Appendix Glaze Recipes Glaze recipes are included in this book with a word of caution: Because of the wide vari- ations in raw materials around the world, the same recipe will produce different results in dif- ferent locations. So please consider these recipes to be good starting points. They are not guaranteed to work without some modifications but will put you in the general area of success. Most of the glazes are not described as glossy, matt, opaque etc. Try them out and modify them according to what you have learned in this book. With regard to frits these vary from one manufacturer to another. As frit making is not econ- omical for the small potter, it is suggested to substitute locally available frits. The recipes are compiled from many different sources, which are listed below. Fritted boron glazes for low temperatures GLAZE#1. 1 Temperature: 980 °C Frit recipe Borax Potash feldspar Marble Boric acid Glaze recipe Frit Potash feldspar Kaolin Quartz Soda feldspar Glaze formula 0.25 K20 0.15 Na20 0.60 CaO 15.5 34.8 17.9 31.8 35.7 25.8 1.0 17.2 20.3 0.40 Ah03 3.50 Si02 1.00 B203 GLAZE#2. 1 Temperature: 980°C Frit recipe Borax 33.3 Potash feldspar 21.1 Marble 16.6 Kaolin 9.0 Quartz 20.0 Glaze recipe Frit 35.1 Potash feldspar 24.3 Magnesium carbonate 4.3 Bariumcarbonate 8.2 Kaolin 11.9 Quartz 17.2 Glaze formula 0.17 K20 0.16 Na20 0.25 CaO 0.25 MgO 0.17 BaO 0.47 Ah03 3.42 Si02 0.83 B203 149
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Appendix
Glaze Recipes
Glaze recipes are included in this book with a word of caution: Because of the wide variations in raw materials around the world, the same recipe will produce different results in different locations.
So please consider these recipes to be good starting points. They are not guaranteed to work without some modifications but will put you in the general area of success. Most of the glazes are not described as glossy, matt, opaque etc. Try them out and modify them according to what you have learned in this book.
With regard to frits these vary from one manufacturer to another. As frit making is not economical for the small potter, it is suggested to substitute locally available frits. The recipes are compiled from many different sources, which are listed below.
Glaze formula 0.04 KzO 0.37 Ah03 4.37 0.27 NazO 0.16 0.39 ZnO 0.48 0.30 CaO
SiOz ZrOz Bz03
Calculation of this formula is based on chemical analysis of the local glaze materials. The content of zirconium oxide in the zircon used in this recipe is only half of what is normal for standard quality zircon.
Glaze formula 0.51 CaO 0.22 MgO 0.15 K20 0.12 Na20
50 5 3
10 2
20 5 5
0.09 Ah03
Sources of recipes
0.73 Si02
GLAZE #29.15
Temperature: 1240-1300 °C
Glaze recipe Feldspar 40 Ash 40 Pikeclay 20
Glaze formula
0.35Ca0 0.25Mg0 0.27K20 0.13 Na20
0.17 Ah03
Calculation based on oak ash.
1.27 Si02
Many of the glaze recipes are taken from Ceramic Glazes, Stefanov/Batschwarov, Bauverlag GmbH, Wiesbaden and Berlin, 1988, and the original sources are also mentioned.
D. Green: A Handbook of Pottery Glazes, Faber and Faber. London-Boston, 1978. 2 A. Blakely: Journal Amer. Ceram. Soc. 21, 1938, No.7.
Ceramics Promotion Project, P.O. Box 2008, Kathmandu, Nepal. 4 Ali Sheriff, P.O. Box 175, Arusha, Tanzania.
A. Augustinik: Keramik, Stroiizdat, Moscow, 1975. 6 Z. Filipova: Steklo i Kerarnika 10, 1953, No.3. 7 G. Alexeev: Steklo i Kerarnika 12, 1955, No. 9. 8 D. Eschenko: Herstellung und Anwendung von Fassadenkerarnik, Stroiizdat, Moscow, 1967. 9 S. Batschwarov, P. Welikova: Patent Bulgaria No. 29923; 1980.
10 E. Rochwarger: Handbuch "Bauerkerarnik'', Stroiizdat, Moscow, 1976. 11 H. Hecht: Lehrbuch der Keramik, Urban and Schwarzenberg, Berlin, 1930. 12 D. Bilington: The Technique of Pottery, Batsford Ltd., London, 1962. 13 H. Norsker: Recipe used at a stoneware factory, Insein, Burma. 14 U. Kyin: Recipe used at a sanitary ware factory, Rangoon, Burma. 15 B. Leach: A Potter's Book, Faber and Faber, London, 1976. 16 W. Matthes: Keramische Glasuren, Verlag Miiller, Darmstadt, 1985. 17 J. Chappel: The Potter's Complete Book of Clays and Glazes, Pitman. London, 1977.
155
Color Pigments
Below are listed some recipes for color pigments. In the chapter on color pigments you will find instructions on how to prepare them. These recipes will seldom work right away, but they can be used as starting points for developing color pigments based on local materials. As with all ceramic colors, the color depends very much on firing conditions, purity of the raw materials and composition of clay and glazes.
Cobalt Blue Pigments
Sky Light Royal Green- Dark Dark blue1 blue1 blue1 blue1 blue1 blue2
1 S.K. Mirmira: Indian Pottery, CAP ART, New Delhi, 1987. 2 F. Singer & S. S. Singer: Industrial Ceramics. Chapman and Hall. London, 1963. 3 C. F. Binns: The Manual of Practical Potting. Scott, Greenwood & Son. London, 1922. 4 W. Lehnhiiuser: Glasuren und ihre Farben. Wilhelm Knapp Verlag. DUsseldorf, 1959. s J. L. Artigas: Formulario y Practicas de Ceramica. Gustavo Gili. Barcelona, 1961.
Naples yello~
40
(+5) 20
40
Iron red4
50.0
50.0
157
Ceramics Elements and Oxides
Element Symbol Atomic Oxide Formula Molekular weight weight
Aluminium AI 27.1 Aluminium oxide Ah03 101.9 Alumina Antimony Sb 121.8 Antimony trioxide Sb203 291.6 Barium Ba 137.3 Barium oxide BaO 153.3 Baria Boron B 10.8 Boric oxide B203 69.6 Calcium Ca 40.1 Calcium oxide CaO 56.1 Cal cia Carbon c 12.0 Carbon dioxide C02 44.0 Chromium Cr 52.0 Chromium oxide Cn03 152.0 Cobalt Co 58.9 Cobalt oxide CoO 74.9 Copper Cu 63.5 Cupric oxide CuO 79.5 Hydrogen H 1.0 Iron Fe 55.8 Ferric oxide Fe203 159.6 Iron oxide Lead Pb 207.2 Lead monooxide PbO 223.2 Litharge Lithium Li 6.9 Lithium oxide LhO 29.8 Lithia Magnesium Mg 24.3 Magnesium oxide MgO 40.3 Magnesia Manganese Mn 54.3 Manganese dioxide Mn02 86.9 Nickel Ni 58.7 Nickel oxide NiO 74.7 Oxygen 0 16.0 Phosphorus p 31.0 Phosphorus oxide P20s 142.0 Potassium K 39.1 Potassium oxide K20 94.2 Potash Silicon Si 28.1 Silicon dioxide Si02 60.1 Silica Sodium Na 23.0 Sodium oxide Na20 62.0 Soda Strontium Sr 87.6 Strontium oxide SrO 103.6 Sulphur s 32.1 Sulphur dioxide S02 64.1 Tin Sn 118.7 Tin oxide Sn02 150.7 Titanium Ti 47.8 Titanium dioxide Ti02 79.9 Titania Vanadium v 50.9 Vanadium oxide V20s 181.8 Zinc Zn 65.4 Zinc oxide ZnO 81.4 Zirconium Zr 91.2 Zirconium oxide Zr02 123.2 Zirconia
The molecular weights are listed with one decimal point. For glaze formula calculations you can use round up figures, eg. for iron with MW 55.8 you round it up to 56.
158
Common Glaze Raw Materials
CF = conversion factor MP = melting point, °C (degrees Celsius)
* = decomposing temperatur
NOTE: melting point and decomposing temperature are only relative indicators of how materials behave in glaze. Melting points are affected by combinations of materials! (See eutectics ).
Material Formula Molecular Oxides Oxide CF MP~C) Weight after Weight
firing
Alumina Ah03 101.9 Ah03 101.9 1 2050
Alumina Hydrate Ah(OH)6 156 Ah03 101.9 0.653 300*
Antimony oxide S!n03 291.6 S!n03 291.6 1 652
Barium carbonate BaC03 197.3 BaO 153.3 0.777 1450*
Barim sulfate (barytes) BaS04 233.4 BaO 153.4 0.657 1350*
1 W. Matthes: Kemmische Glasuren, Verlag Miiller, Darmstadt 1985. 2 Sources: J. Singer & S.S. Singer. Central Glass & Ceramics Research Institute, India. Analysis carried out by
ceramics projects in Africa and Asia sponsored by DANIDA, GTZ, NORAD.
oc OF German, New "H" series oc OF German, New "H" series Staffordshire, Staffordshire Staffordshire, Staffordshire French Cone No. French Cone No. Cone No. Cone No.
600 1112 022 H 022 1100 2012 1 a Hl 625 1157 H 022 A 1110 2030 HlA 650 1202 021 H 021 1120 2048 2a H2 670 1238 020 H 020 1130 2066 H2A 690 1274 019 H 019 1140 2084 3a H3
710 1310 018 H 018 1150 2102 H3A 730 1346 017 H 017 1160 2120 4a H4 750 1382 016 H 016 1170 2138 H4A 790 1454 015 H 015 1180 2156 Sa H5 815 1499 014 a H 014 1190 2174 H5A
835 1535 013 a H 013 1200 2192 6a H6 855 1571 012 a H 012 1215 2219 H6A 880 1616 011 a H011 1230 2246 7 H7 900 1652 010 a HOlO 1240 2264 H7A 920 1688 09 a H09 1250 2282 8 H8
940 1724 08 a H 08 1260 2300 H8A 960 1760 07 a H 07 1270 2318 H8B 970 1778 H07 A 1280 2336 9 H9 980 1796 06 a H 06 1290 2354 H9A 990 1814 H06 A 1300 2372 10 H 10
1000 1832 05 a H 05 1310 2390 H lOA 1010 1850 HOS A 1320 2408 11 H11 1020 1868 04 a H04 1350 2462 12 H 12 1030 1886 H04 A 1380 2516 13 H13 1040 1904 03 a H 03 1410 2570 14 H 14
1050 1922 H03A 1435 2615 15 H 15 1060 1940 02 a H 02 1460 2660 16 H 16 1070 1958 H02A 1480 2696 17 H 17 1080 1976 01 a H01 1500 2732 18 H 18 1090 1994 H01 A 1520 2768 19 H 19
167
Table of Orton Cones Conversion Table for Pint Weights (United States, Ohio, The E. Orton Jr. Ceramic Foundation)
oz/ptUK oz/ptUS S.G. "Tw Bending temperatures of large cones when heated at 150° /hour
22 18.3 1.10 20 oc OF Cone No. oc OF Cone No. 22.8 19 1.14 28
34.8 29 1.74 148 Note: 35 29.2 1.75 150 The temperatures indicated in these cone tables 36 30 1.80 160 may not be the same as when the cones bend in the
37 30.8 1.85 170 individual potter's kiln. Cones are not used for measuring temperatures but for indicating the con- 37.2 31 1.86 171 dition of clay and glazes. 38 31.6 1.89 179
DENSITY
Specific gravity (SG) of a material, a mixture of materials or a clay slip is expressed as how many times it is heavier than the same amount of water, i.e. how many kg per 1liter volume or gram per cm3. Density is the weight per volume unit and in the metric system this equals specific gravity (glee or kg/1) but in many countries slip densities are still measured in ounces per pint.
The density of a clay slip is found by weighing 1 liter of the slip. If it weighs 1.6 kg the slip has a density of 1.6.
168
DRY CONTENT OF A LIQUID
Brogniart's Formula.
It is often useful to know the dry weight of materials in liquid clay slips or glazes. First find the weight of 1 liter of the liquid. The density (specific gravity, g/cm3) of the dry material has to be known. For clay materials it is close to 2.5 . Density of glazes has to be calculated from the density of the materials in the glaze recipe.
D . h . (W - 1000) x D ry wetg t m g = D _ 1
W = weight in g of 1 liter liquid D = density of dry material
TWADDELL SCALE
Clay and glaze suspensions have normally densities between 1.0 and 2.0. On hydrometers used for measuring glaze and slip densities the densities between 1.0 and 2.0 have been divided into 200 units. These units are called degrees Twaddell and the formula for calculating these is:
softwood: fu .45 .3 4770 pine .48 .4 4820 elm .56 .5 4470
Note: Heat or calorific value is measured in calories per gram of fuel. One calorie is the heat required to heat 1 gram of water 1 °C. Gross calorific value is the heat that theoretically can be obtained, whereas net value is what is normally obtained when firing a kiln. Both values are included for comparison with other fuels.
1 F. Singer and S.S. Singer: "Industrial Ceramics" p. 904 2 Brame and King: "Fuel" p. 37
170
Properties of liquid fuels
Waste oil Heavy Medium Light Kerosene fuel oil fuel oil fuel oil
Specific gravity 0.9-1 1.1-0.94 0.93-0.91 0.9-0.81 0.78 flash point °C 250 200 150 105 55 viscosity very high high medium low very low calorific value: cal/g gross 10300 10055 10130 10300 11100
net 9480 9536 9695
Metric system
1 cubic metre, m3 1000 litres, 1 11 1000 cm3 or ml
1 kilometre, km 1000 metres, m 1 ml 1000mm3
1m 100 centimetres, em 1 ton 1000 kilograms, kg 1 em 10 millimetres, mm 1kg 1000 grams, g 1mm 1000 micron, ll 1g 1000 milligrams, mg
to convert: to: multiply to convert: to: multiply metric by: UK& US by:
length: m feet 3.280 feet m .305 m inches 39.370 inches m .025 em inches .394 inches em 2.54 mm inches .039 inches mm 25.400
Example: 573 oc = 1058° + 5.4° = 1063.4 °F 500 is found in the left column and the 70 is found at the top. The equivalent of 570 is the crossing point and then the final digit is added.
172
BIBLIOGRAPHY
J.L.Artigas. Formulario y Practicas de Ceramica, Barcelona 1961. Michael Cardew. Pioneer Pottery, New York 1971. James Chappel. The Potter's Complete Book of Clay and Glazes, London 1977. Emmanuel Cooper and Derek Royle. Glazes for The Studio Potter, London 1984. Ivan Englund. Rock Glazes, Walcha 1983. Harry Fraser. Ceramic Faults and their Remedies, London 1986. Harry Fraser. Glazes for the Craft Potter, London 1984. John Gibson. Pottery Decoration, London 1987. D. Green. A Handbook of Pottery Glazes, London 1978. R. Griffiths and C. Radford. Calculations in Ceramics, London 1965. Frank Hamer. The Potter's Dictionary of Materials and Techniques, London 1975. W.G. Lawrence. Ceramic Science For The Potter, Radnor 1982. Bernard Leach. A Potter's Book, London 1976. Werner Lehnhauser. Glasuren und ihre Farben, DUsseldorf 1978. Wolf E. Matthes. Keramische Glasuren, Darmstadt 1985. David C. Maynard. Ceramic Glazes, London 1980. S.K. Mirmira. Indian Pottery, New Delhi 1987. Glenn C. Nelson. Ceramics, New York 1960. Henrik Norsker. Clay Materials for the Self-Reliant Potter, Eschborn 1990. Daniel Rhodes. Clay and Glazes for the Potter, New York 1966. Thomas Shafer. Pottery Decoration, New York 1976. Kenneth Shaw. Ceramic Glazes, London 1971. F.Singer and S.S. Singer. Industrial Ceramics, London 1963. Stefanov/Batschwarov. Keramik-Giasuren, Ceramic Glazes, Berlin 1988. Brian Sutherland. Glazes from Natural Sources, London 1987. J.R. Taylor and A. C. Bull. Ceramics Glaze Technology, Oxford 1986. The Institute of Ceramics. Health & Safety in Ceramics, Oxford 1986. Jack Troy. Salt-Glazed Ceramics, New York 1977.
from copper pots 42 definition of 28 Coral 124 Feldspar 15, 38, 41, 127, 148, 160, 162 Corundum 122 as source of silica 127 Crackle glaze 115 identification of 37 Craters Firing range 13,15
and surface tension of glaze 31 Flint 127 Crawling 100 Floor tiles
effect of glaze surface tension 30 matt glazes for 113 over decorations 120 Fluorspar 124 due to drying 28 Flux 14,44
Crazing 14,94-100 definition of 27 delayed crazing 97 description 138 moisture swelling 97 for pigments 119, 121 solutions for 94 primary 111
Cristobalite secondary 111 and glaze fit 98 water-soluble 44
Cryolite 127 Formula weight 137 Crystal Frit
structure of 27 blending materials for 47 Crystal glaze 115 calculation of 143 Crystals commercially available 44
and matt glazes 32 crystal formation 48 and slow cooling 32 definition of 44 in glaze 26,64 fuel economy 52
175
lead 45 Glaze making leadless 45 and cooking II, 103 rice husk ash in 47 Glaze materials testing of 48, 131 grinding requirements 54 workflow 46 Glaze oxides
Frit kiln list 122 continuous flow 51 Glaze problems crucible 49 causes and solutions 90 open hearth 49 checklist for 89 rotary 51 crazing 94- 100
line blend 105 selecting firing temperature 20 records 109 Fusion
definition of 28 triaxial blend 107
Galena 124 Glaze/body interface definition of 31 Gas 23,27
Granite 38 as fuel 16 ball mill lining 57 Gases
Gum arabic formed during fusion 28 as glaze binder 62
Gibbsite 122 Gypsum 124 Glass former
Halite 127 description 138
Hardness silica 27 Mobs' scale 41 boron 27 High temperature ceramics
Glauber salt 127 advantages 20 Glauberite 124, 127 Household items Glaze strength of 21
and glass 26 Hydrargillite 122 base glaze 110 Hydrometer binder 62 for measuring specific gravity 63 containers for 61 Ignition drying before firing 28 loss on 47, 146 equipment 104 Interface flux 26 between glaze and body 31 glass former 26 Investment matt 113 decisions 22 modifying existing glazes 104 Iron oxide quality control 130 from rust 42 soaking 29 Jar mill stabilizer 26 description 55 supercooled liquid 27 Jaw crusher suspension of 61 for glaze materials 55 test pieces 105 Lava testing of 131 in glazes 38 testing single materials 105 Lead 14,44 thickness 71 Lead oxide 124
Glaze cracks as flux 27 during drying 28,91 Lepidolite 125
176
Lime 124 Network modifiers 27 Lime feldspar 124 Neutral oxides 27,138 Limestone 124 Oil Line blend 105 as fuel 16
how to do 105 Opacifier 34, 114 mixing card 106 ball milling of 34
Liquid 23 particle size of 34 Liquid propane gas 16 list 115 Liquid wax resist Opacity
used in glaze application 73 definition 32 Litharge 124 developing 115 Lithium carbonate 125 Orthoclase 127 Lithium mica 125 Overglaze 119, 121 Lithium oxide 125 production of enamels 121
color effect 125 Oxidation 18, 102, 117 Local authorities Oxides
for mineral information 40 definition of 23 Local raw materials 10, 147 Painting Low temperature ceramics 12-15 of glaze 66 Lusters Paraffin
overglaze 81 used in glaze application 73 Lustre ware 18 Pearl ash 12, 14, 127 Magnesite 125 Pegmatite 127 Magnesium carbonate 126 source of quartz and feldspar 38 Magnesium oxide 125 Periclase magnesia 126
color effect 126 Petalite 125 Maiolica Phosphorus oxide 126
from batteries 42 and surface tension 31 Marble 124 from color oxides 121 Materials from underfiring 29 selecting for glazes 103 solutions for 92 Matt 34, 35, 93, 113