Appendix I Principal Officers of the Second Polish Republic, 1918-39 A. PRESIDENTS J6zef Pilsudski ( 1867-1935), Head of State Gabriel Narutowicz (1865-1922) Stanislaw Wojciechowski (1869-1953) Ignacy Moscicki ( 1867-1946) B. PRIME MINISTERS 1918-22 1922 1922-6 1926-39 lgnacy Daszynski 1918 (of a Provisional Government in Lublin, 7-14 November) Jt<drzej Moraczewski Ignacy Paderewski Leopold Skulski Wladyslaw Grabski Wincenty Witos Antoni Ponikowski Artur Sliwinski Julian Nowak Wladyslaw Sikorski Wincenty Witos Wladyslaw Grabski Aleksander Skrzynski Wincenty Witos Kazimierz Bartel J6zef Pilsudski Kazimierz Bartel Kazimierz Switalski Kazimierz Bartel Walery Slawek J6zef Pilsudski Walery Slawek Aleksander Prystor Janusz Jt<drzejewicz Leon Kozlowski 1918-19 1919 1919-20 1920 1920-21 1921-2 1922 1922 1922-3 1923 1923-5 1925-6 1926 1926 1926-8 1928-9 1929 1929-30 1930 1930 1930-31 1931-3 1933-4 1934-5 137
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Appendix I Principal Officers of the Second Polish …978-1-349-26942...Appendix I Principal Officers of the Second Polish Republic, 1918-39 A. PRESIDENTS J6zef Pilsudski ( 1867-1935),
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Appendix I Principal Officers of the Second Polish Republic, 1918-39
A. PRESIDENTS
J6zef Pilsudski ( 1867-1935), Head of State Gabriel Narutowicz (1865-1922) Stanislaw Wojciechowski (1869-1953) Ignacy Moscicki ( 1867-1946)
B. PRIME MINISTERS
1918-22 1922 1922-6 1926-39
lgnacy Daszynski 1918 (of a Provisional Government in Lublin, 7-14 November)
Jt<drzej Moraczewski Ignacy Paderewski Leopold Skulski Wladyslaw Grabski Wincenty Witos Antoni Ponikowski Artur Sliwinski Julian Nowak Wladyslaw Sikorski Wincenty Witos Wladyslaw Grabski Aleksander Skrzynski Wincenty Witos Kazimierz Bartel J6zef Pilsudski Kazimierz Bartel Kazimierz Switalski Kazimierz Bartel Walery Slawek J6zef Pilsudski Walery Slawek Aleksander Prystor Janusz Jt<drzejewicz Leon Kozlowski
Walery Slawek Marian Zyndram-Koscialkowski Felicjan Slawoj-Skladkowski
C. FOREIGN MINISTERS
Stanislaw Ghtbinski Wladyslaw Wroblewski Leon Wasilewski Ignacy Paderewski Wladyslaw Wroblewski Stanislaw Patek Eutachy Sapieha Jan D<!bski Konstanty Skirmunt Gabriel Narutowicz Aleksander Skrzynski Marian Seyda Roman Dmowski Karol Bertoni Maurycy Zarnoyski Aleksander Skrzyilski Kajetan Dzierzykraj-Morawski August Zalewski JozefBeck
Declaration of loyalty to the Tsar by the Polish Circle in the Russian Duma Proclamation by the Russian Commander-in-Chief, the Grand Duke Nicholas, with vague promises of limited autonomy for the Poles under Tsarist tutelage Formation of the Polish Legions by J6zef Pilsudski ( 1867-1935) The Polish National Committee established in Warsaw by Roman Dmowski (1864-1939) to promote the Polish Cause with Russia
German forces expel the Russians from Warsaw
5 November The Central Powers restore the Kingdom of Poland m close union with them
1917 6 January
22 January
30 March
4 June 22 July
15 August
15 October
1918 8 January
3 June
The Central Powers set up in Warsaw a Council of State with limited authority President Wilson publicly intimates his support for an independent Poland Manifesto of the Provisional Government in Russia promising an independent Poland, linked militarily to Russia France allows the creation of a Polish army on its soil Pilsudski imprisoned by the Germans in Magdeburg for refusing to help set up a Polish army (Polnische Wehrmacht) to aid the Central Powers The Polish National Committee re-established in Lausanne, then Paris Regency Council created in Warsaw by the Central Powers, comprising Prince Zdzislaw Lubomirski, Archbishop Aleksander Krakowski and Count J6zef Ostrowski, Mayor of Warsaw
President Wilson's 14 Points include a commitment to an independent Poland with access to the sea (Point 13) The Allies recognize Poland as 'an Allied belligerent nation' and affirm their support for an independent Poland
139
140
I November
7 November
8 November 9 November
10 November II November
14 November
18 November
22 November 23 November 16 December 26 December
1919 5 January
16 January 18 January 23 January
26 January 30 January 10 February
20 February
26 February 7 March
15 April 19 April 28 June
20 July
I August
16 August 13 December
18 December
Poland Between the Wars, 1918-1939
Beginning of Polish-Ukrainian struggle for Lw6w and Eastern Galicia 'Provisional People's Republic of Poland' set up in Lublin under the Galician socialist, lgnacy Daszyilski (1866-1936) Pilsudski released from German captivity Revolution in Germany Pilsudski arrives in Warsaw Pilsudski appointed C-in-C of Polish forces by the Regency Council; official Polish Day of Independence Pilsudski appointed Provisional Head of State; Regency Council dissolved Government formed under the socialist, J<tdrzej Moraczewski (1870-1944) Poland declared a Republic Social reforms introduced, including the 8-hour day Establishment of the Communist Workers' Party of Poland Arrival of lgnacy Paderewski (1860-1941) in Poznan leads to Polish rising on 27th December to expel German forces from western Poland
Abortive right-wing coup against the Moraczewski government; Polish and Soviet Bolshevik military units clash in Wilno, marking the start of the Polish-Soviet War (1919-20) Paderewski appointed Prime Minister (and Foreign Minister) Opening of Paris Peace Conference Czechoslovakia reneges on agreement with Poland and seizes Cieszyn Elections for a Constituent Sejm Poland formally recognised by the USA First session of Constituent Sejm; decree on compulsory primary education Provisional (Small) Constitution passed; Pilsudski confirmed as Head of State Polish Army officially established Conscription introduced Dissolution of Polish National Committee in Paris Polish forces liberate Wilno from Soviet Bolsheviks Treaty of Versailles, signed for Poland by Paderewski and Dmowski Polish forces finally crush the Ukrainian nationalists to secure Eastern Galicia Sejm re-establishes the Virtuti Militari as Poland's foremost military decoration First Polish Rising in Upper Silesia Leopold Skulski (1878-1940) new Premier, Paderewski having resigned 27 November Sunday Rest Law introduced as an important social reform
1920 15 January 19 March
21 April
7 May 9 June
I 0 July
11 July
II July 15 July 24 July
13-19 August
19 August 22 September
9 October
1921 21 February
3 March 17 March 18 March
20 March 2 May
13 September
25 September
30 September
1922 6 June
31 July
13 September 5-12 November
Appendices 141
The Polish Mark standardized as the national currency Pilsudski awarded title of 'First Marshal of Poland' (conferred in November) Polish alliance with the Ukrainians under Semen Petliura against Soviet Russia Polish forces occupy Kiev Skulski cabinet resigns; replaced (23 June) by Wladyslaw Grabski (1874-1938) Spa Conference; Allies refuse support to Poland against the Soviet Bolsheviks Plebiscites in Allenstein and Marienwerder (East Prussia) favour Germany 'Curzon Note' on Poland's eastern border (the 'Curzon Line') Agrarian Reform Act Grabski resigns; cabinet of national unity under Wincenty Witos (1874-1945) Battle of Warsaw ('Miracle on the Vistula'); momentous Polish victory over the Red Army; hereafter 'Polish Soldiers' Day', celebrated annually on 15 August Second Polish Rising in Upper Silesia Polish victory at the Niemen completes defeat of the Red Army Polish forces under General Lucjan Zeligorski (1865-194 7) retake Wilno
Franco-Polish alliance Polish-Romanian alliance New Constitution passed by Sejm Treaty of Riga ends Polish-Soviet War and fixes the eastern border as it was more or less after the Second Partition of 1793 Plebiscite in Upper Silesia Third Polish Rising in Upper Silesia, led by Wojciech Korfanty (1873-1939) Antoni Ponikowski, Rector of Warsaw Polytechnic, replaces Witos as Premier Assassination attempt on Pilsudski in Lw6w by Stefan Fedak, a Ukrainian terrorist First National Census records Polish population of27.2 million
Poniakowski cabinet resigns over Treaty of Rapallo; Artur Sliwinski takes over Sliwinski replaced as Premier by Julian Nowak, Rector of Jagiellonian University Sejm approves building of new port of Gdynia (opened 1927) First parliamentary elections under the new electoral law
142
9 December
16 December
16 December
20 December
1923 15 March
28 May 30May 2 July
3 November 6 November
19 December
1924 14 April 18 April 31 July
1925 10 February 15 June 7 July
16 October 13 November 28 December
1926 24 April
5 May 12-14 May 14May 15 May
1 June 2 August
27 August
30 September
25 October
Poland Between the Wars, 1918-1939
Gabriel Narutowicz ( 1865-1922) elected first President of Poland ( 5 candidates) President Narutowicz assassinated by ultra-Nationalist Eligiusz Niewiadomski General Wladyslaw Sikorski (1881-1943) replaces Nowak as Premier Stanislaw Wojciechowski (1869-1953) elected President of Poland
Ambassadors' Conference recognises Poland's eastern border (inc! Wilno, Lw6w) Witos heads new cabinet Pilsudski resigns as Chief of General Staff Pilsudski resigns as Head of the Inner War Cabinet and goes into retirement General strike in response to hyperinflation crisis Serious rioting in Krakow leaves 32 dead New government under Wladyslaw Grabski
Bank of Poland created; the zloty to be the new currency Unemployment Insurance Act Statute on Schools
Polish-Vatican Concordat Polish-German Tariff War begins (until 7 March 1934) Agreement (Ugoda) between Polish Government and Jewish Club in Sejm Locarno Pact, but no guarantee of Polish-German border Grabski gives way as Premier to Aleksander Skrzynski Second Agrarian Reform Act
Treaty of Berlin between Germany and Soviet Union alarms Poland Skrzynski resigns as Premier; replaced by Witos (I 0 May) Pilsudski coup President Wojciechowski resigns Kazimierz Bartel ( 1882-1941) heads new cabinet; Pilsudski Minister of War Ignacy Moscicki (1867-1946) elected President of Poland Consitutional amendments strengthen the Executive at expense of Sejm Pilsudski appointed Inspector General of the Polish Armed Forces Bartel resigns as Premier; replaced by Pilsudski (until 25 June 1928) Pilsudski courts the aristocracy at meeting at Nieswiez, the Radziwill estate
4 December
1927 8 June
14 October
1928 20 January
4-11 March
25 June
1929 20 March
14 April 16 May
6 December
1930 January 17 March
29 June
23 August 1 0 September
16 September
16-23 November
4 December
1931 13 March 15 March 27 May 29 August
9 December
1932 Spring
25 July
Appendices 143
Formation of the right-wing Camp of Great Poland under Dmowski
Russian ambassador, Piotr Woykov, assassinated in Warsaw by Russian emigre 'Stabilization Loan' of 62 million US dollars to Poland
Creation of Non-Party Bloc for Cooperation with the Government (BBWR) Parliamentary elections; BBWR 130 (444) seats in Sejm and 46 ( 111) in Senate Pilsudski resigns as Premier; Bartel takes over
Treasury Minister Gabriel Czechowicz resigns over financial scandal Bartel resigns as Premier; Kazimierz Switalski takes over Exhibition (to 30 September) in Poznan of Polish achievements since 1918 New cabinet under Bartel
The Depression era begins in Poland Bartel resigns as Premier; Walery Slawek (1879-1939) takes over Congress of opposition parties ('Centrolew') in Krakow denounces Pilsudski Slawek resigns and is replaced as Premier by Pilsudski Arrest and internment in Brzesc of opposition leaders, including Witos and Korfanty 'Pacification' of Eastern Galicia by Polish forces in response to Ukrainian terrorism Parliamentary elections produce 247 Sejm and 76 Senate seats for BBWR Pilsudski resigns as Premier; replaced by Slawek
Abolition of anti-Jewish legislation dating from the Tsarist era A united Peasant Party (SL) formed Slawek resigns; Aleksander Prystor is new Premier Tadeusz Hol6wko, BBWR vice-president, assassinated by Ukrainian terrorists Second National Census; Polish population now 31.9 million
Government dismisses over 50 university professors who are political opponents Polish-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
144 Poland Between the Wars, 1918-1939
2 November J6zefBeck (1894-1944) replaces August Zalewski (1883-1972) as Foreign Minister
1933 March
22 March
8 May
6 October
1934 26 January 14 April
14May 15 June
2 July 13 September
1935 28 March 23 April 12 May 8 September
12 October 30 October
1936 21 February
29 February
15 May I July
1937 21 February
16 August 19 October
1938 10 January
Pilsudski advocates a 'preventive war' against Germany because of the Hitler regime The right-wing political organization, Camp of Great Poland, banned Moscicki re-elected President of Poland; Janusz J~drzejewicz is new Premier Military parade in Krakow to commemorate 250th anniversary of King Jan Sobieski III's victory over the Turks at Vienna (12 September 1683)
Polish-German Non-Aggression Pact The far-right National Radical Camp (ONR) set up, but soon banned Leon Kozlowski new Premier Bronislaw Pieracki, Minister of the Interior, assassinated by Ukrainian terrorist Internment camp for subversives opened at Bereza Kartuska Poland repudiates the Minorities Treaty
Slawek Premier once again Introduction of new Constitution Death of Marshal Pilsudski Parliamentary elections boycotted by most opposition parties (turnout 46.5 per cent) Premier Slawek replaced by Marian Zyndram-Koscialkowski Dissolution of BBWR
'Front Morges' founded as oppositional group by Paderewski, Witos, Sikorski and General J6zefHaller (1873-1961) Pastoral Letter on the 'Jewish Question' from Cardinal August Hlond ( 1881-1948), Primate of Poland New cabinet under Felicjan Slaw6j-Skladkowski (1885-1962) Launch of government industrial strategy around the new Central Industrial Region
Camp of National Unity (OZON) set up by government to rally all patriotic forces 42 killed during strike organised by the Peasant Party (SL) Introduction of' Aryan Paragraph' and 'ghetto benches' in Polish universities
General Stanislaw Skwarczynski replaces Adam Koc as leader of OZON
August 2 October 6-13 November
1939 2 January
31 March 23 August 25 August
1 September 3 September
1 7 September 28 September
5 October
Appendices
Communist Party of Poland dissolved on Stalin's orders Poland recovers Cieszyn
145
Parliamentary elections bring major success for the government
Death of Roman Dmowski British guarantee to Poland Nazi-Soviet Pact Anglo-Polish Treaty Germany invades Poland France and Britain declare war on Germany, but do not aid Poland Soviet Union invades Poland Fall of Warsaw to German forces Surrender of the last regular Polish army units following the Battle ofKock, bringing the Polish-German campaign to an end
Select Bibliography
This list is restricted to books published in English, and is designed to provide an introduction to the most important aspects of the history of the Second Republic.
Abramsky, C. eta!. (eds), The Jews in Poland (Oxford, 1986) Bromke, A., The Meaning and Uses of Polish History (Boulder, Col., 1987) Cienciala, A. M. and Komamicki, T., From Versailles to Locarno. Keys to Polish
Foreign Policy, 1919-1925 (Lawrence, Kan., 1984) Davies, N., White Eagle, Red Star. The Polish-Soviet War, 1919-20 (London,
1972) Davies, N., God's Playground. A History of Poland. Volume II. 1795 to the Present
(Oxford, 1981) Davies, N., Heart of Europe. A Short History of Poland (Oxford, 1984) Dziewanowski, M. K., Josef Pilsudski. A European Federalist. 1918-1922
(Stanford, 1969) Dziewanowski, M. K., The Communist Party of Poland. An Outline of History
(Cambridge, Mass., 1976) Gromada, T. V. (ed.), Essays on Poland's Foreign Policy, 1918-1939 (New York,
1970) Gutman, Y. et al. (eds), The Jews of Poland Between Two World Wars (Hanover,
New England, 1989) J~drzejewicz, W., Pilsudski. A Life for Poland (New York, 1982) Karski, J., The Great Powers and Poland, 1919-1945. From Versailles to Yalta
(New York, 1985) Komamicki, T., The Rebirth of the Polish Republic. A Study in the Diplomatic
History of Europe, 1914-1920 (London, 1957) Korbel, J., Poland Between East and West. Soviet and German Diplomacy Towards
Poland, 1919-1933 (Princeton, 1963) Landau, Z., and Tomaszewski, J., The Polish Economy in the Twentieth Century
(London, 1985) Latawski, P. (ed.), The Reconstruction of Poland, 1914-1923 (London, 1992) Leslie, R. F. ( ed.), The History of Poland since 1863 (Cambridge, 1983) Lundgreen-Nielsen, K., The Polish Problem at the Paris Peace Conference.
A Study of the Policies of the Great Powers and the Poles, 1918-1919 (Odense, 1979)
Marcus, J., Social and Political History of the Jews in Poland, 1919-1939 (New York, 1983)
Milosz, C., A History of Polish Literature (London, 1969) Modras, R., The Catholic Church and Anti-Semitism: Poland, 1933-1939
(New York, 1994) Narkiewicz, 0. A., The Green Flag. Polish Populist Politics, 1867-1970 (London,
1976) Pease, N., Poland, the United States, and the Stabilization of Europe, 1919-1933
(New York, 1986) Polonsky, A., Politics in Independent Poland. The Crisis of Constitutional
Government (Oxford, 1972)
146
Select Bibliography 147
Prazmowska, A., Britain, Poland and the Eastern Front, 1939 (Cambridge, 1987) Riekhoff, H. von, German-Polish Relations, 1918-1933 (Baltimore, 1971) Roos, H., A History of Modern Poland (London, 1966) Roszkowski, W., Landowners in Poland, 1918-1939 (Cambridge, 1991) Rothschild, J., Pilsudski's Coup d'Etat (New York, 1966) Stachura, P. D. (ed.), Themes of Modern Polish History (Glasgow, 1992) Taylor, J. J., The Economic Development of Poland, 1919-1950 (New York, 1952) Wandycz, P. S., Soviet-Polish Relations, 1917-1921 (Cambridge, Mass., 1969) Wandycz, P. S., The United States and Poland (Cambridge, Mass., 1980) Wandycz, P. S., Polish Diplomacy 1914-1945. Aims and Achievements (London,
1988) Watt, R. M., Bitter Glory. Poland and its Fate, 1918 to 1939 (New York, 1979) Wiles, T. (ed.), Poland Between the Wars, 1918-1939 (Bloomington, 1989) Wynot, E. D., Polish Politics in Transition. The Camp of National Unity and the
Struggle for Power, 1935-1939 (Athens, Georgia, 1974) Wynot, E. D., Warsaw Between the World Wars. Profile of the Capital City in a
Developing Land, 1918-1939 (Boulder, Col., 1983) Zamoyski, A., The Battle for the Marshlands (Boulder, Col., 1981)