontroller Arduino ATmega2560. The system uses a PID controller with Pulse

width modulation (PWM) used together with LM35 temperature sensor and an

LM393 comparator chip of the soil moisture module. An LCD unit is used to display

the various soil moisture levels for the monitoring operation. The outcome is a

stabilized system with minimum error in both temperature and soil moisture modules

and has been proven all curves in one chart that‘s displaying the rate of variation

between soil moisture contents level and temperature degree against the time in real

time data. According to this results, the system is done correctly.

vi

ABSTRAK

Keadaan persekitaran sesuai adalah perlu untuk pertumbuhan pokok optimum

di dalam rumah hijau. Hasil tanaman lebih baik ialah berkaitan dengan persekitaran

dapat dikawal, mengandungi kecekapan penggunaan wang dan sumber-sumber lain.

Maka terdapat satu keperluan untuk mengautomatikkan proses pemerolehan data

lembapan tanah, keadaan suhu dan pelbagai parameter iklim yang mengawal

pertumbuhan pokok. Satu pengawasan persekitaran baru dan sistem kawalan

dibangunkan yang mana mengaplikasikan Microcontroller Arduino ATmega2560.

Penggunaan sistem pengawal PID dengan modulasi (PWM) kelebaran Pulse

digunakan bersama dengan pengesan suhu LM35 dan cip pembanding LM393 modul

lembapan tanah. Unit LCD digunakan untuk mempamerkan pelbagai tahap-tahap

kelembapan tanah untuk operasi pengawasan. Terhasilnya satu sistem dimantapkan

dengan ralat minimum dalam kedua-dua modul suhu dan lembapan tanah dan telah

terbukti semua graf di satu carta yang mempamerkan kadar variasi antara kandungan

lembapan tanah datar dan darjah suhu terhadap masa di data masa nyata. Menurut

keputusan ini, sistem tersebut dibuat dengan betul.

vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

DECLARATION ii

DEDICATION iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv

ABSTRACT v

ABSTRAK vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS vii

LIST OF TABLES xii

LIST OF FIGURES xiii

LIST OF ABBRAVATION xvi

LIST OF APPENDICES xvii

1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1. Overview 1

1.2. Background 2

1.3. Problem statement 3

1.4. Objective 4

1.5. Scopes 4

1.6. Summary 5

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 6

2.1.Introduction 6

2.2.Greenhouse 6

2.2.1.Sensors in agriculture 7

2.3.Application technology in agriculture 7

2.3.1.Application of embedded operating systems 7

viii

2.4.Implement of Microprocessor in modern agriculture

2.4.1.Control and data acquisition system

9

9

2.5.Automation system in tropical region 10

2.5.1.Irrigation system in modern agriculture 10

2.5.2.Monitoring and controlling system 13

2.5.2.1.Need for weather monitoring system 15

2.5.3.Ventilation system 17

2.5.3.1.Timing control 17

2.6.Actuator 18

2.7.The control systems 18

2.7.1.PID controller (in terms of closed loop)

2.7.2.Overview of PID controller

2.7.3.Traditional tuning method of PID controller

2.7.3.1.Manual tuning

2.7.3.2.Zigler Nichols

2.7.4. 2.7.4.Difference between open loop and closed loop

19

20

21

22

22

22

2.8.Pulse width modulation (PWM) techniques 23

2.9.Summary 23

3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1.Introduction

27

27

3.2.Research design 28

3.3.Process flow of software program 29

3.4.Overview of system design

3.4.1.Parts of the system

30

31

3.5.Hardware description

3.5.1.Overview Microcontroller

3.5.1.1.Chip Kit ATMEGA 2560

3.5.1.2.Review Atmel AVR processor

3.5.1.3.Instruction execution timing

3.5.1.4.Pin configuration

3.5.1.5.Sketch of Chip Kit AT mega2560

3.5.1.6.Initialization of (ADC)

31

32

32

34

35

36

38

39

ix

3.6.The sensors

3.6.1.Temperature sensor (LM35)

3.6.1.1.Temperature sensor pins out description

3.6.1.2.Interfacing temperature sensor

3.6.1.3.Flow chart of temperature module

3.6.1.4.Initialization of PID control system

3.6.1.5.PWM Initialization

3.6.1.6 3.6.1.6.Interfacing circuit fan DC

3.6.2.Soil moisture sensor

3.6.2.1.Interfacing circuit of soil moisture

3.6.2.2.Flow chart of soil moisture module

40

40

41

43

44

45

45

46

47

48

49

3.8.Light Sensor Module (SKU: ZL_B000114010823)

3.8.1.Interfacing light sensor module

3.8.2.Light Sensor Module Features

50

51

52

3.9.Initialization LCD screen

3.9.1.LCD Key pad shield (SKU: DFR0009)

3.9.1.1.Interface LCD screen

3.9.2.Signals to the LCD

3.9.3.Pins I/O LCD description

52

53

53

54

54

3.10.Software tool (IDE)

3.10.1.Using (IDE) software

3.10.2.Compiling program

3.10.3.Upload program

55

55

56

57

3.11.Actuator – Relay driver

3.11.1.Principle work relay

3.11.2.SainSmart 5v Relay Board (RLY4)

57

58

58

3.12.Summary 60

4 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS 61

4.1.Introduction 61

x

4.2.PID Controller for temperature

4.2.1.Concept of work PID controller

4.2.2.Data results of temperature module

4.2.3.Analysis for PWM of fan speed

62

62

63

67

4.3.Development of the PID algorithm

4.3.1.Data Format on LCD Display

4.3.2.Results on LCD for temperature module

4.3.3.Installing Arduino Libraries

4.3.3.1.Windows

4.3.3.2.OS X

34.3. 4.3.4.Using the PID Library

4.3.5.Set up the PID library

70

72

73

73

73

74

74

74

4.4.Analysis of adjusting (ω) for temperature module 75

4.5.Software design (simulation)

4.5.1.Progression of work flow operation

4.5.1.1.Software design circuit

4.5.1.2.Component of system design

4.5.1.3.Circuit connection (by wiring)

4.5.1.4.Flashing an LED

4.5.2.Hardware Connection

4.5.2.1. Principles of work circuit

4.5.2.2. Concept of work in the relay

4.5.2.3. Interfacing the relay module

4.5.2.4. Setup code relay modules

79

80

80

81

82

83

84

86

88

88

90

4.6.Ventilation system 91

4.7.Analysis PWM for soil moisture module

4.7.1.Data acquisition for soil moisture module

4.7.2.Results of PWM signals for both modules

93

95

96

4.8.Results of LCD format status PID

4.9.Results of the output system in real time data

4.10.Summary

97

98

100

5 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORKS 101

xi

5.1.Conclusion

5.2.Future works

101

101

REFERENCS

Appendices A

103

106

xii

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE

2.1

Different Parameter Monitoring Systems

14

2.2 Summaries comparison papers 24

3.1 Interface temperature sensor LM35 41

3.2 Temperature sensor readings 42

3.3 Interface circuit of soil moisture 48

3.4 Interface circuit of the light sensor module 51

3.5 Pin description of the LCD 55

4.1 Tuning PID controller 64

4.2 Temperature degree and duty cycle 70

4.3 Tuning angular velocity of fan speed 76

4.4 Duty cycle in terms of volts 77

4.5 Tuning set point valve water 94

4.6 Tuning PID control 95

xiii

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE

2.1

A Model of sensors and actuators in embedded systems

8

2.2 Real time systems 9

2.3 Optimal locations for greenhouse and power plant facilities. 10

2.4 Drip irrigation system 11

2.5 Transpiration on leave plants 16

2.6 Block diagram of a closed loop control system 18

2.7 Block diagram PID controller 20

3.1 Block diagram overall research design 28

3.2 Process Flowchart overall design 29

3.3 Chip kit ATMEGA 2560 interface board 33

3.4 Schematic, board of I/O Arduino. 33

3.5 Overall block diagram ATmega2560 34

3.6 Block Diagram of the AVR core Architecture 35

3.7 The Parallel Instruction Fetches and Instruction Executions 36

3.8 Single clock cycles an ALU operation 36

3.9 Pins configuration for AVR ATMEGA2560 37

3.10 Sketch of Chip kit Atmega2560 38

3.11 Block diagram analog to digital converter 39

3.12 Temperature sensor 40

3.13 Function block diagram (LM35) 43

3.14 Flowchart temperature Module 44

3.15 Pulse width modulation 45

3.16 Chip driver ULN2003 array transistor 46

3.17 Logic digram for ULN2003 array transistor 47

xiv

3.18 Soil moisture sensors 47

3.19 Schematic internal circuit of soil moisture 48

3.20 Flow chart soil moisture module 49

3.21 Photo resistor Light Sensor Module 51

3.22 LCD Keypad Shield Arduino 53

3.23 Compiling code program 56

3.24 Uploading the program to the Chip kit ATMEGA2560 Board 57

3.25 Interfacing standard relay to the Microcontroller 58

3.26 4-Channel Relay Sain Smart Module Board 5V 59

4.1 General control loop block diagram 65

4.2 Data results of P-control for temperature module 66

4.3 Output results of Pcontroller based on the temperature module 66

4.4 Circuit driver fan speed with PWM 67

4.5 Schematic of threshold temperature 68

4.6 Schematic percentage degree equivalent to the duty cycle 69

4.7 Integral description environment (IDE) for Arduino 71

4.8 Relationship variation of temperature in Celsius and Fahrenheit 72

4.9 Showing LCD regards temperature degree 73

4.10 Analog inputs of temperature sensor with noise 77

4.11 Circuit of low pass filter for LM35 sensor 78

4.12 Analog inputs of temperature sensor with LPF 79

4.13 The progression operation for whole design system 80

4.14 Overall software design circuit 81

4.15 Breadboard circuit 82

4.16 The preliminary results and wiring connection circuit 83

4.17 Light emitting diode (LED) 84

4.18 Connection, LCD with chip kit ATMEGA 2560 85

4.19 Components Placement On Stripboard 85

4.20 Back Side of Stripboard 86

4.21 Transformer supplied 12 V DC 87

4.22 Overall circuit of hardware system 88

4.23 4-channel relay module with label 89

4.24 Internal circuit SainSmart 5v Relay Board 90

xv

4.25 Interface of light intensity module 91

4.26 Servo motor (3001NB) 92

4.27 Base 6 volt DC external 92

4.28 Level scale of soil moisture 93

4.29 Data results of the soil moisture module 95

4.30 P-controller for soil moisture module 96

4.31 Results of PWM for cooler and irrigation system 97

4.32 Showing activities of LCD display 98

4.33 Curves relation soil moisture with temperature degree 99

4.34 Showing an intersection soil moisture with temperature curves 100

xvi

LIST OF ABBREVIATION

Proportional integral derivation - PID

Pulse width modulation - PWM

Liquid crystal display - LCD

Geographical position in system - GPS

Geographical information system - GIS

Database management system - DBMS

Real time operating systems - RTOS

Control and data acquisition system - CADCS

Artificial neural network - ANN

Control area network - CAN

Microcontroller - MCU

Million instruction per second - MIPS

Universal serial bus - USB

Integrate absolute error - IAE

Integrate square error - ISE

General purpose input/output - GPIO

Arithmetic logic unit - ALU

Random access memory - RAM

Comelementary metal oxide semiconductor - CMOS

Reduced instruction set computing - RISC

Complex instruction set computing - CISC

Central processing unit - CPU

Universal synchronous /asynchronous receiver transmitter - USART

Universal asynchronous receiver transmitter - UART

xvii

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX TITLE PAGE

106-118

Source code in C language

A

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Overview

The term ‗Green Revolution‘ was adopted by the agricultural industry to

describe developments in agricultural technologies occurring in countries around the

world. To achieve a Green Revolution, all farmers should adapt using modern

technologies, such as intensive soil irrigation, high-yield seeds, chemicals, and

mechanization (Shaker and Imran 2013) In other words, modern agriculture is a

process of urban development to a certain degree.

It is a sustainable development of modern natural-human complex agro-

ecosystems that is based on the large modern city resources, and it is a multi-

functional integrated containing production, life and ecology. Agriculture facility is

defined by changing internal environmental elements such as planting, breeding, and

other agriculture areas of production. The main goal of this facility is to create

suitable conditions and raise the quality of productions (Guangyong et al. 2011).

It is worth mentioning that greenhouse farming is one of the important

aspects of agriculture, because it is easier to control, thus ensuring increased

efficiency of production are efficient (Bansal and Reddy 2013).The benefits of

greenhouses are as follows: increased light input, increased temperature throughout

the winter season and decreased temperature throughout the summer season

2

(better regulation of temperature) (Fabrizio 2012). Another advantage that

greenhouses offer is their use for increasing crop yield, reducing main power, and

minimizing high costs by using different technologies, which depends on embedded

functions such as monitoring and controlling systems.

Despite the challenges faced by researchers in the field of monitoring and

controlling the environment by external devices, advances have enabled the

manufacturing of various sensors and electronics that implement different operations

simultaneously. This allows for the monitoring of conditions inside the greenhouse,

providing a good environment, and producing optimal product yield.Specifically, this

project will apply some important sensors used to monitor the status of plants,

including parameters such as temperature, moist soil, and light intensity. Therefore,

some researchers stressed the need to introduce a methodology for the development

and use of microcontroller based process monitoring and controlling system

(Prickett, Frankowiak and Grosvenor 2012).

Moreover,(Hou et al. 2012) confirmed the use of a sensitive temperature and

relative humidity sensors such as SHT11 in the monitoring and control of external

devices in order to determine the relationship between them and other research.

(Rangan and Vigneswaran 2010) described an embedded system approach to

monitoring a greenhouse, based on measuring parameters such as temperature,

humidity, soil dampness, water pH, light intensity, surveyed by sensors that are

positioned in different locations, the data for which were measured, controlled,

processed and updated to the owner through SMS using GPS modem.

1.2 Background

This project presents the design of microcontroller ATMEGA2560 based on

the electronic circuit that monitors and controls parameters such as temperature, soil

moisture, and light of the natural environment. These are based on the proportional

3

integral derivation (PID) controller, with pulse width modulation (PWM), in order

optimize them to achieve maximum plant growth.

This chip communicates with the various sensor modules to ensure the

efficiency of a ventilation and irrigation process inside a greenhouse that depends on

criteria and commands are sent from the processor through the set of bus I/O to

actuating a cooler, valve, and pump water respectively. An integrated Liquid Crystal

Display (LCD) Keypad module is also used to display the status results of data

acquired from the various sensors. The design is quite flexible as software and can be

developed in any time.

1.3 Problem statement

1) Obviously Transpiration on the leaf surface is ineffectual, the root and stem.

Thus the system may not be able to supply adequate water to the leaves. The

cooling system is therefore required to reduce these stresses.

2) Greenhouse shading; the amount of solar radiation and light intensity

reaching the plants is restricted creating a closed difference between air

temperature inside and outside the greenhouse. Shading also reduces leaf

surface temperature significantly.

Therefore, it should be noted that in a naturally ventilated greenhouse in a

tropical environment, inside air temperature is always greater than the outside, which

can become a major problem during the summer season, when the maximum cooling

is required.

4

1.4 Objective

The main objective is to build a general system to obtain data from an

external device and then manipulate it to achieve a certain output. The data obtained

during the processing must be displayed on LCD. This is done in order to achieve

better quality environments for agricultural work inside the greenhouse with the help

of a microcontroller Chip Kit ATMEGA2560. This project will execute the

following steps:

1) Monitor the status of the plants in terms of the availability of the appropriate

environments.

2) Irrigation of the soil according to their need. This is achieved through the use

of special sensors and components necessary to avoid a decomposition soil

based on the PID algorithm with PWM technique.

3) Measure the amount of light in order to control moving actuator by using

special photosensitive.

4) Improve ventilation and soil moisture control which is crucial for tropical

greenhouses to improve plant growth, nutrient and water uptake, and for

disease reduction.

1.5 Scopes

This study will design an integrated system consisting of different sensors to

sense the environment. This is done through the use of a microcontroller that reads

analogue signals and sends the processed signal to the output through a buss. We

explain more about the study through the following steps:

1) Design a PID based controller temperature sensor module using the PWM

technique to achieve the desired set point for fan speed automatically, and to

produce good condition plants, a temperature sensor reading in Celsius and

5

Fahrenheit. These results can then be plotted on a chart to improve the

stability of the system.

2) Design a simple ON/OFF control for the light sensor in order to actuate

opening of the windows on top of the greenhouse, because solar radiation

provides the main energy input to plants, with much of this energy begin

convert to heat whereas will effect on plant inside greenhouse(Jones 2013).

3) Design module regard soil moisture sensor also based PID controller with

PWM technique to get desired set point automatically for valve water to

reduce the consuming the water with minimum error and more stability for

system. because the plant physiological responses to drought is from

important ways during irrigation scheduling according to (Jones 2004).

4) Finally, an LCD will display status of PID controller, data including

temperature module and soil moisture level module.

1.6 Summary

This is an introductory chapter that addressed the main problems related to

providing a suitable environment for agriculture, according the problems statement

of this project that is; the difficulty in creating a good ventilation system using PID

controller and PWM techniques to remove all stress on the leaf surface with a design

system of low cost. An embedded system will have been built to reduce the error in

output, in order to get proper results for both temperature and soil moisture modules

in agricultural work.

013

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