Appendix Typical Weights and Live Loads Weights lib = 0.454 kg = 4.448 N force llb/ft 2 = 4.88kg/m 2 = 47.9N/m 2 llb/ft 3 = 16.02kg/m 3 = 157N/m 3 Aluminium, cast Asphalt paving Bricks, common Bricks, pressed Clay, dry Clay, wet Concrete, reinforced Glass, plate Lead Oak Pine, white Sand, dry Sand, wet Steel Water Brick wall, 115 mm thick Gypsum plaster, 25 mm thick Glazing, single 407 kN/m 3 26 23 19 22 19-22 21-25 24 27 112 9.5 5 16-19 18-21 77 9.81 kN/m 2 2.6 0.5 0.3
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Appendix - link.springer.com978-1-349-13413-7/1.pdf · APPENDIX 409 Table A.3 Sectional areas per metre width for various bar spacings ... Asw is based on the cross-sectional area
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Appendix
Typical Weights and Live Loads
Weights
lib = 0.454 kg = 4.448 N force llb/ft2 = 4.88kg/m2 = 47.9N/m2
llb/ft3 = 16.02kg/m3 = 157N/m3
Aluminium, cast Asphalt paving Bricks, common Bricks, pressed Clay, dry Clay, wet Concrete, reinforced Glass, plate Lead Oak Pine, white Sand, dry Sand, wet Steel Water
Brick wall, 115 mm thick Gypsum plaster, 25 mm thick Glazing, single
407
kN/m3
26 23 19 22
19-22 21-25 24 27
112 9.5 5
16-19 18-21 77 9.81
kN/m2
2.6 0.5 0.3
408 APPENDIX
Floor and roof loads kN/m2
Classrooms 3.0 Dance halls 5.0 Flats and houses 1.5 Garages, passenger cars 2.5 Gymnasiums 5.0 Hospital wards 2.0 Hotel bedrooms 2.0 Offices for general use 2.5 Flat roofs, with access 1.5 Flat roofs, no access 0.75
Notes: 1. The figures given in the table refer to deformed type 2 bars (/yk = 460N/mm2).
The figure in brackets refer to plain bars (/yk = 250 N /mm2). 2. For poor bond conditions divide the figures by 0. 7. 3. For type 2 bars greater than 32 mm divide the figures by [(132 - <1>)/100) where <I>
is the bar size. 4. These figures apply when there are less than 30 per cent of the bars lapped at the
section and the clear spacing between bars is greater than 6<1> and the side cover to the outer bars is greater than 2<1>.
5. These figures apply when there are more than 30 per cent of the bars lapped at the section or the clear spacing between bars is less than 6<1> or the side cover to the outer bars is less than 2<1>.
6. These figures apply when there are more than 30 per cent of the bars lapped at the section and either the clear spacing between bars is greater than 6<1> or the side cover to the outer bars is greater than 2<1>.
APPENDIX
Maximum and Minimum Areas of Reinforcement
Table A.6 Maximum areas of reinforcement
For a slab or beam, tension or compression reinforcement 100A51Ac ~ 4 per cent, other than at laps
For a column 100A51Ac ~ 8 per cent, including at laps
For a wall, vertical reinforcement 100A51Ac ~ 4 per cent
Table A.7 Minimum areas of reinforcement
Tension reinforcement in beams: As,min > 0.6b1dlfyk > 0.0015b1d
Figure A.3 Lever-arm curve. The 30% values on the K-axis mark the limits for singly reinforced sections with moment redistribution applied (see section 4. 7)
When moment redistribution has been applied then the above equations must be modified - see table 4.2.
(b) Design for Shear (Standard Method) (see chapters 5 and 7)
VRdl = [rRdk(1.2 + 40pt))bwd
Pt = Aslfbwd < 0.02
k = (1.6 - d) {>1} or 1 where more than 50 per cent of tension reinforcement is curtailed
Vsd < VRd2 = 0.3vfckbwd
Asw 1.28(Vsd - VRdl) - = ---'--==---=~ s d[yk
Table A.8 Values of rRd (N/mm2) for different concrete grades, fck
12 0.18
16 0.22
20 0.26
25 0.30
30 0.34
35 0.37
40 0.41
45 0.44
50 0.48
(c) Design for Torsion (see chapters 5 and 7)
APPENDIX
Tsd < TRdl = 1.33vfcktAkl(cotO + tanO)
Aswls = Tsd/(2Ak X 0~87/yk X cot 0)
Ast = (Tsduk/2Ak) cot 0/(0.87/ytk)
Asw is the cross-sectional area of a single leg of a link.
(d) Design for Punching Shear in Slabs (see chapter 8)
Figure A.S Rectangular columns ( d' lh = 0.25) [Reproduced with permission of British Cement Association]
Further Reading (a) British Standards and EuroCodes
BS1881 BS4449
BS4466
BS4482 BS4483 BS5057 BS5896
BS6399 BS8110 CP3
Methods of testing concrete Specification for carbon steel bars for the reinforcement of concrete Specification for bending dimensions and scheduling of reinforcement for concrete Cold reduced steel wire for the reinforcement of concrete Steel fabric for the reinforcement of concrete Concrete admixtures Specification for high tensile steel wire and strand for the prestressing of concrete Design loading for buildings Structural use of concrete, Parts 1, 2 and 3 Code of basic data for the design of buildings Chapter V Loading Part 2 Wind Loads
CP8004 Foundations DD ENV 1992-1-1
EuroCode 2; Design of concrete structures. Part 1 DD ENV206 Concrete - performance, production, placing and com
pliance criteria Draft prEN 10080
Steel for the reinforcement of concrete
(b) Textbook and Other Publications
A. W. Beeby and R. S. Narayanan, Designers Handbook to EuroCode 2. Thomas Telford, London, 1995.
J. H. Bungey and S. G. Millard, The Testing of Concrete in Structures, 3rd edn. Chapman & Hall, London, 1995.
421
422 FURTHER READING
R. Hulse and W. H. Mosley, Reinforced Concrete Design by Computer. Macmillan, Basingstoke, 1986.
R. Hulse and W. H. Mosley, Prestressed Concrete Design by Computer. Macmillan, Basingstoke, 1987.
M. K. Hurst, Prestressed Concrete Design. Chapman & Hall, London, 1988.
F. K. Kong and R. H. Evans, Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete. Chapman & Hall, London, 1988.
T. Y. Lin and N. H. Burns, Design of Prestressed Concrete Structures. J. Wiley, Chichester, 1983.
T. J. MacGinley and B.S. Choo, Reinforced Concrete Design Theory and Examples. E & F N Spon, London, 1990.
A. M. Neville, Properties of Concrete, 3rd edn. Longman Scientific and Technical, Harlow, 1986.
A.M. Neville and J. J. Brooks, Concrete Technology. Longman Scientific and Technical, Harlow, 1987.
A. H. Nilson and G. Winter, Design of Concrete Structures. McGrawHill, Maidenhead, 1991.
C. E. Reynolds and J. C. Steedman, Reinforced Concrete Designer's Handbook, lOth edn. E & F N Spon, London, 1988.
Concise EuroCode for the Design of Concrete Buildings. British Cement Association, Crowthorne, Berks, 1993.
Worked Examples for the Design of Concrete Buildings. British Cement Association, Crowthorne, Berks, 1994.