Appendix Transcription of Vernacular Terms Thai consonant phonemes and vowels Thai consonant phonemes Bilabial Dental Palatal Velar Glottal Stops Voiced Unaspirated b d Voiceless Unaspirated p t c k Voiceless Aspirated ph th ch kh Spirants Voiceless Unaspirated f s Sonarants Voiced Semivowels w y Voiced Nasala m n n Voiced Lateral l Voiced Trill or Retroflex r Thai vowel phonemes Front Central Back Unrounded Rounded High i, ii, ia u, uu, ua Mid e, ee o, oo Low a, aa 211 C.M. Joll, Muslim Merit-Making in Thailand’s Far-South, Muslims in Global Societies Series 4, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-2485-3, C Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2012
25
Embed
Appendix Transcription of Vernacular Terms - Springer978-94-007-2485-3/1.pdf · 212 Appendix: Transcription of Vernacular Terms ... The call to prayer ten minutes before the appointed
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
AppendixTranscription of Vernacular Terms
Thai consonant phonemes and vowels
Thai consonant phonemes
Bilabial Dental Palatal Velar Glottal
Stops Voiced Unaspirated b dVoiceless Unaspirated p t c kVoiceless Aspirated ph th ch kh
Spirants Voiceless Unaspirated f sSonarants Voiced Semivowels w y
Voiced Nasala m n nVoiced Lateral lVoiced Trill or Retroflex r
Semivowels Voiced w yNasals Voiced m n ny ngLateral Voiced lTrill Voiced r
Pattani Malay vowel phonemes
Front Central Back
Unrounded Rounded
High i, in u, unei ou
Mid ee, en o, on
Low a, an
Abbreviations
Ar. Arabicb. binCD Compact disccf. CompareCIS College of Islamic StudiesNGO Non-governmental organizationNU Nahdlatul UlamaPal. Palipl. PluralPM. Pattani MalayPr. PersianPSTI Private school teaching IslamPSU Prince of Songkhla University, Pattani Campussg. SingularSk. SanskritSL Source languageSM. Standard MalaySyn. SynonymousTh. ThaiTL Target languageTm. TamilUr. UrduVCD Video compact disc
213
This is Blank Page Integra 214
Glossary
‘ibadat (PM.) Islamic ritual practice (syn. ama ‘ibadat (PM.))‘Aqil baligh (Ar.) Age of religious responsibility (reached upon puberty)Adat (SM.) Malay customary practiceAdhad al-gabr (Ar.) Torture in the graveAhkam (Ar.) Degrees of approval in Islamic lawAhl bida’ah (Ar.) InnovatorsAhl kubor (Ar.) The deceasedAhl sunnah (Ar.) Followers of the sunnah (example of the prophet)Ajr (Ar.) meritAkhirat (Ar.) The hereafter or afterlifeAlam al-barzakh (Ar.) The world of the grave where the dead await resurrection,
and judgmentAl-ayyam (Ar.) The voluntary fasts on the eleventh, twelfth, and thirtieth of every
monthAl-rasul (Ar.) The messenger (title for Muhammad)Ama (PM.) Islamic ritual practice (syn. ama ‘ibadat (PM.))Ama ‘ibadat (PM.) Islamic ritual practice (syn. ‘ibadat (PM.))Amphur (Th.) DistrictAmphur Muang (Th.) Municipality.Anok soleh (PM.) A righteous son or daughter (syn. anak saleh (SM.))Aqiqoh (PM.) Seventh day naming ritual for new-born babiesArwi Tamil written in a modified Arabic scriptArwoh (PM.) The soul of the deceased (syn. winyan (Th.))Asar (PM.) Afternoon prayersAshura (Ar.) The tenth day of Muharram. A voluntary fast day. Hadiths mention
the Prophet’s hope that this would cover the sins of the coming yearAzan (Ar.) The call to prayer ten minutes before the appointed time for salat (syn.
be (PM.), bang (SM.))Azima’ (PM.) Amulets used from protection from evil spiritsBaap (Th.) Sin or demerit (syn. dosa (PM.))Baht Thai Currency ($1US = 30 baht)Balasoh (PM.) Prayer room (syn. Th./PM. surau)
Bana (PM.) Town (syn. bandar)Barzanji (AR.) Oracle to the Prophet Muhammad read at Mawlid feasts (syn. zanji
(PM.))Basmalah (Ar.) The innovation Bismillah al-rahman al-rrahim “In the name of
God, the merciful, the compassionate”Batu nise kubor (PM.) GravestonesBe (PM.) Call to prayer (syn. bang (SM.), azan (Ar.))Be (PM.) Older brother (Abang (SM.))Be’woh (PM.) Religious Feast (a term more common in Narathiwat) (syn. wa’
make, wajike (PM.))Berah (PM.) Uncooked riceBerakat (PM.) Barakah (Ar.) BlessingBerijihad di Pattani (PM.) The Struggle of PataniBid’ah (Ar.) Religious practice that is not clearly sanctioned by authentic sources
or is considered an innovationBuko poso (PM.) To break a fast (syn. kae buat (Th.))Bun (Th.) Merit (syn. phonlabun (Th.), pahalo, bajike (PM.))Chularajamontri (Th.) The shaykh-al-Islam who is recognized as the spiritual
leader of the Muslims in Thailand and the royal advisor on Islamic mattersDa’wah (Ar.) Islamic ‘mission’ (literally call) to both Muslims and non-Muslims.
This functions as a synonym for the Tablighi Jama’atDapa’ pahalo (PM.) To receive meritDato’ Yutitham (Th.) Islamic judgeDaun ro’ko’ (PM.) Cigarette grass.Dek ponok (PM.) Pondok studentsDoso (PM.) Sin or demerit (syn. dosa (SM.), baap (Th.))Du’o (PM.) Prayer and petition (syn. do’a (Ar.)).Fardu (Ar.) Required or obligatory actions whose performance is meritorious and
omission is punishableFardu ‘in (Ar.) Personal religious responsibilitiesFardu khifayah (Ar.) Religious responsibilities to the communityGhusl (Ar.) The major ablution involving a full bathGula (PM.) Curry (syn. Kaeng (Th.))Hadioh pahalo (PM.) To dedicate merit to someone (syn. Th. song/phee bun, PM.
hadioh pahalo)Hadith (Ar.) Compiles traditions of the prophet Muhammad’s deeds and statements
by his companionsHaj (Ar.) Pilgrimage to MeccaHaj mabrup (Ar.) A pilgrimage resulting in all previous sins being forgivenHajah (Ar.) Female pilgrimHaji (Ar.) Male pilgrimHalal (Ar.) That which is permittedHalaqah (Ar.) Study circle
Glossary 217
Halq (Ar.) Ritual hair-shaving at the end of ihramHaram (Ar.) That which is forbidden (syn. hare (PM.))Hare (PM.) That which is forbidden (syn haram (Ar.))Hari Rayo (PM.) General term for Islamic festivals, or the three-day end of
Ramadan celebrations (syn. Hari Raya (SM.), Id’Il-Fitr (Ar.))Hari Rayo Haji (PM.) Festival of sacrifice (syn. Id’Il-Adha (Ar.))Hasanah (Ar.) Good deedsHed Rai (PM.) Disaster or calamity, though often also considered punishment (syn.
balo (PM.))Hijaz (Ar.) Eastern Peninsula Arabia, most importantly Mecca and MedinaHong thaew (Th.) Show houseI’tikaf (Ar.) The final ten days of RamadanId’il-adha (Ar.) Festival of sacrifice (syn. Hari Rayo Haji (PM))Id’il-fitr (Ar.) End of Ramadan celebrations (syn. Hari Rayo (PM.))Ifraad haj (Ar.) The haj made without umrohIftar (Ar.) The meal with which the fast is broken during RamadanIhram (Ar.) State of ritual purity while performing haj and umrohIkhalah (Ar.) Sincerity, devotion (syn. ikhalas (SM.))Ilumung (PM.) Religious knowledgeIqama (Ar.) Shortened version of the be after which salat commencesIsaan (Th.) Northeast ThailandIso (PM.) Night prayers.Isra’ (Ar.) Muhammad’s night journey to JerusalemJaba’ sale (PM.) To shake handsJahiliyya (Ar.) The pre-Islamic period of Arab religious ignoranceJai bun (Th.) A meritorious personJangwat (Th.) ProvinceJawi (PM.) Malay written in an Arabic script (syn. Yawi (Th.))Ka’ (PM.) Older sisterKae buat (Th.) To break a fast (syn. buko poso (PM.))Kaeng (Th.) CurryKampung (PM.) VillageKarachakarn (Th.) Thai civil servantsKemiye (PM.) Incense used while the corpse in being prepared for burialKenduri (SM) Ritual meal, feastKerajaan (SM) Malay KingdomKhaek (Th.) A pejorative term used by Thais to refer to Muslims, and by some Thai
Muslims in the upper southern provinces to refer to themselvesKhairat (Ar.) Alms, good worksKham chern (Th.) Call (to perform the haj) (syn. seru (PM.))Khanat Kamakarn Islam) (Th.) the Pattani Provincial Islamic Council (syn. Majlis
Agama (SM.), Maljih Ugamo (PM.))Kharo’ (PM.) Alms, good worksKhon Thai (Th.) Thai nationals or Thai BuddhistsKhon yaak jon (Th.) The poor (syn. muskin (PM.))
218 Glossary
Khong waan (Th.) Sweetskhuruj (Ur.) “Mission” trips central to the methodology of the Tablighi Jama’atKhutba (PM.) SermonKiraamun kaatibeen (Ar.) The angels that record all good and bad deeds and
intentionsKo thoot (Th.) To ask for forgiveness (syn. mito’ ma’af (PM))Korbe (PM.) Animal Sacrifice (syn. qurbani (Ar.))Kubor (PM.) GraveyardKuen prasert (Th.) The most excellent nightKusala (Sk.) MeritLamaat (Th.) Ritual prayer (syn. salat (Ar.), semaye (PM.), sembahyang (Th.))Lamaat Juma’at (Th.) Congregational prayers (on Hari Rayo, or Fridays) (syn.
lamaat wan suk (Th.))Lamaat wan suk (Th.) Friday congregational prayers (syn. lamaat Juma’at (Th.)).Laylat Al Qadr (Ar.) The night of powerLigor (PM.) Nakhon Si ThammaratLung (Th.) Uncle (syn. Pok (PM.))Madhhab (Ar.) School of Islamic jurisprudenceMahzur (Ar.) Punishable actions (c.f. Ar. Haram)Majlih Ugamo (PM.) the Pattani Provincial Islamic Council (syn. Majlis Agama
(SM.), Khanat Kamakarn Islam (Th.))Make Pulot (PM.) Social feast associated with weddings, and circumcisions which
those attending make a donation towardsMake suhoor (PM.) Eating the pre-dawn meal in RamadanMakruh (Ar.) Reprehensible actions that although are not punishable, are not
disapproved of (c.f. fardu)Mandoob (Ar.) Recommended meritorious practiceMarkaz (Ur.) Religious centreMasuk Jawi (PM.) CircumcisionMasyid (Th.) MosqueMawlid (Ar.) Celebrations on the prophet Muhammad’s birthdayMayat (PM.) Corpse (syn. sop (Th.))Mekkoh (PM.) MeccaMi’raj (Ar.) The night of ascension of the prophetMito’ ma’af (PM.) To ask for forgiveness (syn. ko thoot (Th.))Mubah (Ar.) Indifferent actions neither punishable nor meritoriousMuskin (PM.) The poor (syn. khon yaak jon (Th.))Mustahab (Ar.) Desirable meritorious practiceMuwahhidun (Ar.) Unitarians, A term preferred by the Wahhabi movementNafilah (Ar.) Voluntary meritorious action whose non-action not punishableNahdlatul Ulama (Id.) Indonesian traditionalist organization, “the awakening of
the ulama”Ngaji Kure (PM.) Studying the Qur’an (syn. rian al-kuran (Th.))Ngatek (PM.) Reciting tahlil, or tahlil, tahmid, tasbihNiat (PM.) Intention
Glossary 219
Niqab (Ar.) Full-faced veilNisfu Sha‘ban (Ar.) The middle of the month of Sha’ban by which all requirements
of the previous year’s fast has been fulfilled.Norib (PM.) Dusk prayers (syn. Maghrib (Ar.))Ore brao (PM.) “Wahhabi”Ore isle (PM.) MuslimsOre jawi (PM.) Muslims from Southeast Asia, Malays from South Thailand. (syn.
Jawah)Ore meneko (PM.) Merchants, Petty traders (syn. thawke (Th.))Ore nayu (PM.) Malays (from South Thailand)Ore siye (Th.) Thai BuddhistsOre taning (PM.) Pattani nativesPahalo (PM.) (syn. pahala (SM.) bun, phonlabun (Th.))Paya de (PM.) Payment of the fine for days of the fast of Ramadan not completedPeranakan (SM) Mixed racePhee bun (Th.) To dedicate merit to someone (syn. song bun (Th.), hadioh pahalo
(PM.))Phi (Th.) Older brother or sisterPiyo’ (PM.) Muslim skull capPok (PM.) Uncle (syn. lung (Th.))Ponok (PM.) Traditional Islamic school (Pondok (SM))Poso (PM.) Fasting (syn. puasa (SM.))Puñña (Pal.) MeritPunya (Sk.) MeritQasr (Ar.) Ritual haircutting at the end of ihramQiblat (PM.) Direction of prayer (to Mecca)Qiraan haj (Ar.) The haj performed with one ihramRai (Th.) Measure of land equivalent to 1,000 square metersRaka’at (pl.) (PM.) Units or cycles in salat (sg. raka’ah)Rasul-Allah (Ar.) A title for Muhammad, meaning the prophet of GodRaya Ne (PM.) The seventh of Shawwal on which the six day fast after Hari Rayo
is completedRian al-kuran (Th.) Studying the Qur’an (syn. ngaji kure (PM.))Riski (PM.) Provision or physical blessingRo’ko’ (PM.) CigaretteRongrian ekachon son satsana Islam (Th.) Private School Teaching IslamRukon Islam (Ar.) Pillars of IslamSagha’ir (Ar.) Venial sinsSa’I (Ar.) Walking between the hills of Safa and Marwah in Mecca seven timesSalafism Islamic puritan movement asserting the sunnah of Muhammad as the
normative guide for Islam todaySalawat (Ar.) Blessing the prophet Muhammadsanchatthian (Th.) InstinctiveSatsanakit (Th.) Religious Rituals.Saw luk (Th.) Centre post of a house (syn. thiye (PM.))
220 Glossary
Sawm (Ar.) Fasting (syn. poso (PM.), puasa (SM.), sin ot ahaan (Th.))Sedekoh (PM.) CharitySedekoh jariyah (PM.) The donation of skills, items, or money to public institution.
Considered by some to include teachingSegoro (PM.) SongkhlaSemaye (PM.) Islamic ritual prayer (sembahyang (SM.), lamaat (Th.))Semaye duho (PM.) Salat performed at about 11 amSemaye hajat (PM.) Salat performed in response to a special needSemaye ishraq (PM.) Morning prayer performed after the sun has risenSemaye juma’at (PM.) Congregational prayers (on Hari Rayo, or Fridays)Semaye mayat (PM.) Salat performed before burialsSemaye sunnat topat (PM.) Prayer for forgivenessSemaye tahajud (Ar.) Salat performed after midnight subsequent to falling to sleep
(syn. salat al-lail (Ar.))Semaye taroweh (PM.) Salat performed during the month of Ramadan after Iso
prayers, usually consisting of twenty, or eight raka’atSenenge (PM.) PeaceSeru (PM.) Call (to perform the haj) (syn. kham chern (Th.))Sewaeng bun (Th.) To go on a pilgrimage (to seek merit)Shahadah (Ar.) The first pillar of Islam declaring “There is no God but Allah and
Muhammad is his messenger”Shariah (Ar.) Islamic religious lawSong bun (Th.) To send merit to someone (syn. phee bun (Th.), hadioh pahalo
(PM.))Songkran (Th.) Thai new years celebrationSop (Th.) Corpse (syn. mayat (PM.))Suat mun (Th.) Make religious chantsSuboh (PM.) Pre-dawn prayers (syn. zuboh (SM.), fajr (Ar.))Suhoor (PM.) Pre-dawn meal in RamadanSuhur (PM.) Midday prayersSunnah (Al-Nabi) (Ar.) The practice of the prophet. These are divided into mandub
(recommended) and mustahab (desirable)Sunnat (PM.) Generic term for voluntary religious acts whose performance is
rewarded with merit.Sunnat muakkad (PM.) A practice regularly practiced by the prophet himself (syn.
Sunnah muakkadah (Ar.))Surau (PM./Th.) Prayer room (syn. balasoh (PM.))Suroh (PM.) Chapter of the Qur’anTa’laat nat (Th.) Weekly marketTaa yaa (Th.) Ancestors (syn. tok nenek (PM.))Tabligh Juma’at Muslim missionary and revival movement founded in the late
1920s in of India by Maulana Muhammad Ilyas KandhalawiTadika (SM) Small religious schools attached to mosque or prayer rooms where
basic Islamic knowledge is taught in the evenings and weekendsTahlil (Ar.) “la ilah illa Allah” (syn. ngatek (PM.))
Glossary 221
Tahmid (Ar.) “Alhumdulilah” (Ar. Praise be to Allah”Takbir (Ar.) “Allahu Akbar” (Ar. Allah is great)Talbiyah (Ar.) Prayer prayed by pilgrims declaring their intention to perform the
hajTalqin (Ar.) Funeral catechismTammatu haj (Ar.) The haj made with two ihramsTaqlid (Ar.) Blind followingTariqah (Ar.) Sufi OrderTasbih (Ar.) “Subahanaallah” Ar. glory be to Allah), and to the reception of
Subahanaallah, Alhumdulilah, and Allahu AkhbarTawaf (Ar.) The anti-clockwise circling of the Ka’bah seven timesTepa’ ngusong mayat (PM.) Cage for carrying a corpse to the graveyard.Thai Phut (Th.) Thai BuddhistsTham bun (Th.) General religious action, including—although not exclusively—
those generating merit.Tham naa (Th.) To make faceTham thaan (Th.) To do acts of charity (syn. sedekoh (PM.))Thawke (Th.) Merchants, Petty traders (syn. ore meneko (PM.))Thesebarn (Th.) City CouncilThiye (PM.) Centre post of a house (syn. saw luk (Th.))Tobat (PM.) RepentanceTok babo (PM.) Owner of ponok school, or senior and respected tok guruTok guru (PM.) Religious teacherTok ime (PM.) Person responsible for a mosque, or who leads salat (syn. tok imam
(SM.))Tok khatib (PM.) Reader of Friday sermon.Tok kodi (PM.) Sharia (Islamic law) judgeTok leba (PM.) Mosque official who gives the call to prayer (syn. tok lebai (SM.))Tok mude (PM.) Circumcision specialistTok nenek (PM.) Ancestors (syn. taa yaa (Th.))Tok pakir (PM.) Ponok school superintendent who looks after students and liaises
with visitors to ponok, or ponok studentsTok seh (PM.) Haj guideTuhe (PM.) GodTupa’ (PM.) Triangular glutinous rice and coconut cream sweet wrapped in leaves
which are eaten on Hari Rayos (syn. ketupat (SM.)Turut ore tuo (PM.) To follow old traditionsUmroh (PM.) The lesser pilgrimage (syn. umrah (Ar.))Ustaz (PM.) Teacher in a ponok, or PSTIWa’ arwoh (PM.) Funeral feast (syn. wa’ ngatek (PM.), tham bun hai phu sia chiwit
(Th.))Wa’ make (PM.) To hold a merit-making feast (syn. wa’ wajike (PM.))Wa’ mawlid (PM.) To hold a mawlid feast (syn. tham bun mawlid (Th.))Wa’ ngatek (PM.) Funeral feast (syn. wa’ arwoh (PM.), tham bun hai phu sia chiwit
(Th.))
222 Glossary
Wa’ pahalo (PM.) To make meritwa’ upoh haj (PM.) Hiring someone to perform the hajWa’ wajike (PM.) To hold a merit-making feast (syn. wa’ make (PM.))Wajib (Ar.) Required or obligatory actions whose performance is meritorious and
omission is punishableWaktu (PM.) Prayer times (Suboh, Sohur, Asar, Norib, and Iso)Walimah (PM.) Feast associated with weddings, for which no donation is expectedWan di (Th.) Good days to make merit onWoquf (Ar). Prayer vigil between noon and sunsetWudu (Ar.) Ritual ablutions before the performance of salatZakat (Ar.) Compulsory annual religious titheZakat fitrah (Ar.) Tithe paid to the poor before Juma’at prayers on Hari RayoZanji (PM.) Oracle to the Prophet Muhammad read at mawlid feasts (syn. berzanji
(Ar.))Zeroh ore mati (PM.) Visit the relatives of the deceased, or to attend a merit-
making feast for the deceasedZikir (PM./Ar.) Reciting, or recalling God’s names and attributes. Sometimes
Insurgency in South Thailand (post-2004), 15Intercession by the prophet, 190, 196Intercessory prayer, see Du’oInterviews, 11–12, 72, 134, 174, 178Iqama, 117
See also Fardu prayersIslam
adhesion to in Patani, 26, 51, 197adoption of in Patani, 51, 197appreciation of by Muslims in Cabetigo,
206, 209conversion to in Patani, 33embeddedness in South and Southeast
Asia, 29essential element of Malayness, 69provision of detail in, 91southeast Asian expansion of, 16, 28, 30,
33–34Islamicate, 9, 201Islamic texts and traditions
in anthropology of Islam, 8, 208–209Islamization
importance of creole personalities in, 31of Malay language, 30processes and personalities in, 44of Sanskrit cosmopolis, 27of Thai merit-making rhetoric, 197
Ismail Lutfi Japakiyadiverse assessments of, 53influence and contributions of, 50relationship to Haji Sulong, 51and Saudi-style salafism in South Thailand,
bilingualism in Cabetigo, 76default languages in Cabetigo, 1, 12–15importance in this study, 1language hierarchy in Thailand, 71linguistic relativity, 89religious language, 205situational bilingualism, 77See also Merit-making rhetoric, Malay
174, 196Mandoob, see SunnatMappila, 30Marco Polo, 30Market
demise in Patani, 37Ore kayo in, 172as pillar of the Patani kerajaan, 35rise in Patani, 26
Masuk jawi, 52, 87, 100, 152See also Feasts, social
Masyid, see MosqueMawlid
Barzanji/Zanji in, 140, 143, 149controversies surrounding, 49, 126,
127
description of, 130–131, 140, 149–151role of blessing in, 143–144Salawat in, 118–119, 140, 142–144,
149–150Mecca
as Islam’s sacred centre, 160, 171, 182,194
Masyid Al-Haram and Ka’bah, 177, 194multiplications of merit, 159, 176–177,
179–180, 194, 196see Shaykh Daud al-Fatani, Shaykh Ahmad
al-Fatani, Haji Sulong See also Haj;Umroh
Mecca’s Patani School, 44–46See also Shaykh Daud al-Fatani; Shaykh
Ahmad al-FataniMelacca
fall in 1511, 31, 33importance of, 31–33, 69patani as vassal of, 35
Melayu, see MalaynessMerit
accumulation of, 101, 103, 189arabic terms for, see Buncomparisons to conventional currency, 192,
201conceptualizations of, 93, 188, 207–208as cosmic cash or capital, 197, 207–208differences to conventional currency, 192,
201leakages of and patches for, 187merit from sunnat ritual elements as
compliments, 94ontological superiority of merit from wajib
ritual elements, 94, 186ontological superiority of wajib merit, 188quantifiability of, 192records of in account book, 132Sanskrit and PALI terms for, 86
See also Bun, pahalo, phonlabunas spiritual insurance, 192Thai and Malay terms for, 86
See also Bun; Pahalo; phonlabuntransferability of, see Merit transferenceweight of in comfort in the grave and
obligations to Allah, 126, 154, 181,186–188, 197, 199–200, 208
obligations to deceased, 188–191Merit-making rationales, 75, 185–201,
208–209Buddhist merit-making rationales as
template for Muslim ones, 199Islamic ideation in, 197mechanistic, 192personal merit accumulation, 104reformists, 196traditionalists, 193See also Alam al-barzakh, Merit transfer-
ence, Merit-making motivations,Muslim economy of merit
Merit-making rhetoriccomparisons between Thai and Malay, 207delineation of, 84, 86distinct from Buddhist merit-making
rationales, 199importance of Arabic in ideation, 31islamic ideation in, 91–100Malay, 83–101Thai, 83–101Wa’ pahalo, 84, 86, 101, 196Wa’ wajike, 85, 152See also, Bun; Pahalo; Tham bun
Merit-making ritualsaccessibility of, 10affect of gender on, 7delineation of, see Merit-making rituals,
discrete elements; ritual complexesdiscipline needed in, 95disposable income in, 194importance of ama ‘ibadat, 155Thai and Malay terms for, 85
Phonprayoot, 138–140, 173Phontoopthaen, 138–139Phuket, 73Pilgrimages, see Haj; umroh; MeccaPillar of Islam, 160, 177, 194
See also Wajib; FarduPolitical legitimacy, crisis of post–2004, 41Poor, 87, 95, 112, 121–122, 131–132, 137–138,
145, 151, 154–155, 161, 163–164,172, 178, 194
Poso, see RamadanRamadan wajib abstinences, 160, 197
Poso sunnatforms of, 167Rayo ne, 169–171role in merit-generation, 159
Prayer room, see SurauPrayer, see Du’oPrem Tinsulanonda (general, prime-minister,
and privy council chairman), 206Primordialism, 67Protection, 31, 143, 152–153, 191PSTI
controversies over, 49creation of by Thai state, 50definition, 41
Index 231
PuasaIndic origins and Islamization of, 83–84,
86, 207see Poso
QQiblat
in prayer, 120when reading the Qur’an, 51
Qirat, see Merit, quantifibility ofQiyam, 118–119, 121Qulhuwallah, see Qur’anQul, see Qur’anQur’an
connection with salat and sedekoh, 104,208
as discrete merit-making element, 140as food for souls, 110on Fridays, 109, 111, 116, 137, 153, 175,
190handwritten by Ali, 53Ikhalas, and concentration while reading,
98importance in Ramadan, 103lack of ability in reading, 103material accompaniments to, 134, 141other rewards of, 142potency of, 141, 155, 191, 208Qul, 96, 106–107Qur’anic classes in Cabetigo, 107reverence for, 104, 110role in merit-making for the dead, 110, 148,
181studying as meritorious, 133Wudu before, 109See also Merit-making rituals, discrete
elements; Surah al-fathiha;Surah al-ikhlas, Surah Ya Sin;Qulhuwallah; Jago kubor; RitualSpecialists
RRabi’ Al-Awwal, see MawlidRahimmula, 45–46Raja Phaya Tu Antara, 32–34, 51
See also IslamizationRaka’at, 96, 111, 117–119, 122–123, 165–166,
170, 181, 219–220Rama I
establishment of Chakri dynasty, 26, 37See also Bangkok
Rama VI, 38policies of, 37
Rama V, see Chulalongkorn (Rama V)Ramadan
as annual gracious provision for thereligiously minimalist, 189
biggest merit-making occasion of the year,181
Buko poso (PM. breaking the fast), 167description of, 5emphasis on ummah, 161end of Ramadan celebrations, 216exemptions from, 190as gracious provision, 164, 196, 199It’tikaf, 162–164, 180lailatul adr, 162as merit-making complex, 17, 88, 103preparations in Sha’aban, 160ramadan scale of merit, 160, 164–165,
in Cabetigo, 78general description of, 26history of in Southeast Asia, 29importance of anok soleh in, 120merit-making rationales, 75methods of merit transference by, 188objections to traditionalist practices, 148Thai and Malay terms for, 85
Religious identity, 13–14, 38, 66importance of in religious anthropology,
205Repentance, 123, 126, 154, 190Resurrection and judgment, 186Revivalism/Revivalists, see Tablighi Jama’atRiski (PM. material blessings), 109, 133, 154,
See also Tok babo, Tok guru, Tok ime, Tokpakir, Tok seh
Rukon Islam, see Pillar of Islam
232 Index
SSacrifice, 10, 63, 176, 209
ethnographic approaches to, 10Sadaka, see SedekohSalaf al-Salih, 31, 43Salafiyyah
attitudes to Tablighi Jama’at, 66history in Middle East, 25as method and movement, 43, 49and Salaf al-Salih, 31, 43Saudi-style, see WahhabiyyahSee also Lutfi; Haji Sulong; Muhammad
Sunnatcomparison with wajib, 91definition of, 94–95denoted as tham bun, 83elements of, 94as extra merit accumulation, 7, 156including mandoob and mustahabb, 93,
122performance in Ramadan and Mecca, 93,
96Supererogatory, see SunnatSuplication, see Du’oSurah al-fathiha, 107–108, 111Surah al-ikhlas, 109Surah Ya Sin, 7, 105, 108–111, 113, 143Surau, 52, 63, 77–78, 93, 98, 100, 120, 125,
Thai; Siam/SiameseThai Custom Decree (1939), 39–40Thai Merit-making rhetoric, see Merit-making
rhetoric, ThaiThai Muslim
in Bangkok and their Malay origins, 7, 73in Cabetigo, 197of the upper south being leaves of the same
tree with southern Malays, 199See also Identifications, Thai Muslim,
definitionThai Rathaniyom, see Thai Custom Decree
(1939)Thai-zation
of Cabetigo, 197Malay resistance to, 12, 207through legislation in twentieth century,
83–84Tham bun
confusion surrounding, 87denoting non-merit-generating feasts, 86as denoting ritual obligations, 84as general religious activity, 15, 86, 101importance in Thai religious rhetoric, 7, 17,
84, 91, 101, 197, 205increasing Islam’s comprehensibility, 209instinctive knowledge of by Thais, 86islamization of in Thailand, 25–53as merit-generation, 86past assessments of, 208as religious idiom, 86–87in Theravada Buddhism, 7, 185, 209three-fold conceptualization of, 84, 86–87See also Merit-making rhetoric
234 Index
Tham naa, 97, 197Tham thaan, see SedekohToba, see RepentanceTok babo
blessing sedekoh, 155cynicism about, 134definition, 155reading Qur’an for the deceased, 114
Tok gurublessing sedekoh, 155reading Qur’an for the deceased, 114respect for, 155roles performed by, 150, 153, 155
Tok imeblessing sedekoh, 143–146as leader of feasts, 130–131as prayer leader, 143–144reading Qur’an for the deceased, 141–144respect for, 124, 137responsibilities of, 137, 141roles performed by, 120, 124, 130, 141,
143, 151–154, 181, 189and semaye haja, 125
Tok pakirreading Qur’an for the deceased, 189role in jago kubor, 112–113
Tok sehdefinition of, 174misconduct by and suspicion of, 179See also Wa’ upoh haji
Toopthaen, 138–139Torture of the grave (Ar. Adhab al-Qabr)
dialectic function of, 190effect of merit transferred to the dead on,
188–191effect of weight of merit accumulated on
dunio on, 188exemptions from, 190a motivation of merit transference,
188–190Munkar and Nakir, 190retributive or purgatorial nature of, 190See also Alam al-barzakh
Traditionalism/traditionalistsin Cabetigo, 49–50general description ofhistory of in Southeast Asia, 47–48importance of ritual specialists in, 47, 49membership in Tablighi Jama’at, 47–49merit-making rationales, 52–53methods of merit transference by, 53–54Thai and Malay terms for, 39, 41, 43–44,
47, 50–51
Translationforms of translation, 88as search for equivalence, 88search for equivalence by Bengali Muslims,
101search for equivalence by Chinese
Muslims, 101of shariah into Thai, 90using “non-Muslim” languages, 89
UUmroh
description of, 84as merit-making complex, see
Merit-making complexesduring Ramadan, 159–160reasons for performance, 176–177role in merit accumulation, 176–180as sunnat pilgrimage, 179–180
Upper southcomparison with far-south (Pattani, Yala,
and Narathiwat), 52, 66, 73–75, 199See also Satun; Songkhla; Nakhon Si
Thammarat
VVajiravudh, see Rama VIVassal, 36, 37, 51Vassal System in Southeast Asia, 36–37, 51Vernacular terms
abbreviations of, 213importance of, 1
WWa’ arwo, see Funeral feastsWahhabi, see WahhabiyyahWahhabiyyah
definition, 42–43differences to Salafiyyah, 43–44history in Saudi, 42–44occupation of Mecca and Medina, 43–44relationship to resurgent Shi’ism, 41