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the eercise% *roup (' !2); the co'trol supple&e'te% *roup (' !2); a'% the eercise%
supple&e'te% *roup (' !2). or !0 ees- the eercise% rats u'%ere't a protocol that
co'siste% o$ " h.%! si&&i'*- $or %.ee!; the co'trol rats %i% 'ot eercise. or !0ees- both the supple&e'te% *roups recei#e% a' oral %aily %ose o$ a co&bi'atio' o$
*lutathio'eperoi%ase- a'% *lutathio'etra's$erase i' the testes. No si*'i$ica'tcha'*es ere see' i' the 'u&ber o$ sper&ato*o'iaA $ro& the sta*e @// se&i'i$erous
epitheliu& cycle or the testicular co'te't o$ a&o'* the *roups. o%iu& sele'ite
Other roles ra'*e $ro& protectio' a*ai'st oi%atio' to %i*estio' a'% bloo% su*ar
re*ulatio'. hus i'c is classi$ie% as a' a'tioi%a't he' it $u'ctio's as a co$actor $or
superoi%e %is&utase- the e'y&e that %isar&s a particularly reacti#e $or& o$ oy*e'. /'%i*estio'- the pa'creatic protease- carboypepti%ase- reHuires i'c $or its protei'
%e*ra%i'* actio'. urther&ore- the hor&o'e i'suli' is processe% a'% paca*e% as a i'c
co&ple. i'c also ai%s the i'teractio' o$ i'suli' ith its tar*et tissues to $acilitate the
uptae o$ bloo% su*ar.
i'c supports 'or&al cell %i#isio' a'% *roth- the $u'ctio' o$ cell &e&bra'es- the
Acti#ity o$ alcohol %ehy%ro*e'ase is %epresse% i' the li#er o$ '%e$icie't la&bs (Arora
et al*+ !9?3) a'% coul% be relate% to the 'i*htbli'%'ess obser#e% i' so&e la&bs. A
postulate% ' &etalloe'y&e is a' alcohol %ehy%ro*e'ase- 'ecessary $or thei'terco'#ersio' o$ #ita&i' A alcohol (reti'ol) to #ita&i' A al%ehy%e (reti'al)- a process
esse'tial $or 'or&al #isio'.
>. eha#ior a'% Eear'i'* Ability
e#ere &ater'al ' %e$icie'cy %uri'* e&bryo*e'esis i' the rat has se#ere terato*e'ic
co'seHue'ces $or the ce'tral 'er#ous syste&. he lear'i'* abilities a'% e&otio'al
respo'si#e'ess o$ rats ere i&paire% by a %e$icie'cy i'%uce% %uri'* *estatio'- lactatio'-
or a$ter ea'i'*- e#e' he' these attributes ere assesse% a$ter a perio% o$ rehabilitatio'
Why me? My !"e ne#er had an !n"ect!on, s$rgery or any other pro%&em? ' ha#e no d!""!c$&tye(ac$&at!ng and there)s p&enty to or* !th so hy can my "r!ends, ne!gh%ors and coor*ers getpregnant and e can)t?
' hear these +$est!ons da!&y and apprec!ate the "r$strat!ons, anger and stress "e&t %y my pat!entsepress!ng these "ee&!ngs thro$gh s$ch +$est!ons- .here are many reasons hy co$p&es do notconce!#e- /n !n"ert!&!ty or*$p !&& !dent!"y some o" these- / semen ana&ys!s !&& p!c* $p a ma&e"actor !n 020 o" cases and !n more than ha&" o" these cases the ma&e has the on&y pro%&em- /nhysterosa&p!ngogram !&& &ocate t$%a& d!sease !n a%o$t 0 o" cases- /nother 0 o" omendo not o#$&ate or o#$&ate dys"$nct!ona&&y pre#ent!ng concept!on-
E#en hen a semen ana&ys!s !s norma& !t !s poss!%&e that a post co!ta& test may !dent!"y that thepro%&em !s that the sperm !s not reach!ng the egg- 't may not %e a%&e to s!m $p the cer#!ca&cana& !nto the om% and $p the t$%es here !t sho$&d norma&&y "!nd an egg to "ert!&!5e- Whenthese tests are norma& a &aparoscopy may %e per"ormed to !dent!"y the 0 o" !n"ert!&e omen!th endometr!os!s- 6oe#er, e#en hen the !n"ert!&!ty or*$p !s norma& and there !s no test that&og!ca&&y ep&a!ns the &ac* o" s$ccess !n ach!e#!ng a pregnancy an '8 proced$re may %oth
!dent!"y the ca$se as "a!&$re o" the egg to "ert!&!5e and treat !t s$ccess"$&&y %y !n(ect!ng spermm!croscop!ca&&y !nto the egg %y a proced$re ca&&ed 'ntracytop&asm!c Sperm 'n(ect!on or 'S'-
What causes male factor infertility?
.here are se#era& potent!a& ca$ses o" ma&e "actor !n"ert!&!ty- 6ormona& ca$ses can %e ca$sed%eca$se o" pro%&ems at the hypotha&am!cp!t$!tary &e#e& or at the test!c$&ar &e#e&- ;orma&&y, thehypotha&am$s reg$&ates p!t$!tary prod$ct!on o" o&&!c&e St!m$&at!ng 6ormone <S6= and>$te!n!5!ng 6ormone <>6=- S6 and >6 dr!#e the test!s to prod$ce sperm and testosterone-
e"!c!ency o" S6 or >6 can &ead to &ac* o" a%!&!ty to dr!#e the test!c$&ar prod$ct!on o" sperm andtestosterone ($st as &ac* o" gas !&& pre#ent a car "rom %e!ng a%&e to r$n- .oday, the most commonreason "or a man to ha#e S6 and >6 prod$ct!on sh$t o"" !s "rom h!s $se o" ana%o&!c stero!dss$ch as testosterone, hcg <h$man chor!on!c gonadotrop!n= and c&om!phene <c&om!d=- .hese a&&may pro#!de negat!#e "eed%ac* on the p!t$!tary t$rn!ng o"" S6 and >6 prod$ct!on- @ne can a&sosee e&e#ated testosterone sh$tt!ng don the test!s !th congen!ta& adrena& hyperp&as!a andadrena& t$mors-
P!t$!tary t$mors, !n"arct!on, s$rgery, rad!at!on and !n"!&trat!#e processes can a&so d!m!n!sh S6and >6 prod$ct!on- 'n the presence o" &o S6 and >6 !t may %e $se"$& to chec* "or e&e#atedpro&act!n &e#e&s to r$&e o$t a p!t$!tary pro&act!noma and o%ta!n an MA' to chec* "or other t$mors orp!t$!tary patho&ogy-
'so&ated de"!c!ency o" >6 and S6 can occ$r <a&&mann)s syndrome= and &ead to d!m!n!shed test!s<hypogonad!sm=- .h!s occ$rs !n 1 !n 10,000 men- >ess common de"ects are seen !n hypotha&am!cst!m$&at!on o" the p!t$!tary and are $s$a&&y assoc!ated !th other congen!ta& "!nd!ngs-
/%norma& thyro!d and g&$cocort!co!d <predn!sone= ecess can res$&t !n decreasedspermatogenes!s thro$gh e""ects on the hypotha&am$s and >6 prod$ct!on or con#ers!on o"
androgens <ma&e hormone= to estrogens-
.est!c$&ar ca$ses !nc&$de the presence o" t$mor, chromosoma& a%norma&!t!es, congen!ta& a%senceo" germ ce&&s, dr$gs and rad!at!on that are to!c to the testes, $ndescended testes and#ar!cocoe&e-
.en per cent o" ma&es !th a sperm co$nt $nder 10 m!&&!on and 0 o" men !th a5osperm!a ha#ea chromosoma& a%norma&!ty- &e!n"e&ter)s syndrome !s a genet!c d!sorder d$e to the presence o"an etra chromosome !n the ma&e- .h!s occ$rs !n 1 o$t o" 00 ma&es and !s o"ten seen !n themosa!c "orm here some ce&&s are 42 y and some are 47 y- .he testes tend to %e sma&& andthese men ha#e de&ayed se$a& mat$rat!on, a5osperm!a and gynecomast!a <en&arged ma&e%reasts=- .here has %een some s$ccess !th 'S' o" %!ops!ed !mmat$re sperm ce&&s-
Serto&!ce&& on&y syndrome or germ!na& ce&& aphas!a may ha#e se#era& ca$ses !nc&$d!ng congen!ta&a%sence o" the germ ce&&s, genet!c de"ects or androgen res!stance- .est!c$&ar %!opsy shoscomp&ete a%sence o" germ!na& e&ements- Men are a5osperm!c yet #!r!&!5e norma&&y- .estes mayha#e norma& cons!stency %$t %e s&!ght&y sma&&er !n s!5e- .estosterone and >6 &e#e&s are norma&%$t S6 !s $s$a&&y e&e#ated- Men !th test!c$&ar "a!&$re secondary to m$mps, cryptorch!d!sm orrad!at!onCchemotherapy damage ha#e sma&&er testes !th a non $n!"orm h!sto&og!c pattern- .hetestes may ha#e se#ere sc&eros!s and hya&!n!5at!on- .here !s no treatment "or th!s "orm o"a5osperm!a-
Donadoto!c dr$gs &!*e chemotherapy or rad!at!on can e""ect the germ!na& ep!the&!$m %eca$se !t !sa rap!d&y d!#!d!ng t!ss$e and !s s$scept!%&e to the !nter"erence !mposed %y these to!ns on ce&&d!#!s!on- /t rad!at!on epos$re %e&o 200 rads, germ ce&& damage !s re#ers!%&e- Aeco#eredspermatogenes!s may ta*e $p to 3 years e#en hen eposed to &o doses o" rad!at!on-E&e#ated S6 &e#e&s re"&ect the !mpa!red spermatogenes!s and ret$rn to norma& once the testesreco#er-
@rch!t!s occ$rs !n 1 o" ma&es ho contract m$mps h!ch !s $n!&atera& !n 90 o" cases-.est!c$&ar atrophy may ta*e years to de#e&op- /t &east to th!rds o" men !th %!&atera& orch!t!srema!n !n"ert!&e "or &!"e-
.ra$ma e!ther thro$gh acc!dent or tors!on o" a test!s !s a re&at!#e&y common ca$se o" s$%se+$entatrophy !th potent!a& d!m!n!shed "ert!&!ty-
Med!ca& cond!t!ons s$ch as rena& "a!&$re, c!rrhos!s o" the &!#er and s!c*&e ce&& d!sease can a&& &eadto &o testosterone &e#e&s and decreased spermatogenes!s-
.he #ar!cocoe&e !s the most common "!nd!ng !n !n"ert!&e men- 't !s the res$&t o" %ac*"&o o" %&oodd$e to !ncompetent #a&#es !n the spermat!c #e!ns- 90 occ$r on the &e"t and !s "o$nd !n 0 o"ma&es 40 o" the !n"ert!&e pop$&at!on- 0 o" men !th #ar!cocoe&es are "ert!&e- 't !s tho$ght that a#ar!cocoe&e can ca$se !n"ert!&!ty %y e&e#at!ng the temperat$re o" the test!s- 8ar!cocoe&ectom!eshoe#er are not $n!#ersa&&y he&p"$& and rema!n somehat contro#ers!a& "or many cases o"!n"ert!&!ty-
n"ort$nate&y, at &east 40 o" !n"ert!&e men ha#e !d!opath!c !n"ert!&!ty "or h!ch no ca$se may%e !dent!"!ed-
@ther ca$ses o" a5osperm!a !nc&$de congen!ta& a%sence o" the #as de"erens or o%str$ct!onsecondary to !n"ect!on or s$rgery- .hese cases may %e amena%&e to s$rg!ca& reconstr$ct!onandCor 'S' !th ep!d!dyma& asp!rat!on or test!c$&ar %!opsy to o%ta!n sperm- .hese are the most
Sperm ant!%od!es may %e a re&at!#e ca$se o" !n"ert!&!ty !n a%o$t 37 o" cases- .reatment has%een s$ccess"$& !th !ntra$ter!ne !nsem!nat!on and !th 'S'-
'n"ect!ons can a""ect sperm mot!&!ty secondary to e co&!, h&amyd!a, mycop&asma, $reap&asma andtr!chomonas- $&t$re and treatment "or asymptomat!c !n"ert!&e ma&es rema!ns contro#ers!a&-
Se$a& dys"$nct!on !s a present!ng ca$se o" ma&e !n"ert!&!ty !n a%o$t 0 o" cases- ecreasedse$a& dr!#e, erect!&e dys"$nct!on, premat$re e(ac$&at!on and "a!&$re o" !ntrom!ss!on are a&&potent!a&&y correcta%&e ca$ses o" !n"ert!&!ty-
Treatment of Male Infertility.reatment depends on d!agnos!s- 'n cases here the S6 and >6 are &o !th a norma& headMA', c&om!phene may %e o" %ene"!t- &om!phene c!trate <&om!d or Serophene= !s one o" the most!de&y $sed dr$gs !n ma&e !n"ert!&!ty- 't !s a ea* ant!estrogen that !nter"eres !th the norma&"eed%ac* o" c!rc$&at!ng estrogens and res$&ts !n an !ncrease !n DnA6 that st!m$&atesgonadotrop!n secret!on- .he res$&t!ng e&e#at!on !n >6 and S6 !ncreases !ntratest!c$&artestosterone &e#e&s and !n theory sho$&d !mpro#e spermatogenes!s- Donadotrop!n therapy may %e$sed !" c&omphene !s $ns$ccess"$& !n the "ace o" &o S6 and >6-
'" a p!t$!tary t$mor !s "o$nd, s$rgery or med!cat!ons to &oer pro&act!n may restorespermatogenes!s to norma&-
/n o%str$cted #as may %e m!cros$rg!ca&&y reconstr$cted- S$rgery may a&so %e per"ormed !n the
presence o" a #ar!cocoe&e-
'ntra$ter!ne !nsem!nat!on may !mpro#e de&!#ery o" sperm to an egg or !n the a%sence o" anysperm, art!"!c!a& !nsem!nat!on !th donor sperm !s o"ten s$ccess"$&-
'ntracytop&asm!c sperm !n(ect!on !nto the egg !n an '8 proced$re !s h!gh&y s$ccess"$& hensperm may %e o%ta!ned thro$gh the e(ac$&ate and e#en thro$gh test!c$&ar %!opsy- When norma&mat$re sperm are rare s$ch as !n test!c$&ar "a!&$re, assoc!ated !th e&e#ated S6, 'S' !s m$ch
&ess &!*e&y to res$&t !n "ert!&!5at!on and pregnancy- 'mmat$re sperm ce&&s rare&y can res$&t !n ahea&thy pregnancy-
Naturopathic Treatment
;at$ropath!c treatment "or ma&e !n"ert!&!ty "oc$ses on !mpro#!ng sperm +$ant!ty, sperm +$a&!ty, and
o#era&& ma&e reprod$ct!#e hea&th- .here ha#e %een reports that sperm co$nts ha#e "a&&en a&most0 s!nce the 1930s- /&tho$gh some d!sp$te these "!nd!ngs, !t !s genera&&y accepted that spermco$nts are dec&!n!ng- .he ca$se may %e en#!ronmenta& and d!etary and &!"esty&e changes may!nter"ere !th men)s sperm prod$ct!on- '" th!s !s so, !mpro#!ng d!et and ma*!ng hea&thy &!"esty&echo!ces sho$&d pos!t!#e&y !mpact ma&e reprod$ct!#e hea&th-
Nutrition
.he !mportance o" a hea&thy d!et cannot %e o#erstated- .o "$nct!on proper&y, the reprod$ct!#esystem re+$!res the proper #!tam!ns and m!nera&s- ;$tr!t!ona& de"!c!enc!es can !mpa!r hormone"$nct!on, !nh!%!t sperm prod$ct!on, and contr!%$te to the prod$ct!on o" a%norma& sperm
F Eat a nat$ra& "oods d!et that "oc$ses on "resh #egeta%&es, "r$!ts, ho&e gra!ns, "!sh, po$&try,&eg$mes, n$ts, and seeds-F r!n* 0 o" %ody e!ght !n o$nces o" ater da!&y <e-g-, a 10 &% man o$&d dr!n* 7 o5 o"ater=-F E&!m!nate processed and re"!ned "oods <e-g-, h!te "&o$r=, ($n* "ood, s$gars, a&coho&, andca""e!ne-F /#o!d sat$rated "ats and hydrogenated o!&s <e-g-, margar!ne= $se o&!#e o!&-F P$mp*!n seeds are nat$ra&&y h!gh !n 5!nc and essent!a& "atty ac!ds h!ch are #!ta& to hea&thy"$nct!on!ng o" the ma&e reprod$ct!#e system- Eat p$mp*!n seeds to he&p ma!nta!n a hea&thyreprod$ct!#e system-
Supplements
.he "o&&o!ng s$pp&ements may !ncrease sperm co$nt andCor mot!&!ty- /&&o 34 months "or thes$pp&ements to or*- .he "o&&o!ng !s a &!st o" s$pp&ements !th the!r s$pposed %ene"!t-
F /rg!n!ne G .a*e 4 gr da!&y- ;eeded to prod$ce sperm- '" the sperm co$nt !s %e&o 10 m!&&!on perm&, arg!n!ne pro%a%&y !&& not pro#!de any %ene"!t-F oen5yme H10 G .a*e 10 mg da!&y- May !ncrease sperm co$nt and mot!&!ty-F &aseed o!& G .a*e 1 t%sp da!&y- 's a so$rce o" essent!a& "atty ac!ds-F >carn!t!ne G .a*e 34 grams da!&y- Ae+$!red "or norma& sperm "$nct!on-F M$&t!#!tam!nm!nera& G B$y a h!gh+$a&!ty prod$ct and ta*e one ser#!ng s!5e <d!""ers "rom %randto %rand=-F Se&en!$m G .a*e 00 mcg da!&y- May !mpro#e sperm mot!&!ty-F 8!tam!n B1 G .a*e 1000 mcg da!&y- / B1 de"!c!ency red$ces sperm mot!&!ty and sperm co$nt-E#en !" no de"!c!ency e!sts, B1 s$pp&ementat!on may he&p men !th a sperm co$nt o" &ess than
0 m!&&!on per m!&&!&!ter or a mot!&!ty rate o" &ess than 0F 8!tam!n G .a*e 00 mg t!mes da!&y- 's an ant!o!dant-F 8!tam!n E G .a*e 400 's t!mes da!&y- 's an ant!o!dant and may !mpro#e sperms) a%!&!ty to!mpregnate-F I!nc G .a*e 30 mg t!mes da!&y- Ae+$!red "or a hea&thy ma&e reprod$ct!#e system and spermprod$ct!on-
6er%a& remed!es $s$a&&y do not ha#e s!de e""ects hen $sed appropr!ate&y and at s$ggesteddoses- @ccas!ona&&y, an her% at the prescr!%ed dose ca$ses stomach $pset or headache- .h!smay re"&ect the p$r!ty o" the preparat!on or added !ngred!ents, s$ch as synthet!c %!nders or "!&&ers-or th!s reason, !t !s recommended that on&y h!gh+$a&!ty prod$cts %e $sed- /s !th a&&med!cat!ons, more !s not %etter and o#erdos!ng can &ead to ser!o$s !&&ness and death-
The following herbs may be used to treat male infertility:
F D!nseng <Pana g!nseng= G non as a ma&e ton!c <an agent that !mpro#es genera& hea&th= and$sed to !ncrease testosterone &e#e&s and sperm co$nt- S!%er!an g!nseng <E&e$therococc$ssent!cos$s= may a&so %e $sed-F /straga&$s </straga&$s mem%ranace$s= G May !ncrease sperm mot!&!ty-F Sarsapar!&&a <JSm!&a spp-= G non as a ma&e <and "ema&e= ton!c-F Sa pa&metto <Serenoa repens= G sed "or o#era&& ma&e reprod$ct!#e hea&th-
F o not smo*e, or +$!t smo*!ng- .here !s an assoc!at!on %eteen smo*!ng and &o sperm co$nt,poor sperm mot!&!ty, and a%norma& sperm-F Proeed G !s a ne n$tr!t!ona& s$pp&ement that may !mpro#e sperm hea&th and "ert!&!ty rates- .he!ngred!ents !nc&$de >carn!t!ne and acety&carn!t!ne, to #!tam!n&!*e s$%stances synthes!5ednat$ra&&y %y the %ody- .hese chem!ca&s are !n#o&#ed !n ce&&$&ar meta%o&!sm and are "o$nd !nsemen at a rate that !s proport!onate to the amo$nt o" hea&thy sperm- Proeed !s p$rported to!mpro#e sperm co$nt, concentrat!on, and mot!&!ty hen ta*en ora&&y "or a%o$t months- 't !sreported that appro!mate&y 30 o" co$p&es $s!ng !t conce!#e- 't !s a#a!&a%&e !tho$t aprescr!pt!on, a&tho$gh co$p&es cons!der!ng !t sho$&d cons$&t the!r phys!c!an