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Applica’ons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics PHYS‐4150 Lecture Sept. 11‐13, 2012.
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Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics · Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics PHYS‐4150 Lecture Sept. 11‐13, 2012.

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Page 1: Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics · Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics PHYS‐4150 Lecture Sept. 11‐13, 2012.

Applica'ons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics 

PHYS‐4150 Lecture Sept. 11‐13,  2012. 

Page 2: Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics · Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics PHYS‐4150 Lecture Sept. 11‐13, 2012.

 Space, Astro, etc. ‐‐‐ what’s the 

difference?  •  Space Physics:  

– Heliosphere: Earth’s magnetosphere, solar wind  – Direct in‐situ inves'ga'on by spacecraN  

•  Astronomy and Astrophysics: – Universe beyond the Solar System – Remote observa'ons only (telescopes) 

•  Solar Physics:  – Solar corona, solar dynamo – Not‐so remote observa'ons…  

 

Page 3: Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics · Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics PHYS‐4150 Lecture Sept. 11‐13, 2012.

 Space, Astro, etc. ‐‐‐ what’s the 

difference?  •  Space Physics:  

– American Geophysical Union (AGU) Mee'ngs –  Journal Geophys. Res. (JGR); Geophys. Res. LeY.(GRL) 

•  Astronomy and Astrophysics: – American Astronomical Society (AAS) Mee'ngs – Astrophys. Journal (ApJ); Mon. Not. Roy. Ast. Soc. (MNRAS) 

•  Solar Physics:  – Solar Physics Div. (SPD) of AAS ‐‐‐ rota'ng mee'ngs – Solar Physics, ApJ 

Page 4: Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics · Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics PHYS‐4150 Lecture Sept. 11‐13, 2012.

THE SUN 

Page 5: Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics · Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics PHYS‐4150 Lecture Sept. 11‐13, 2012.

The Sun in Op'cal Light 

Page 6: Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics · Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics PHYS‐4150 Lecture Sept. 11‐13, 2012.

The Sun in UV and X‐rays 

EUV   X‐rays 

Page 7: Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics · Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics PHYS‐4150 Lecture Sept. 11‐13, 2012.

Structure of the Sun 

Page 8: Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics · Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics PHYS‐4150 Lecture Sept. 11‐13, 2012.

Major Puzzles in Solar Physics 

•  Solar Interior: – Differen'al Rota'on – Solar dynamo and the 22‐year sunspot cycle 

•  Solar Corona: – Coronal Hea'ng – Solar Flares  – Coronal Mass Ejec'ons (CMEs) 

Page 9: Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics · Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics PHYS‐4150 Lecture Sept. 11‐13, 2012.

Differen'al Rota'on 

•  Polar regions rotate slower than equatorial  

Page 10: Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics · Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics PHYS‐4150 Lecture Sept. 11‐13, 2012.

The 11 year sunspot cycle 

Page 11: Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics · Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics PHYS‐4150 Lecture Sept. 11‐13, 2012.

The 11‐year solar ac'vity cycle 

NASA/ESA SOHO  

Page 12: Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics · Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics PHYS‐4150 Lecture Sept. 11‐13, 2012.

Solar MHD Dynamo 

•  Origin of Sun’s magne'c field (E. Parker 1950s) •  Large‐scale magne'c field reverses every 11 years 

Page 13: Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics · Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics PHYS‐4150 Lecture Sept. 11‐13, 2012.

Solar Corona 

Solar Corona during full solar eclipse 

Page 14: Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics · Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics PHYS‐4150 Lecture Sept. 11‐13, 2012.

Solar Coronal Hea'ng 

•  Solar photosphere: T = 5700 K •  Solar corona:   T = 2 mln K 

Page 15: Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics · Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics PHYS‐4150 Lecture Sept. 11‐13, 2012.

The Magne'c Corona 

•  Photosphere: T = 5700 K    Pgas >> Pmagn •  Corona:  T = 2 mln K       Pgas << Pmagn 

Page 16: Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics · Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics PHYS‐4150 Lecture Sept. 11‐13, 2012.

Solar Flares 

•  Most energe'c events in the Solar System: – 1025 J released in 15 min 

NASA TRACE 

Page 17: Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics · Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics PHYS‐4150 Lecture Sept. 11‐13, 2012.

Solar Flares and Magne'c Reconnec'on 

•  Solar Flares are powered by Magne3c Reconnec3on ‐‐‐  sudden rapid rearrangement of magne'c field accompanied by a release (dissipa'on) of magne'c energy.  

Page 18: Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics · Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics PHYS‐4150 Lecture Sept. 11‐13, 2012.

Solar Flares and Magne'c Reconnec'on 

Page 19: Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics · Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics PHYS‐4150 Lecture Sept. 11‐13, 2012.

Solar Flares and Magne'c Reconnec'on 

Page 20: Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics · Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics PHYS‐4150 Lecture Sept. 11‐13, 2012.

Coronal Mass Ejec'ons 

Page 21: Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics · Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics PHYS‐4150 Lecture Sept. 11‐13, 2012.

Coronal Mass Ejec'ons 

Page 22: Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics · Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics PHYS‐4150 Lecture Sept. 11‐13, 2012.

Space/Heliospheric Physics 

Page 23: Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics · Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics PHYS‐4150 Lecture Sept. 11‐13, 2012.

Solar Wind •  Predicted by Gene Parker in 1958 

•  Plasma streaming outward from Sun 

•  Natural laboratory for MHD turbulence 

•  Wind hea'ng poorly understood 

Page 24: Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics · Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics PHYS‐4150 Lecture Sept. 11‐13, 2012.

Sun‐Earth Connec'on 

Page 25: Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics · Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics PHYS‐4150 Lecture Sept. 11‐13, 2012.

Earth Magnetosphere 

Page 26: Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics · Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics PHYS‐4150 Lecture Sept. 11‐13, 2012.

Earth Magnetosphere 

Page 27: Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics · Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics PHYS‐4150 Lecture Sept. 11‐13, 2012.

Earth Magnetosphere 

Page 28: Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics · Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics PHYS‐4150 Lecture Sept. 11‐13, 2012.

Reconnec'on in Magnetosphere 

Page 29: Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics · Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics PHYS‐4150 Lecture Sept. 11‐13, 2012.

Reconnec'on in Magnetosphere  and Space Weather 

Page 30: Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics · Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics PHYS‐4150 Lecture Sept. 11‐13, 2012.

Earth Magnetosphere 

Page 31: Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics · Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics PHYS‐4150 Lecture Sept. 11‐13, 2012.

Consequences of Magnetospheric Reconnec'on 

•  Magne'c substorms •  Satellite and power grid disruptuons 

•  Aurora Borealis 

Page 32: Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics · Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics PHYS‐4150 Lecture Sept. 11‐13, 2012.

Heliospheric current sheet: spiraling ballerina skirt  

Page 33: Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics · Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics PHYS‐4150 Lecture Sept. 11‐13, 2012.

Heliosphere 

Page 34: Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics · Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics PHYS‐4150 Lecture Sept. 11‐13, 2012.

Plasma Astrophysics 

Page 35: Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics · Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics PHYS‐4150 Lecture Sept. 11‐13, 2012.

Astrophysical Plasmas  

•  ONen Collisionless: – non‐Maxwellian distribu'on func'ons   – Power‐law tails ‐‐‐ energe'c par'cles  

     (including rela'vis'c ‐‐‐ cosmic rays) 

•  ONen turbulent  •  Radia've processes oNen important 

Page 36: Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics · Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics PHYS‐4150 Lecture Sept. 11‐13, 2012.

Interstellar Medium (ISM) 

Neutral Atomic Hydrogen (21 cm)  

Page 37: Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics · Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics PHYS‐4150 Lecture Sept. 11‐13, 2012.

Interstellar Medium (ISM) •  Magne'zed •  Turbulent •  Filled with Cosmic Rays  •  Permeated by starlight and CMB    n kBT ~ B2/2μ0 ~ ρv2 ~ PCR ~ Ucmb ~ Urad 

 •  Inhomogeneous:  –  cold dense molecular clouds (30K) – warm atomic neutral and ionized gas (104 K) –  hot ionized “coronal” plasma (106 K) 

 

Page 38: Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics · Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics PHYS‐4150 Lecture Sept. 11‐13, 2012.

Interstellar Medium (ISM) 

Page 39: Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics · Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics PHYS‐4150 Lecture Sept. 11‐13, 2012.

Star Forma'on 

Page 40: Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics · Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics PHYS‐4150 Lecture Sept. 11‐13, 2012.

Star Forma'on 

Hubble Space Telescope 

Page 41: Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics · Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics PHYS‐4150 Lecture Sept. 11‐13, 2012.

Stellar Evolu'on 

Page 42: Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics · Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics PHYS‐4150 Lecture Sept. 11‐13, 2012.

Supernova Explosions 

•  S'r interstellar turbulence  •  Accelerate cosmic rays  •  Enrich ISM with heavy elements  

Page 43: Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics · Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics PHYS‐4150 Lecture Sept. 11‐13, 2012.

Neutron Stars: pulsars 

Page 44: Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics · Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics PHYS‐4150 Lecture Sept. 11‐13, 2012.

Crab Nebula 

Page 45: Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics · Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics PHYS‐4150 Lecture Sept. 11‐13, 2012.

Accre'on Disks 

Page 46: Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics · Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics PHYS‐4150 Lecture Sept. 11‐13, 2012.

Accre'on Disks 

Page 47: Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics · Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics PHYS‐4150 Lecture Sept. 11‐13, 2012.

Accre'on Disks and Jets 

Page 48: Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics · Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics PHYS‐4150 Lecture Sept. 11‐13, 2012.

Ac've Galac'c Nuclei (AGN)  Jets and Radio Lobes 

M87 Op'cal Jet 

Cyg A Giant Radio Lobes 

Page 49: Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics · Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics PHYS‐4150 Lecture Sept. 11‐13, 2012.

Galaxy Clusters 

Page 50: Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics · Applicaons of Plasma Physics: Solar/Space/Astrophysics PHYS‐4150 Lecture Sept. 11‐13, 2012.

Galaxy Clusters