Application Note -- Use of Reversed Phase and HILIC in the ... · PDF fileSurfactants are frequently found in pharmaceutical and ... dodecylbenzene sulfonate impurities and ... Separation

Use of Reversed Phase and HILIC in the 2D-LC

Separation of Cationic, Anionic, and Hydrotropic

Surfactants

TSKgel

applicaTion noTe

Introduction

Surfactants are frequently found in pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical drug

applications as well as in common household products. Because they can be

polar, non-polar, or amphoteric, the structural diversity of the surfactants and

complexity of the sample matrix can make their separation and identification by HPLC challenging. Historically, this has been achieved using Reversed

Phase Chromatography supplemented with Ion Exchange Chromatography.

When performed individually, these techniques can be used to characterize

the surfactant profile. This Application Note illustrates the effectiveness of a reversed phase high throughput column, TSKgel® ODS-140HTP, in series with a TSKgel NH2-100 HILIC column, for the separation of polar and non-polar

surfactants in a single injection using 2D-LC.

Materials and Methods

Columns: TSKgel ODS-140HTP, 2.3 µm, 2.1 mm ID × 5 cm TSKgel NH2-100, 3 µm, 2 mm ID × 15 cmInstrument: Agilent 1200 HPLC system run by Chemstation (ver B.04.02)

Mobile phase: A: CH3CN B: 100 mmol/L ammonium acetate, pH 5.4Gradient: 40-60% A, 2.7 minutes, hold at 85% A, 5.4 minutesFlow rate: 0.5 mL/min Detection: UV @ 280 nm, 254 nm, and 210 nm FLD λex 280 nm, λem 350 nmTemperature: 30 °CInjection vol.: 1 µL Samples: Triton™ X Triton N sodium xylenesulfonate

sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate

Results and Discussion

Figure 1 depicts the separation of four surfactants using the TSKgel ODS-140HTP and TSKgel NH2-100 columns in series. The use of a shallow, non-linear gradient of 40-60% CH3CN in 2.7 minutes, followed by an isocratic hold at 85% CH3CN till 5.4 minutes, allowed for high resolution of the sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate impurities and good retention of sodium xylene

sulfonate as well. This figure illustrates the utility of 2D-LC methodology for separating a diverse mixture of surfactants.

Due to the success in resolving the surfactant standards in a single run

as explained above, the usefulness of this technique in detecting the

corresponding UV-absorbing surfactant ingredients in an actual commercial

household product was evaluated. Figure 2 illustrates the characterization

of the surfactant profile of Armor All™ Wash and Wax using the 2D-LC methodology described above. As shown, the use of the TSKgel ODS-140HTP and TSKgel NH2-100 columns in series yielded excellent

separation and retention of the anionic surfactant sodium dodecylbenzene

sulfonate and the hydrotropic surfactant sodium xylene sulfonate present in

the Armor All formulation. Additionally, the use of fluorescence detection (λex: 225 nm, λem: 300-400 nm) allowed for increased sensitivity of the low level surfactants found in the product.

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Retention time (minutes)

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Sodium xylenesulfonate

Sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate

Triton N

Triton X

Gradient: 40 - 60% A, 2.7 min., hold at 85% A, 5.4 minFlow: 0.5 mL/min

Figure 1. 2D-LC Separation of Surfactants using the TSKgel ODS-140HTP and the TSKgel NH2-100 Columns

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Sodium xylenesulfonate

Sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate

Armor All Wash and Wax

Gradient: 40 - 60% A, 2.7 min., hold at 85% A, 5.4 minFlow: 0.5 mL/min

Figure 2. Characterization of surfactant profile in Armor All Wash and Wax using 2D-LC with the TSKgel ODS-140HTP and TSKgel NH2-100 columns

Conclusions

The purpose of this study was to illustrate the effectiveness of 2D RP/HILIC for the separation of anionic, cationic, and hydrotropic surfactants. The use of the TSKgel ODS-140HTP column in series with the TSKgel NH2-100

column allows for the simultaneous retention and separation of both polar an

non-polar hydrotropic, nonionic, and anionic surfactants in a single injection.

The characterization of surfactants in a common household product is also successfully performed with the TSKgel ODS-140HTP and TSKgel NH2-100

columns, allowing for strong retention and good peak shape of various

surfactants with no interference from other matrix compounds.

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TOSOH BIOSCIENCE LLC3604 Horizon Drive, Suite 100King of Prussia, PA 19406 Tel: 800-366-4875 email: [email protected]

Tosoh Bioscience and TSKgel are registered trademarks of Tosoh Corporation.The Armor All trademark is a registered trademark of The Armor All/STP Products Company

TOSOH BIOSCIENCE LLC Presented at Fall ACS 2014, San Francisco, CA

Use of Reversed Phase and HILIC in the 2D-LC Separation of Cationic, Anionic, and Hydrotropic Surfactants

Justin Steve and Atis Chakrabarti, Ph.D. Tosoh Bioscience LLC, King of Prussia, PA

TP201

TOSOH BIOSCIENCE LLC Presented at Fall ACS 2014, San Francisco, CA

Introduction

• Surfactants are frequently found in pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical drug applications as well as common household products.

• Surfactants can be polar, non-polar, or amphoteric. • This structural diversity of the surfactants and complexity of the sample matrix

can make the separation and identification of surfactants by HPLC challenging.

• Historically, this has been achieved using Reversed Phase Chromatography supplemented with Ion Exchange Chromatography.

• When performed individually, these techniques can be used to characterize the surfactant profile.

• We have evaluated multiple reversed phase columns and a HILIC column for the separation of polar and non-polar surfactants in a single injection using 2D-LC.

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TOSOH BIOSCIENCE LLC Presented at Fall ACS 2014, San Francisco, CA

Material and Methods

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Columns: TSKgel® ODS-100Z (M0015-83M), TSKgel ODS-140HTP (P0031), TSKgel NH2-100, TSKgel NH2-100 DC Instrument: All analyses were carried out using an Agilent 1200 HPLC system run by Chemstation (ver B.04.02) Mobile phase: A: CH3CN B: 100 mmol/L ammonium acetate, pH 5.4 Gradient: as noted in chromatograms Flow rate: 1.0 mL/min (4.6 mm ID columns) 0.4 - 0.5 mL/min (2.0 mm ID columns) Detection: UV @ 280 nm, 254 nm, and 210 nm FLD λex 280 nm, λem 350 nm Temperature: 30 °C Injection vol.: 1 µL Samples: Triton™ X Triton N sodium xylenesulfonate sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate benzyl dimethyldodecyl ammonium chloride benzalkonium chloride hexadecylpyridinium chloride All samples are 1 mg/mL

TOSOH BIOSCIENCE LLC Presented at Fall ACS 2014, San Francisco, CA

Figure 1: Structures of Hydrotropic, Anionic, and Cationic Surfactants

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TOSOH BIOSCIENCE LLC Presented at Fall ACS 2014, San Francisco, CA

Figure 2: Surfactant Separation using TSKgel ODS-100Z, 5 µm, 4.6 mm ID × 15 cm Reversed Phase Column

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• The 20% carbon C18 phase yields very sharp peaks and relatively high retention of non-polar, hydrotropic surfactants.

• The highly polar sodium xylenesulfonate elutes in the void volume of the column.

TOSOH BIOSCIENCE LLC Presented at Fall ACS 2014, San Francisco, CA

Figure 3: Surfactant Separation using the TSKgel ODS-140HTP, 2.3 µm, 2.1 mm ID × 5 cm Reversed Phase Column

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• The 2.3 µm particle size and small geometry of the TSKgel ODS-140 HTP column allows for good separation of the surfactants and their impurities in under 6 minutes.

• Similar to the TSKgel ODS-100Z, the highly polar sodium xylenesulfonate elutes in the void volume of the column.

TOSOH BIOSCIENCE LLC Presented at Fall ACS 2014, San Francisco, CA

Figure 4: Surfactant Separation using the TSKgel NH2-100, 3 µm, 2.1 mm ID × 15 cm HILIC Column

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• The more polar surfactants (sodium xylenesulfonate and sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate) are well retained using the amino-functionalized TSKgel NH2-100 column in HILIC mode.

• The non-polar Triton surfactants both elute in the void under HILIC conditions. • An overall orthogonal separation relative to the TSKgel ODS-140HTP is observed with the

TSKgel NH2-100.

TOSOH BIOSCIENCE LLC Presented at Fall ACS 2014, San Francisco, CA

2D-LC Separation of Surfactants using the TSKgel ODS-140HTP and the TSKgel NH2-100 Columns

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• Combining the TSKgel ODS-140HTP and the TSKgel NH2-100 will allow for the simultaneous separation of polar and non-polar surfactants in a single run.

• The gradient slope plays a large role in the extent of reversed phase and HILIC

retention on the analytes.

TOSOH BIOSCIENCE LLC Presented at Fall ACS 2014, San Francisco, CA

Figure 5A: 2D-LC Separation of Surfactants using the TSKgel ODS-140HTP and the TSKgel NH2-100 Columns

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• The wide gradient provides strong retention of all analytes. • Peak shape and resolution are satisfactory under these conditions. • It should be noted that sodium xylenesulfonate is well retained due to the incorporation of the

TSKgel NH2-100 column.

TOSOH BIOSCIENCE LLC Presented at Fall ACS 2014, San Francisco, CA 10

• Further shallowing of the gradient increases resolution of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate impurities.

• The use of 85% CH3CN during the isocratic hold leads to a moderately later retention time of Triton N.

Figure 5B: 2D-LC Separation of Surfactants using the TSKgel ODS-140HTP and the TSKgel NH2-100 Columns

TOSOH BIOSCIENCE LLC Presented at Fall ACS 2014, San Francisco, CA

Figure 6: 2D-LC Separation of Surfactants using the TSKgel ODS-140HTP and the TSKgel NH2-100 DC Columns – Order Reversed

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• The TSKgel NH2-100 DC HILIC column allows for a direct connection to the TSKgel ODS-140HTP column, eliminating the need of additional tubing (see following slide).

• By placing the TSKgel NH2-100 DC before the TSKgel ODS-140HTP, a significant increase in retention of the highly polar sodium xylenesulfonate is observed.

• Peak widths of the non-polar Triton N and Triton X increase relative to the previous figure.

TOSOH BIOSCIENCE LLC Presented at Fall ACS 2014, San Francisco, CA

Figure 7: TSKgel NH2-100 DC HILIC Column

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• The male fitting on the outlet of the TSKgel NH2-100 DC HILIC column allows for a direct connection with any conventional HPLC column.

• This eliminates the need for additional tubing when connecting columns without producing the commonly observed drop in column efficiency due to band broadening

TOSOH BIOSCIENCE LLC Presented at Fall ACS 2014, San Francisco, CA

Figure 8: Characterization of Lysol® Disinfectant Spray using the TSKgel ODS-140HTP Reversed Phase Column

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• One of the active ingredients in Lysol Disinfectant Spray is the relatively non-polar benzyl dimethyldodecyl ammonium chloride.

• The high hydrophobic character of this surfactant does not lend itself to adequate separation by 2D methodology, therefore the use of the TSKgel ODS-140HTP column proves to be a useful tool in separating it from the other components found in Lysol.

TOSOH BIOSCIENCE LLC Presented at Fall ACS 2014, San Francisco, CA

Figure 9: Characterization of Rohto® Eye Drops using the TSKgel ODS-140HTP Reversed Phase Column

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• The cationic surfactant, benzalkonium chloride is an extremely effective biocide for ophthalmic solutions at extremely low concentrations.

• As shown, separation of the highly non-polar surfactant from the active ingredient in commercial eye drops is achieved using the TSKgel ODS-140HTP column.

TOSOH BIOSCIENCE LLC Presented at Fall ACS 2014, San Francisco, CA

Figure 10: Characterization of Armor All® Wash and Wax using 2D-LC with the TSKgel ODS-140HTP and TSKgel NH2-100 Columns

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• The use of 2D-LC methodology yields great separation and retention of the 2 surfactants, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate and sodium xylenesulfonate found in Armor All Wash and Wax.

• Fluorescence detection was used to increase sensitivity of the low level surfactants present in the formulation.

TOSOH BIOSCIENCE LLC Presented at Fall ACS 2014, San Francisco, CA

Conclusions

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• The purpose of this study was to illustrate the effectiveness of 2D RP/HILIC for the separation of anionic, cationic, and hydrotropic surfactants present in common household products and OTC medicines.

• The use of the TSKgel ODS-140HTP column in series with the TSKgel NH2-100

column allows for simultaneous retention and separation of both polar and non-polar hydrotropic, nonionic, and anionic surfactants in a single injection.

• When compared to other TSKgel reversed phase columns, the TSKgel ODS-140HTP column provides a high level of separation in short run times and with minimal solvent waste.

• The TSKgel ODS-140HTP and the TSKgel NH2-100 columns yield strong

retention and good peak shape of complex surfactant mixtures found in common household products and OTC medicine without interference from matrix components in the product formulation.

• This work illustrates the effectiveness of 2D RPC-HILIC using the TSKgel ODS-140HTP and TSKgel NH2-100 columns in series for the separation of diverse surfactants in solution.