ABSTRACT This project is designed so that students can understand the technology used in the now a day’s driver less metro train which is used in most of the developed countries like Germany, France, and Japan etc. These trains are equipped with the CPU, which control the train. The train is programmed for the specific path. Every station on the path is defined; stoppage timing of the train and distance between the two stations is predefined. In this Project In this project we try to give the same prototype for this type of trains. We are using microcontroller ATMEGA 8L as CPU. The motion of the train is controlled by the Stepper Motor, for displaying message in the train we are using Intelligent LCD Display of two lines. The train is designed for three stations, named as Aligarh, Ghaziabad & New Delhi. The Stoppage time is of 3 Sec and time between two consecutive stations is 6 sec. There is a LCD display for showing various messages in the train for passengers. There are indicators, which are used to show the train direction i.e. Up path and Down path. Before stopping at station the
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Application and Implementation Examples and Concepts
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ABSTRACT
This project is designed so that students can understand the technology used in the now a
day’s driver less metro train which is used in most of the developed countries like
Germany, France, and Japan etc. These trains are equipped with the CPU, which control the
train. The train is programmed for the specific path. Every station on the path is defined;
stoppage timing of the train and distance between the two stations is predefined.
In this Project
In this project we try to give the same prototype for this type of trains. We are using
microcontroller ATMEGA 8L as CPU. The motion of the train is controlled by the Stepper
Motor, for displaying message in the train we are using Intelligent LCD Display of two
lines. The train is designed for three stations, named as Aligarh, Ghaziabad & New Delhi.
The Stoppage time is of 3 Sec and time between two consecutive stations is 6 sec. There is
a LCD display for showing various messages in the train for passengers. There are
indicators, which are used to show the train direction i.e. Up path and Down path. Before
stopping at station the train blows the buzzer. It also includes an emergency brake system
due to which the train stops as soon as the brakes are applied and resumes journey when the
emergency situation is over.
This paper describes a prototype that has been developed to demonstrate the concept of
integrated gaming and simulation for incident management. Architecture for the purpose
was developed and presented at the last conference. A hypothetical emergency incident
scenario has been developed for demonstrating the applicability of integrated simulation
and gaming. A number of simulation and gaming modules have been utilized to model the
major aspects of the hypothetical scenario. The modules demonstrate the value of utilizing
simulation for incident management applications. They can be used to highlight the value
of simulation and gaming for training applications in particular. Two of the simulation
modules have been integrated using a modified implementation of the high level
architecture to give an idea of the advantages. Technical issues in integration are identified.
LIST OF TABLES
T A B L E N O . T O P I C P A G E N O .
1.1 List of Components 4
1.2 Maximum Rating of ULN 14
4.1 Cost Analysis 45
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.
1.1 Pin Diagram of MEGA8L 5
1.2 Reset Diagram 7
1.3 Block Diagram of 8L 10
1.4 ULN 2003 13
1.5 Voltage Regulator 7805 15
1.6 12V 75~ Unipolar Stepper Motor 16
1.7 Basic Stepper Motor 18
1.8 Schematic Diagram of LCD 19
1.9 LCD Display 20
1.10 Power Supply 20
1.11 Bridge Rectifier 21
1.12 Basic Transformer 22
1.13 Diode 22
1.14 Symbol of Resistance 23
1.15 Carbon Film Resistance 24
1.16 Capacitor 26
1.17 Symbol of Capacitor 26
1.18 Capacitor & Battery Connection 27
1.19 LED & LED Symbol 27
1.20 Detailed Diagram of LED 28
1.21 Buzzer 28
3.1 Block Diagram 43
3.2 Circuit Diagram 44
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
Certificate
Acknowledgement
Abstract
List of Tables
List of Figures
Chapter 1
• Introduction
Chapter 2
• Literature Review
Chapter 3
1-29
30-37
• PCB Designing 3 8-40
• Working 41-42
• Block Diagram 43
• Circuit Diagram 44
Chapter 4
45• Cost Analysis
• Problem Faced & Troubleshooting 46
Chapter 5
47• Conclusion
• Future Scope 47
REFERENCES 48-49
APPENDIX
50-58• Program Coding• Datasheets 59-77
MAJOR PROJECT: METRO TRAIN PROTOTYPE 1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION & COMPONENTS
INTRODUCTION
This project is designed so that students can understand the technology used in the now
a day’s driver less metro train which is used in most of the developed countries like
Germany, France, and Japan etc. These trains are equipped with the CPU, which control
the train. The train is programmed for the specific path. Every station on the path is
defined; stoppage timing of the train and distance between the two stations is
predefined. This is very wonderful project to control the working of the train without
driver. These train are equipped with the CPU which control the train.
1. ATMEGA 8L Microcontroller
2. ULN 2003
3. Stepper motor
4. LCD
In this project we try to give the same prototype for this type of trains. We are using ATMEL
microcontroller ATMEGA 8L to control all the function as CPU. Microcontroller controls the
rotation of motor. First the motor is controlled and name of each station is displayed over LCD
and accordingly the different delay for each station is provided. So this project works for metro
train without driver. The motion of the train is controlled by the Stepper Motor, for displaying
message in the train we are using Intelligent LCD Display of two lines. The train is designed for
three stations, named as New Delhi, Noida, and Greater Noida. The Stoppage time is of 3 Sec and
time between two consecutive stations is 6 sec. There is a LCD display for showing various
messages in the train for passengers. There are indicators, which are used to show the train
direction i.e. UP path and down path. Before stopping at station the train blows the buzzer. It also
includes an emergency brake system due to which the train stops as soon as the brakes are applied
and resumes journey when the emergency situation is over.
APPLICATION AND IMPLEMENTATION EXAMPLES AND CONCEPTS
In this section are some examples of implementations discussed with some details. The
basic system is invariant, the different application variants.
COLLISION AND FLANK PROTECTION
The basic concept is the collision detection of two trains: both trains determine their position
and movement vector using GNSS. This information is transmitted together with some other
information like type of mission and train number by mobile radio to the trains in the area
around.
Each receiver compares his own position and vector with all received vectors. As soon as a
collision in the four-dimensional space (time and three space dimensions) has been
identified a specific reaction is triggered. Depending of the parameters like remaining
distance, time to collision and the speed the reaction is selected beginning from different
types of warning up to an automatic braking.
TRACK WORK PROTECTION
Track work protection can be performed in several aspects by RCAS: the construction track
itself can be transmitted as blocked track and – using the same telegram – the neighbouring
track can be transmitted as area with reduced allowed speed. In the opposite direction the
working gang can be warned against an approaching train.
LEVEL CROSSINGS (LX)
A significant number of collisions are happening with road vehicles on level crossings with
half-barriers. One application of RCAS is the supervision of the danger zone of the level
crossing with magnetic detection, RADAR, Video or similar technologies. Instead of the
movement vector is he occupation status of the danger zone the criterion which is
transmitted.
• LX secured and danger zone free => proceed
• LX secured and danger zone occupied by moving object => Warning
• LX secured and standing object in the danger zone => Danger
• LX not correctly secured
The application of RCAS for level crossings uses the detected status of the road vehicle
passing the rails and informs the driver of the train. The detected and transmitted obstacle
information triggers a warning or removers the warning if the road vehicle leaves the danger
zone.
W H A T I S E M B E D D E D T E C H N O L O G Y
Embedded technology is software or hardware that is hidden embedded in a large
device or system. It typically refers to a fixed function device, as compared with a PC,
which runs general purpose application. Embedded technology is nothing new. It all
around us and has been for years. An early example of embedded technology is the
engine control unit in a car, which measures what setting to give the engine. Your
coffee maker has embedded technology in the form of a microcontroller, which is what
tells it to make the coffee at 6 a.m. the vending machine has it too. Overall, billions of
devices woven into everyday life use embedded technology.
In the past embedded technology existed in standalone device vending machines and
copiers that did their jobs with little regard for what went on around them,. But as
technology has learned to connect device to the internet and to each other, embedded
technology potential has grown. Suddenly it is and what actions those connections let
them perform. Cell phone companies figured that out a long time ago, which is why
cell phones are cheap and the service, plans are expensive. It is not the phone itself that
matters, but the connectivity to a vast network of other phones, other people and the
internet. Until you download software that lets you find a local restaurant or mange
your finances. Let say you make freezers the big, expensive kind that grocery stores
buy. You sell ne and you are done with that customer. When it brakes the customer
calls a service person, who probably comes from somewhere other than your company.
But let us say that freezer knows that it is about to go on the fritz. Let say three
refrigerator alerts the customer before it breaks. Better yet, let us say the freezer alerts
the manufacturer and you are able to send a service person to do preventative work and
save a lot of haagen- dazs from melting. Embedded technology allows all of that to
happen. You, the freezer company have transformed yourself from a product company
to product and services company. The possibilities go beyond that programming device
to communicate with businesses can eliminate the need for costly call centers. Copy
machines that can order their own replacement cartridges will save businesses time and
money. Remember, the fact the technology is embedded is not what important, and
neither is the device.
Telecom
Mobile phone systems (handsets and base stations), modems, routers
Automotive application
Braking system, Traction control, Airbag release system, Management units, and
Steer-by-wire systems.
Domestic application
Dishwasher, television, washing machines, microwave ovens, Video recorders,
Security system, Garage door controllers, Calculators, Digital watches, VCRs, Digital
cameras, Remote Controls, Treadmills
Robotic
Fire fighting robot, Automatic floor cleaner, robotic arm
Aerospace application
Flight control system, Engine controllers, Autopilots, Passenger entertainment system
Medical equipment
Anesthesia monitoring system, ECG monitors, Pacemakers, Drug delivery systems,
MRI scanners
Defense system
Radar systems, Fighter aircraft flight control system, Radio system, Missile guidance
Test the result with the integrated simulator(with additional
hardware you can simulate the hardware too).
Program the chip with one of the integrated programmers like the
STK200+.
The program can be written in a comfortable MDI color coded editor.
Besides the normal editing features, the editor supports Undo, Redo,
Bookmarks and block indention.
The simulator let you test your program before writing it to the
microprocessor.
You can watch variables, step through the program one line at the time or run to a
specific line,
or you can alter variables.
To watch a variables value you can also point the mouse cursor over it.
uP TAB of simulator
A powerful feature is the hardware emulator, to emulate the LCD display, and the ports.
The LCD emulator also emulates custom build LCD characters!
You can even simulate the hardware ports with the special bascom monitor
program!
When you are done with the simulator it is time to program the chip using one of the supported
programmer like the STK200+ or STK300.
Description SKU
#PriceBASCOM-AVR BSCAVR $69
BASCOM-AVR cross upgrade for BASCOM users. Serial
number required.BSCAVRB $49
Availability
BASCOM-AVR is available NOW.
BASCOM-LT and BASCOM-8051 users can order the cross upgrade BSCABRB.
Your serial number is required for this.
What should be mentioned
BASCOM-AVR is a conversion from BASCOM-8051. Although it works pretty good
now there are a few things that needs work:
Not all code is optimized yet. There is no ASM output yet. ASM outputs needs lots of
documentation to be useful for the end user. A high priority is given to finish these
features.
In the power supply we use step down transformer. We apply 220V AC on the primary
of step down transformer. This transformer step down this voltages to 6V AC. We Give
6V AC to rectifier circuit, which convert it to 5V DC.
8) DIODE
The diode is a p-n junction device. Diode is the component used to control the flow of
the current in any one direction. The diode widely works in forward bias.
Figure No. 1.13: Diode
When the current flows from the P to N direction. Then it is in forward bias. The Zener
diode is used in reverse bias function i.e. N to P direction. Visually the identification of
the diode`s terminal can be done by identifying he silver/black line. The silver/black
line is the negative terminal (cathode) and the other terminal is the positive terminal
(cathode).
APPLICATION
· Diodes: Rectification, free-wheeling, etc
· Zener diode: Voltage control, regulator etc.
· Tunnel diode: Control the current flow, snobbier circuit, etc
The flow of charge through any material encounters an opposing force similar in many respects
to mechanical friction .this opposing force is called resistance of the material .in some electric
circuit resistance is deliberately introduced in form of resistor. Resistor used fall in three
categories , only two of which are color coded which are metal film and carbon film resistor .the
third category is the wire wound type ,where value are generally printed on the vitreous paint
finish of the component. Resistors are in ohms and are represented in Greek letter omega, looks
as an upturned horseshoe. Most electronic circuit require resistors to make them work properly
and it is obliviously important to find out something about the different types of resistors
available. Resistance is measured in ohms, the symbol for ohm is an omega ohm.
1 ohm is quite small for electronics so resistances are often given in kohm and Mohm.
Resistors used in electronics can have resistances as low as 0.1 ohm or as high as 10 Mohm.
Figure No. 1.14: Symbol of Resistance
FUNCTION
Resistor restrict the flow of electric current, for example a resistor is placed in series
with a light-emitting diode(LED) to limit the current passing through the LED.
TYPES OF RESISTORS
FIXED VALUE RESISTORS
It includes two types of resistors as carbon film and metal film .These two types are
explained under
During manufacture, at in film of carbon is deposited onto a small ceramic rod. The resistive
coating is spiraled away in an automatic machine until the resistance between there two ends of
the rods is as close as possible to the correct value. Metal leads and end caps are added, the
resistors is covered with an insulating coating and finally painted with colored bands to indicate
the resistor value
Figure No. 1.15: Carbon Film Resistors
Another example for a Carbon 22000 Ohms or 22 Kilo-Ohms also known as 22K at 5%
tolerance:
Band 1 = Red, 1st digit
Band 2 = Red, 2nd digit
Band 3 = Orange, 3rd digit, multiply with zeros, in this case 3 zero's
Band 4 = Gold, Tolerance, 5%
3. METAL FILM RESISTORS
Metal film and metal oxides resistors
are made in a similar way, but can
be made more accurately to within
±2% or ±1% of their nominal vale
there are some difference in
performance between these resistor
types, but none which affects their use
in simple circuit.
A wire wound resistor is made of metal resistance wire, and because of this, they can be
manufactured to precise values. Also, high wattage resistors can be made by using a thick wire
material. Wire wound resistors cannot be used for high frequency circuits. Coils are used in high
frequency circuit. Wire wound resistors in a ceramic case, strengthened with special cement.
They have very high power rating, from 1 or 2 watts to dozens of watts. These resistors can
become extremely hot when used for high power application, and this must be taken into
account when designing the circuit.
TESTING
Resistors are checked with an ohm meter/millimeter. For a defective resistor the ohm-meter
shows infinite high reading.
10) CAPACITORS
In a way, a capacitor is a little like a battery. Although they work in completely
different ways, capacitors and batteries both store electrical energy. If you have read
How Batteries Work, then you know that a battery has two terminals. Inside the
battery, chemical reactions produce electrons on one terminal and absorb electrons at
the other terminal.
Figure No. 1.16: Capacitor
Like a battery, a capacitor has two terminals. Inside the capacitor, the terminals connect
to two metal plates separated by a dielectric. The dielectric can be air, paper, plastic or
anything else that does not conduct electricity and keeps the plates from touching each
other. You can easily make a capacitor from two pieces of aluminum foil and a piece of
paper. It won't be a particularly good capacitor in terms of its storage capacity, but it
will work. In an electronic circuit, a capacitor is shown like this:
Figure No. 1.17: Symbol of Capacitor
When you connect a capacitor to a battery, here’s what happens:
· The plate on the capacitor that attaches to the negative terminal of the battery
accepts electrons that the battery is producing.
· The plate on the capacitor that attaches to the positive terminal of the battery
loses electrons to the battery.
Figure No. 1.18: Capacitor & Battery Connection
To test the capacitors, either analog meters or special digital meters with the specified function
are used. The non-electrolyte capacitor can be tested by using the digital meter.
Multi – meter mode
Positive probe
Negative probe
Display
Result
Continuity
One end
: Second end
`0`(beep sound occur) `OL`
Faulty OK
1 1 ) L E D
LED falls within the family of P-N junction devices. The light emitting diode (LED) is
a diode that will give off visible light when it is energized. In any forward biased P-N
junction there is, with in the structure and primarily close to the junction, a
recombination of hole and electrons. This recombination requires that the energy
possessed by the unbound free electron be transferred to another state. The process of
giving off light by applying an electrical source is called electroluminescence.
Figure No. 1.19: LED & LED Symbol
LED is a component used for indication. All the functions being carried out are
displayed by led .The LED is diode which glows when the current is being flown
through it in forward bias condition. The LEDs are available in the round shell and also
in the flat shells. The positive leg is longer than negative leg.
28
Figure No. 1.20: Detailed Diagram of LED
B U Z Z E R
Buzzer is a device used for beep signal. This will help us to make understand
information or message. A buzzer is usually electronic device used in automobiles,
household applications etc.
Figure No. 1.21: Buzzer
It mostly consists of switches or sensors connected to a control unit that determines if
and which button was pushed or a preset time has lapsed, and usually illuminates a
light on appropriate button or control panel, and sounds a warning in the form of a
continuous or intermittent buzzing or beeping sound. Initially this device was based on
an electromechanical system which was identical to an electrical bell without the
metal gong. Often these units were anchored to a wall or ceiling and used
the ceiling or wall as a sounding board. Another implementation with some
AC-connected devices was to implement a circuit to make the AC current
into a noise loud enough to derive a loudspeaker and hook this circuit to a
cheap 8-ohm speaker.
These buzzers do not make a sound or turn on a light, they stop a nearby digital clock, briefly fire two smoke cannons on each side of the stage exit and open the exit. However, at the end of the Heartbreaker in Viking, the buzzer is replaced with a sword that, when removed, causes two contacts to touch, closing the circuit and causing the latter two actions above to occu
EMBEDDED IN EMBEDDED
Intel and the licensees soon realized that 8051 is a nice core that can be
embedded in various ASIC chips to perform setup and control tasks.
Typically, the resources of the ASIC are mapped as external data memory,
as if the ASIC would be connected to a conventional 8051 chip. This
approach allows to use an unmodified core, which speeds up the chip
development and decreases the chance for error; also the ASIC could be
breadboard-prototyped in this form easily.
As an example, Intel produced 80C5 1 SL, a descendant of 8042. Philips
has a line of 8051-based teletext controllers. In a particular USB
webcamera, the chip interfacing the CCD and USB was controlled by an
embedded 8051. There are probably much more examples around, but most
of them never get public. In spite of this, the 8051 in this form is produced
probably in much higher volumes than as general-purpose
microcontrollers.
EXTRAS
Besides application-specific, also general purpose derivatives have been
introduced by Intel and the licensees, with enhanced features and increased
code and data memories. In contrast with the ASICs mentioned above,
these chips tend to implement the extra features in the core itself, accessed
usually via extra SFRs. This
allows faster code as SFRs are accessed by all the instructions using direct
addressing (mov, logic), and some of them by the bit-manipulation
instructions, too.
One of the first such derivative by Intel was the 80C51FA, which
introduced the programmable counter array (PCA) (and was a 8052
otherwise). It was intended for automotive applications (brake control).
Soon, FB and FC continued, with more and more code memory.
80C51RA/RB/RC followed, with added "internal external" data memory.
These were the basis for the today's 89C51RD2 "sub-family", produced by
Philips, Atmel (as ex-Temic), SST and Winbond.
FAT BOYS: 16-BIT EXTENSIONS
When the 8051 was accepted widely enough, some of the applications
started to grow and soon required more power than the 8051 even with
enhancements could provide. There were 16-bit microcontrollers around
(e.g. Intel had it's 80C 196 line), but it seemed a good idea to provide a
more natural migration path by creating a 16-bit version of 8051.
Intel addressed the problem by introducing 80C25 1. It went all the way to
achieve compatibility - it was able to run 8051 binary code (being able to
switch to native 16-bit 251-mode) and had a package pin-compatible with
8051. It was not a big success, most probably for bad market timing
(although it is second sourced by Temic/Atmel).
Philips on the other hand employed source-compatibility for its XA family,
which seems to be adequate for most of the applications, where legacy
code has to be maintained or parallel development with 8051 is needed; and
poses little constraint on the chip design itself.
All in all, the 16-bit versions of 8051 gained far less popularity than the
8051 and are less widespread.
In the 90s, Atmel introduced a derivative of 8051 with Flash code memory,
enabling fast erasure and reprogramming. It enabled to use the production-
grade chip in development, and enabled the chips used in the product to be
reprogrammed when upgrade or a bugfix was needed, cutting down costs.
It brought down the 8051 to the masses - the small "garage" companies and
hobbyists. Besides that, Atmel introduced also 89C2051 with decreased pin
count (and price).This was a smart move, the chip proved to be extremely
popular in many small applications.
Today, virtually all manufacturers produce 8051 derivatives with Flash, most
of them able to be programmed via some few-pin serial interface (called in-
situ programming (ISP), SPI-style or UART-style) and the higher-end
versions also able to reprogram themselves (in-application programming,
IAP). MaskROM and EPROM - windowed or OTP - seems to become
extinct, at least in the mainstream applications.
NEED FOR SPEED
The need for higher processing power, addressed unsuccessfully by the 16-
bit versions, has been solved by introducing the high speed derivatives of
8051. The original 12-clock instruction cycle scheme is obviously
inefficient and also the technology progressed enough to achieve higher
clock rates than the original 12MHz.
The first derivative addressing this in a radical way is the now legendary
Dallas DS80C320. It featured a 4-clocker core with incompatible timing,
and could be clocked as high as 33MHz. Unfortunately, it was produced as
ROMless only.
The following step was taken by Cygnal, where a single-clock core has
been developed. In the top-range models, the clocking is as high as
100MHz, being the fastest 805 1s around.
Today, there are many 8051 derivatives with sped-up cores available. They
can be divided into two groups: the 6-clockers (e.g. the 8xC51RD2) and 2-
clockers (Philips LPC9xx) have the same number of instruction cycle per
instruction as the original; while the 4-clockers and singleclockers are
incompatible in this way, requiring recalculation of timing loops if used.
W H E R E I S I T G O I N G ?
The 8051 is a sound mcu core with rich history. However, it seems that it is
already over its peak, although it might take quite a lot of time until it will
be completely replaced by most modern microcontrollers.
So we now have superfast 8051 derivatives with loads of internal FLASH
and RAM. ISP and IAP seems to be the standard these days. There are the
805 1s built around advanced analog circuits, mainly high resolution ADC.
There are derivatives suitable for extreme applications – high temperature,
radiation hardened. There are softcores around, tuned up, and even open
source.
There is a wealth of knowledge and experience, however, it is scattered around and the newbies tend to get the easier path - competing 8-bit microcontrollers usually do have a single-stop information resource site, so this knowledge and experience seems to die out as the "old boys" retire gradually. The price difference between the high-end 8-bitters and the much more powerful low-end 32-bit RISCs (such as the ARMs) seems to decrease rapidly and will change eventually, as the 32-bitters are becoming the standard in all but the least demanding applications. So there is perhaps still a need for the 805 1s, but this need is decreasing and 805 1s life cycle is slowly approaching its end
P.C.B. DESIGNING & WORKING
1) P.C.B. DESIGNING
P.C .B . LAYOUT
The entire circuit can be easily assembled on a general purpose P.C.B.
board respectively. Layout of desired diagram and preparation is first and
most important operation in any printed circuit board manufacturing
process. First of all layout of component side is to be made in accordance
with available components dimensions.
The following points are to be observed while forming the layout of P.C.B.
1. Between two components, sufficient space should be maintained.
2. High voltage/max dissipated components should be mounted
at sufficient distance from semiconductor and electrolytic
capacitors.
3. The most important points are that the components layout is
making proper compromise with copper side circuit layout.
Printed circuit board (P.C.B.s) is used to avoid most of all the
disadvantages of conventional breadboard. These also avoid the use of thin
wires for connecting the components; they are small in size and efficient in
performance.
PREPARING CIRCUIT LAYOUT
First of all the actual size circuit layout is to be drawn on the copper side of
the copper clad board. Then enamel paint is applied on the tracks of
connection with the help of a shade brush. We have to apply the paints
surrounding the point at which the connection is to be made. It avoids the
disconnection between the leg of the component and circuit track. After
completion of painting work, it is allowed to dry.
After completion of painting work, holes 1/23inch(1mm) diameter are
drilled at desired points where we have to fix the components.
ETCHING
The removal of excess of copper on the plate apart from the printed circuit
is known as etching. From this process the copper clad board wit printed
circuit is placed in the solution of FeCl with 3-4 drops of HCL in it and is
kept so for about 10 to 15 minutes and is taken out when all the excess
copper is removed from the P.C.B.
After etching, the P.C.B. is kept in clean water for about half an hour in
order to get P.C.B. away from acidic, field, which may cause poor
performance of the circuit. After the P.C.B. has been thoroughly washed,
paint is removed by soft piece of cloth dipped I thinner or turbine. Then
P.C.B. is checked as per the layout, now the P.C.B. is ready for use.
SOLDERING
Soldering is the process of joining two metallic conductor the joint where
two metal conductors are to be join or fused is heated with a device called
soldering iron and then as allow of tin and lead called solder is applied
which melts and converse the joint. The solder cools and solidifies quickly
to ensure is good and durable connection between the jointed metal
converting the joint solder also present oxidation.
SOLDERING AND DESOLDERING TECHIQUES:
These are basically two soldering techniques.
· Manual soldering with iron.
· Mass soldering.
The surface to be soldered must be cleaned & fluxed. The soldering iron
switched on and bellowed to attain soldering temperature. The solder in
form of wire is allied hear the component to be soldered and heated with
iron. The surface to be soldered is filled, iron is removed and joint is cold
without disturbing.
SOLDER JOINT ARE SUPPOSED TO
1. Provide permanent low resistance path.
2. Make a robust mechanical link between P.C.B. and leads of components.
3. Allow heat flow between component, joining elements and P.C.B.
4. Retain adequate strength with temperature variation.
The following precaution should be taken while soldering:
1. Use always an iron plated copper core tip for soldering iron.
2. Slightly for the tip with a cut file when it is cold.
3. Use a wet sponge to wipe out dirt from the tip before soldering
instead of asking the iron.
4. Tighten the tip screw if necessary before iron is connected to power supply.
5. Clean component lead and copper pad before soldering.
6. Apply solder between component leads, P.C.B. pattern and tip of soldering iron.
7. Iron should be kept in contact with the joint for 2-3 seconds only
instead of keeping for very long or very small time.
Use optimum quantity of solder
WORKING
METRO TRAIN PROTOTYPE is a microcontroller based device.
It is used in driverless metro train, which is used in most of
developed countries. These trains are equipped with CPU, which
control the chain. The train is programmed for the specific path.
Every station on the path is defined; stoppage timing of the train
and distance between the two stations is predefined.
Basically it has four parts
1. POWER SUPPLY
2. ATMEGA 8L IC
3. DISPLAY UNIT
4. STEPPER MOTOR
The 230 AC supply is converted into 9 volts by the power
supply section in which 4 . Elements are used.
1. TRANSFORMER
2. 7805 REGULATOR
3. DIODES 4007 (in bridge shape)
4. CAPACITOR OF 100 MICRO FARADS & 470 MICRO FARAD
The 230 volts is attenuated by 9 volts by transformer. Then it is
rectified by the bridge rectifier made up of diodes. Then the 9 v is
regulated by 7805. 1000 micro farad capacitor is used to filter the
DC voltage. The LED attaches to check the correctness of power
supply. In this project we try to give the same prototype for this
type of trains. We are using microcontroller ATMEGA 8L as
CPU. The motion of the train is controlled by the Stepper Motor,
for displaying message in the train we are using Intelligent LCD
Display of two lines. The train is designed for three stations,
named as Aligarh, Ghaziabad and New Delhi. The stoppage time
is of 3 Sec and time between two consecutive stations is 6 Sec.
There is a LCD display for showing
PROBLEM FACED
· First problem that was in making the circuit of METRO TRAIN PROTOTYPE that,
it is difficult to match time with rotation of stepper motor & LCD.
· Second problem is faced due to redundancy in handling the rotation of
STEPPER MOTOR
· We have to take extra care while soldering 2 line LCD
· During soldering, many of the connection become short cktd. So we desolder
the connection and did soldering again.
· A leg of the crystal oscillator was broken during mounting. So it has to be
replaced.
· LED`s get damaged when we switched ON the supply so we replace it by the
new one.
TROUBLESHOOT
· Care should be taken while soldering. There should be no shorting of joints.
· Proper power supply should maintain.
· Project should be handled with care since IC are delicate
· Component change and check again circuit
CONCULSION
AREA OF APPLICATIONS
The theme of the project when merged with certain established
technologies can be quite effective in number of countries like Germany,
France & Japan etc. which control the train . The project when used with
an improved sensitivity. The train is programmed for the specific path.
Every station on the path is defined; stoppage timing of the train & distance
between the two stations is predefined.
The circuit diagram is shown in the figure. Here LCD display is connected
with the P1 of the MC. Control lines are connected with port 3 of the
microcontroller. The contrast of the LCD is controlled by 10K variable
resistor.
Unipolar Stepper motor is used for running of the train. This motor has 5
wires, which are named as A1, B1, B2, and COM. Common line is given at
+5V. The other lines can be connected with port 2 of microcontroller. The
stepper motor is derived by the ULN 2003 chip. This Chip includes
Darlington pairs, so that motor can get enough current to for its running.
This chip required pull ups at inputs.
FUTURE SCOPE
This Project is useful in dveloping conturies & this project has a bright
future as it is being used in countries like Germany, France & Japan. This
project helps us to control train without a driver and the stations are shown
on the LCD so the passenger doesn’t has any difficulty. This project will
lead to increase in technological trends & this will help the people in many