Appendix R Results of Gamma Logging Survey · GW2153 283613.433 6157637.773 20.073 Onsite P13 Q1 GW2154 281837.054 6157254.133 16.492 Onsite P14 Q1 GW2155 283685.38 6156320.652 18.961

©JBS&G Australia Pty Ltd | 52234/117,720 (Rev 0)

Appendix R Results of Gamma Logging Survey

©JBS&G Australia Pty Ltd |

Appendix R Gamma Logging

R1. Geophysical Logging (Gamma Ray)

Geophysical logging was undertaken between 29/09/2017 and 19/10/2017 at 67 existing groundwater monitoring wells across the investigation area using a 43mm natural gamma sonde (NGRS).

A gamma log is created by lowering a gamma sonde down a groundwater well and measuring gamma radiation variation with depth. The radiation is emitted from naturally occurring isotopes of potassium, thorium and uranium. The gamma response was recoded in counts per second (cps). Variation in gamma response is used to indicate changes in the geological profile.

The gamma sonde was lowered into the well and logging recorded from both top to bottom and bottom to top for quality assurance purposes. The data was acquired at 1cm intervals at a rate less than 4m/min to ensure suitable data resolution. The tool and cable were decontaminated between each logging location.

The gamma logging data was compiled into 5cm composite logs. An interpretive graphical colour scale (clay index) was developed, based on recorded cps values and corresponding indicated clay content (low cps values corresponding with higher permeability formations reflected by yellow scale bright colours, higher cps values corresponding with lower permeability formations reflected by darker brown colours). The graphical colour scale was used to create cross sections on a transect south to north and west to east across the site. The transects were chosen based on the greatest data density (distribution of groundwater monitoring wells) with the intent to identify potential trends in lithological distribution within the shallow Quaternary sequences across the site.

A number of iterations of the clay index scale were constructed and cross sections reviewed for identifiable trend in lithologies such as lateral extent of low clay aquifer sequences, potential preferential pathways for interaction between the Quaternary aquifer units, and extent of high clay content aquitards between aquifer systems. Low cps values corresponding with higher permeability formations reflected by yellow scale bright colours and higher cps values corresponding with lower permeability formations reflected by darker brown colours.

The sections have been adjusted to relative Australian Height Datum (AHD) levels for the vertical scale but are not to horizontal scale due to the size of the site and distance between monitoring wells. The groundwater monitoring well locations at which gamma logging was undertaken are listed in Table R.1.

Table R.1: List of Groundwater Wells in which geophysical logging was undertaken

Well ID EASTING (MGA 94)

NORTHING (MGA 94)

ELEVATION (AHD)

RAAF Base - Onsite/Offsite

Primary Investigation Area

Aquifer

EDMW04 282771.879 6156117.22 17.181 Onsite P1 Q1

GW0008 282826.507 6157777.781 20.062 Onsite P4 Q1

GW0027 283424.93 6157227.056 19.26 Onsite P6 Q1

GW0192 282780.404 6157762.164 19.577 Onsite P4 Q1

GW0193 282783.462 6157813.591 19.725 Onsite P4 Q1

GW0197 282881.486 6157804.67 19.614 Onsite P4 Q1

GW0302 282715.218 6157679.882 18.61 Onsite P5 - Adjacent Q1

GW0304 282683.104 6157657.915 18.693 Onsite P5 Q1



NORTHING (MGA 94)

ELEVATION (AHD)



Aquifer


GW0321 282765.25 6157734.774 18.718 Onsite P4 Q1

GW0322 282740.411 6157807.835 18.953 Onsite P4 Q1

GW0330 281994.955 6157401.56 16.923 Onsite P7 Q1

GW0340 284435.398 6156091.226 20.245 Onsite Q1

GW0342 284593.738 6156484.845 19.544 Onsite Q1


GW0368 283044.737 6155978.13 17.67 Onsite Q1

GW0369 283035.864 6155946.068 17.706 Onsite Q1

GW0430 281238.737 6155690.356 14.352 Onsite Airside - Southern Runway

Q1

GW0431 282222.8412 6154694.306 Onsite Q1

GW2100 280376.01 6153457.65 10.703 Offsite Q1

GW2101 281051.12 6153645.1 12.909 Offsite Q1

GW2102 281420.71 6154104.68 13.025 Offsite Q1

GW2104 281874.86 6154481.06 14.175 Offsite Q1

GW2105 282319.97 6154585.73 16.06 Offsite Q1

GW2106 281041.13 6154649.91 13.283 Offsite Q1

GW2107 281273.81 6155152.71 14.235 Offsite Q1

GW2108 281515.15 6155302.91 15.579 Onsite P10 Q1

GW2110 280754.66 6156265.16 13.951 Onsite P23 Q1

GW2111 280467.3 6156119.96 12.435 Offsite Q1

GW2112 281741.031 6155529.325 15.877 Onsite P10 Q1

GW2114 282634.947 6156088.193 17.697 Onsite P1 Q1

GW2115 282978.414 6156184.274 17.571 Onsite P3 Q1

GW2116 282474.473 6156425.192 16.978 Onsite P11 Q1

GW2117 282234.282 6156769.14 16.161 Onsite P12b Q1

GW2118 282064.224 6156965.741 17.329 Onsite P12a Q1

GW2119 282676.214 6156779.982 18.152 Onsite P16 Q1

GW2120 282550.211 6156915.876 18.18 Onsite P16 Q1

GW2121 281227.91 6157610.12 15.617 Onsite P8 Q1

GW2122 281167.53 6157482.79 15.618 Onsite P8 Q1

GW2124 283493.163 6157112.401 19.054 Onsite P6 Q1

GW2126 282821.694 6157773.259 20.151 Onsite P4 Q2

GW2127 282899.61 6159197.28 22.097 Offsite Q1


GW2131 282917.551 6156051.529 18.058 Onsite P3 Q1

GW2132 282724.579 6156107.052 17.812 Onsite P1 Q1

GW2133 283338.585 6155944.449 18.88 Onsite P19 Q1

GW2135 284303.65 6156860.304 20.504 Onsite P17 Q1

GW2136 281381.86 6155386.53 14.442 Offsite P22 Q1

GW2137 281577.14 6155206.08 15.791 Onsite P10 Q1

GW2138 281437.05 6155405.71 14.771 Onsite P10 Q1

GW2139 281632.57 6158438.41 18.653 Onsite Northern end of runway - Runtrack

Q1

GW2141 281740.99 6154912.4 13.123 Offsite Q1

GW2142 280391.33 6156519.74 12.434 Offsite Q1

GW2143 281393.67 6154742.55 13.627 Offsite Q1

GW2144 281513.168 6155305.967 15.608 Onsite P10 Q2

GW2146 282215.0134 6154699.343 Onsite S4 Q2

GW2147 285389.86 6156626.77 22.178 Offsite Q1

GW2148 282016.563 6155826.88 16.49 Onsite P9 Q1

GW2149 281927.977 6155729.841 16.626 Onsite P15a Q1

GW2150 281434.777 6155891.215 14.873 Onsite P24 Q1

GW2152 281960.469 6156017.629 15.633 Onsite P21 Q1



NORTHING (MGA 94)

ELEVATION (AHD)



Aquifer

GW2153 283613.433 6157637.773 20.073 Onsite P13 Q1

GW2154 281837.054 6157254.133 16.492 Onsite P14 Q1

GW2155 283685.38 6156320.652 18.961 Onsite P25 Q1

GW2156 284182.736 6156137.788 19.773 Onsite P26 Q1

GW2157 282722.366 6156108.631 17.777 Onsite P1 Q2

GW2158 282018.71 6155826.137 16.498 Onsite P9 Q2

Gamma Logging results The individual gamma traces for the groundwater monitoring wells are presented as attachments to this summary. The interpretation from the graphical cross sections is described below and the cross sections are provided in appended Figures R1 and R2.

Cross Section West to East Lower clay content formations (up to 0.5m thick) indicative of higher permeability are inferred below the initial water strike in the adjacent grouping of groundwater wells GW2121, GW2154 and GW2118. This grouping is spaced over 500m starting on the western boundary of the RAAF Base and continues to the eastern side of the main runway. Higher clay content (lower permeability aquitard) is inferred above the initial water strike in adjacent groundwater wells groupings of GW2117, GW2116 and GW2119 located in the central portion of the site and GW2155, GW359 and GW2156 located in the eastern portion of the site. Several thin lenses of low clay sediments are inferred at intervals between the Q1 and Q2 aquifers in GW2157 representing potential preferential pathways for interconnectivity between aquifer systems.

Cross section South to North Thin, lower clay content formations (between 0.05-0.1m) indicative of higher permeability, are inferred below the initial water cut in a number of the Q1 groundwater monitoring wells including;

• GW2100 and GW2101 located offsite within Kaurna Park;

• In GW2143 located offsite adjacent to the southern boundary;

• Onsite adjacent to the southern boundary in GW2112, GW2149 and GW2148 within thepotential source area P15;

• In GW2116 adjacent to the Air Traffic Control Tower; and

• GW2153 located in the Northern Paddock.

Higher clay content lithologies indicative of lower permeability are inferred below the initial water strike in

• The Q1 groundwater well GW2102 located offsite on Diment Road;

• In GW2108 located onsite adjacent to the southern boundary;

• In GW2152 located on taxiway Bravo adjacent source area P15; and

• The Q2 groundwater wells GW2144 adjacent to the southern boundary in P10 and GW2158located within source area P15.

Moderate sequences of higher clay content formations indicative of lower permeability are inferred between the bottom of the Q1 aquifer and the top of the Q2 aquifer identified in the Q2 groundwater wells GW2144 and GW2158.


A thick sequence of lower clay formation is inferred below the water strike in GW2120 within source area P11. Higher clay content (lower permeability aquitard) is inferred in clays above the initial water strike in GW2102, GW2143, GW2108, GW2112, GW2148, GW2152, GW2116 and GW2153.

Bentonite influence on Gamma results A minimum 0.5m bentonite plug was installed at the top of the sand pack (0.5m above the screened interval) within every groundwater monitoring well installed by JBS&G. Bentonite as a clay mineral can have high potassium content and can lead to a higher gamma response from the sonde over this interval. This is evident on the gamma trace recorded for GW2120 with a significant shift in recorded cps value over the section corresponding to the bentonite plug. Correlation of the increase in cps values with drilling logs was used as a verification of the location of bentonite seals within the constructed wells.

Conclusions/outcomes of the gamma logging The gamma logging data confirmed that the shallow Quaternary aquifer sequence (Q1) across the site is comprised of predominantly low permeability clay, silt and sandy sediments interspersed with a broad variety of medium to high permeability sequences of sands and gravels irregularly distributed across the site. This confirmed previous observations and assumptions that groundwater within the more permeable aquifer sequences is likely to be semi confined. This highly irregular sequence of laterally discontinuous aquifers and identified interspersed highly permeable sandy and gravelly sequences suggests substantial variations in hydraulic conductivity across the site and between different Quaternary aquifer sequences.

The heterogeneity identified in the quaternary geological sequences inferred by the gamma logging identified a need to increase the quality of representative geological samples collected going forward above that of solid auger drilling technique used in the Stage 2A assessment. For the Stage 2B assessment, collection of a push tube core was adopted for shallow Q1 drilling installations and sonic drilling was adopted for the deeper quaternary aquifers (Q2 plus) due to the ability to collect continuous cores and isolate aquifer formations while drilling.

The gamma logging identified lenses of more permeable, low clay content sediments at intervals between the Q1 and Q2 sequences. These lenses provide potential preferential pathways for interconnectivity between aquifer systems. A number of these sandy and gravelly lenses were identified during Q2 monitoring well installation in cores using the sonic drilling method, confirming previous assumptions.

Interpretation of the gamma logging data identified a concern regarding the practicality and potential value of the development of a 3D hydrogeological model for the whole of the investigation area site due to the discontinuous nature of aquifer units and lithological heterogeneity of the identified Quaternary aquifers. The development of 3D models for individual source areas may be a more practical approach where sufficient data is available to achieve value from the modelling.

&<

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A

A'

GW2153

GW2152

GW2149GW2143

GW2120

GW2116

GW2112

GW2108

GW2102

GW2101

GW2100

GW2158

GW2144GW2148

Z

Job No: 52234

Client: Department of Defence

Version: Rev 0

Drawn By: AS

Date: 05-Dec‐2018

Checked By: MC

Scale at A3

Coord. Sys. GDA 1994 MGA Zone 54

APPENDIX R.1

0 800

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Document Path: S:\Projects JBSG\Adelaide\52234_Defence_Edinburgh_PFAS\ArcGIS\Maps\Reports\DSI\Figure XX_Geological Cross Section N‐S.mxdImage Reference: www.nearmap.com© ‐ Imagery Date: 26 February 2018 & Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AeroGRID, IGN, and the GIS User Community

RAAF Base Edinburgh, South AustraliaEnvironmental Investigation of PFAS

GEOLOGICAL GAMMA LOGGING‐ NORTH TO SOUTH

1:20,000

Disclaimer: While all reasonable care has been taken to ensure the information contained on this map is up to date and accurate, no guarantee is given that the information portrayed is free from error or omission. Please verify the accuracy of all information prior to use.

Legend: RAAF Base Edinburgh BoundaryRefined Investigation AreaStormwater Drainage

Groundwater Monitoring Well&< Q1 Aquifer&< Q2 Aquifer&< Q3 Aquifer

SWL July 2017

Initial Water Strike

A A’

GW21

4310

15

GW21

00

GW21

01

GW21

44 GW21

58

GW21

02

GW21

08

GW21

12 GW21

49

GW21

48

GW21

52

GW21

16

GW21

20

GW21

53

5

20

0

‐5

10

15

5

20

0

‐5

m AHD

m AHD

SANDS: silty and clayey sands with varying gravel inclusions.Varying interbedded silty and sandy clays with varying gravel inclusions.CLAYS: silty clays with varying gravelinclusions.

Clay Index

Likely influenceof bentonite

on gamma trace.

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GW2156GW2155

GW2154

GW2132

GW2118

GW2117

GW2116

GW2114

GW0359

GW2121

GW2157

Z

Job No: 52234


Version: Rev 0

Drawn By: AS

Date: 05-Dec‐2018

Checked By: MC

Scale at A3

Coord. Sys. GDA 1994 MGA Zone 54

APPENDIX R.2

0 980

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Document Path: S:\Projects JBSG\Adelaide\52234_Defence_Edinburgh_PFAS\ArcGIS\Maps\Reports\DSI\Figure XX_Geological Cross Section E‐W.mxdImage Reference: www.nearmap.com© ‐ Imagery Date: 26 February 2018 & Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AeroGRID, IGN, and the GIS User Community

RAAF Base Edinburgh, South AustraliaEnvironmental Investigation of PFAS

GEOLOGICAL GAMMA LOGGING‐ WEST TO EAST

1:25,000

Disclaimer: While all reasonable care has been taken to ensure the information contained on this map is up to date and accurate, no guarantee is given that the information portrayed is free from error or omission. Please verify the accuracy of all information prior to use.

Legend: RAAF Base Edinburgh BoundaryRefined Investigation AreaStormwater Drainage

Groundwater Monitoring Well&< Q1 Aquifer&< Q2 Aquifer&< Q3 Aquifer

m AHD

m AHD

SANDS: silty and clayey sands with varying gravel inclusions.Varying interbedded silty and sandy clays with varying gravel inclusions.CLAYS: silty clays with varying gravelinclusions.

Clay Index

SWL July 2017Initial Water Strike

A A’

10

15

5

20

0

10

15

5

20

0

GW

2114

GW21

19

GW21

55 GW03

59

GW

2156

GW21

16

GW21

18 GW21

32

GW

2121

GW21

54

GW2

117

GW

2157

Gamma Trace Plot Project Number: 52234Client: Department of Defence

Site Address: RAAF Base EdinburghProject Name: Defence Edinburgh PFAS

Well ID EDMW04Eastings (GDA 94) 282771.879

Northings (GDA 94) 6156117.22Zone 54

Elevation (mAHD) 17.181Total Depth (m) 9.06

Logging Date 18‐Oct‐17

1 of 1



Well ID GW0008Eastings (GDA 94) 282826.507




1 of 1

Gamma Trace Plot Project Number: 52234


Site Address: RAAF Base Edinburgh

Project Name: Defence Edinburgh PFAS


Northings (GDA 94) 6157227.056

Zone 54

Elevation (mAHD) 19.26

Total Depth (m) 5.8

Logging Date 16-Oct-17

4.2

Top hole reading from sand pack in the standpipe

0.2

1 of 1







1 of 1







Zone 54


Total Depth (m) 10.6


9.2

4.2

0.2

Top hole reading from sandpack in the standpipe

1 of 1







1 of 1







1 of 1







Zone 54




1 of 1







1 of 1







1 of 1







1 of 1







1 of 1







1 of 2







2 of 2







1 of 1







1 of 1





Elevation (mAHD) NATotal Depth (m) 11.485


1 of 1







1 of 1







1 of 1







Zone 54

Elevation (mAHD) 0

Total Depth (m) 10


0.2

4.2

9.2

Top hole reading from sandpack in the standpipe

1 of 1







1 of 1







1 of 1







1 of 1







1 of 1





Elevation (mAHD) 16.06Total Depth (m) 8

Logging Date 29‐Sep‐17

1 of 1







1 of 1







1 of 1







Zone 54


Total Depth (m) 7.5


3.95

0.95


1 of 1







Zone 54


Total Depth (m) 6

Logging Date 6/Oct/17

4.05

0.05

Top hole readings due to the sand pack in the standpipe

1 of 1







1 of 1







Zone 54

Elevation (mAHD) NA

Total Depth (m) 7.5


4.1

0.1


1 of 1







Zone 54

Elevation (mAHD) NA

Total Depth (m) 8


4.0

0.0

1 of 1





Elevation (mAHD) NATotal Depth (m) 9


1 of 1







1 of 1







1 of 1







Zone 54

Elevation (mAHD) NA

Total Depth (m) 8


3.9

0.9


1 of 1







Zone 54

Elevation (mAHD) NA

Total Depth (m) 7


4.05

0.05


1 of 1







Zone 54

Elevation (mAHD) NA

Total Depth (m) 5.5


4.05

0.05


1 of 1







Zone 54


Total Depth (m) 6.5


4.0

0.0

Top hole readings from the sand pack in the standpipe

1 of 1







Zone 54


Total Depth (m) 6.7


4.0

0.0

Top hole reading due to the sand pack in the standpipe

1 of 1







Zone 54

Elevation (mAHD) NA

Total Depth (m) 7.5


3.95

0.95


1 of 1







1 of 2







2 of 2







1 of 1







Zone 54


Total Depth (m) 5.5


4.0

0.0


1 of 1







Zone 54

Elevation (mAHD) NA

Total Depth (m) 7.5


4.0

0.0

1 of 1







Zone 54

Elevation (mAHD) NA

Total Depth (m) 8


4.0

0.0


1 of 1







Zone 54

Elevation (mAHD) NA

Total Depth (m) 9


4.0

0.0


9.0

1 of 1







Zone 54

Elevation (mAHD) NA

Total Depth (m) 10


4.0

0.0

9.0

Top hole readings due to sand pack in the standpipe

1 of 1






Logging Date 29‐Sep‐17

1 of 1







Zone 54


Total Depth (m) 7.5


4.1

0.1


1 of 1







Zone 54


Total Depth (m) 5.5


4.05

0.05


1 of 1







Zone 54




4.0

0.0

9.0


1 of 1







1 of 1







1 of 1







1 of 1







Zone 54

Elevation (mAHD) NA

Total Depth (m) 16


8.95

3.95

0.95

Top hole reading due to the sand pack in the standpipe

1 of 2







Zone 54

Elevation (mAHD) NA

Total Depth (m) 16


13.95

2 of 2







Zone 54

Elevation (mAHD) NA



3.9

0.9

8.9


1 of 2







Zone 54

Elevation (mAHD) NA



13.9

18.9

2 of 2







1 of 1







Zone 54

Elevation (mAHD) NA

Total Depth (m) 9.5


4.0

0.0

9.0

Top hole readings due to the sandpack in the standpipe

1 of 1







Zone 54

Elevation (mAHD) NA

Total Depth (m) 6.5


4.05

0.05

Top hole readings from the sand pack in the standpipe

1 of 1







1 of 1







1 of 1







Zone 54

Elevation (mAHD) NA

Total Depth (m) 9.5


4.0

9.0

Top hole readings due to the sand in the standpipe

1 of 1







1 of 1







1 of 1







1 of 1







Zone 54

Elevation (mAHD) NA



4.1

0.1

9.1

1 of 2







Zone 54

Elevation (mAHD) NA



14.1

2 of 2







Zone 54

Elevation (mAHD) NA

Total Depth (m) 17


4.0

0.0

9.0


1 of 2







Zone 54

Elevation (mAHD) NA

Total Depth (m) 17


14.0

2 of 2

Appendix R Results of Gamma Logging Survey · GW2153 283613.433 6157637.773 20.073 Onsite P13 Q1 GW2154 281837.054 6157254.133 16.492 Onsite P14 Q1 GW2155 283685.38 6156320.652 18.961

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