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Learn to be Safe – Medication Safety. A Guide for Pharmacists Appendix D – Supplemental Topic: Children and Teens October 15, 2013 1 Appendix D – Supplemental Topic: Children and Teens Patient Stories Many people are aware that medicines should be safely stored out of the reach of children but, they may not be aware that even overthecounter products that seem harmless, such as certain eye drops and nasal sprays, may be dangerous if swallowed. Examples of these products include Visine, Clear Eyes, Albalon, Otrivin, Dristan, and Claritin. If you are buying products like these, check the label to identify the ingredients they contain and ask your pharmacist for advice on their safe use and storage. Medicines and hazardous products should be stored in cabinets with safety locks. 1 A 2yearold boy was found unconscious 2 days after visiting a relative in a nursing home. He later died, and a patch containing fentanyl, a very strong pain killer, was found in his throat. 2 Key Points There are two important messages for parents about medication safety for children and teens: 1. Differences in size and weight mean that extra caution needs to be taken when giving any medication to children. This includes: prescription medication. nonprescription medication. vitamins. minerals. all natural health products. 2. Kids are curious and medications in the home can be hazardous when young children mistake them for candy or teens experiment with medication. Children When parents give medications to their children, they have to remember that: children’s medication dosages are often dependent on weight. Parents need to make sure that the pharmacist and doctor always have updated information about their child’s size. they need to confirm all instructions with the pharmacist: 1 SafeMedicationUse.ca Alert. Vol. 3(6) December 6, 2012. [cited 2013 July 15]. Available at: http://www.safemedicationuse.ca/alerts/alerts_EyeDropsNasalSprays.html. 2 SafeMedicationUse.ca Alert. Vol. 3(4) July 4, 2012. [cited 2013 July 15]. Available at: http://www.safemedicationuse.ca/alerts/alerts_patches.html.
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Appendix D1 Supp. Children and Teens August23 · AppendixE–Aid4:MIPSIt’sSafetoAsk–SafeUseofMedications&summarizeswhat toasktoanswertheIt’sSafetoAsk3importantquestions:Whatismyhealthproblem?

Apr 21, 2018

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Vandan Gaikwad
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Page 1: Appendix D1 Supp. Children and Teens August23 · AppendixE–Aid4:MIPSIt’sSafetoAsk–SafeUseofMedications&summarizeswhat toasktoanswertheIt’sSafetoAsk3importantquestions:Whatismyhealthproblem?

Learn  to  be  Safe  –  Medication  Safety.  A  Guide  for  Pharmacists  

Appendix  D  –  Supplemental  Topic:  Children  and  Teens  October  15,  2013  

1

Appendix  D  –  Supplemental  Topic:  Children  and  Teens    

Patient  Stories    

Many  people  are  aware  that  medicines  should  be  safely  stored  out  of  the  reach  of  children  but,  they  may  not  be  aware  that  even  over-­‐the-­‐counter  products  that  seem  harmless,  such  as  certain  eye  drops  and  nasal  sprays,  may  be  dangerous  if  swallowed.  Examples  of  these  products  include  Visine,  Clear  Eyes,  Albalon,  Otrivin,  Dristan,  and  Claritin.  If  you  are  buying  products  like  these,  check  the  label  to  identify  the  ingredients  they  contain  and  ask  your  pharmacist  for  advice  on  their  safe  use  and  storage.  Medicines  and  hazardous  products  should  be  stored  in  cabinets  with  safety  locks.1  

 A  2-­‐year-­‐old  boy  was  found  unconscious  2  days  after  visiting  a  relative  in  a  nursing  home.  He  later  died,  and  a  patch  containing  fentanyl,  a  very  strong  pain  killer,  was  found  in  his  throat.2  

   Key  Points    There  are  two  important  messages  for  parents  about  medication  safety  for  children  and  teens:      1. Differences  in  size  and  weight  mean  that  extra  caution  needs  to  be  taken  when  giving  any  

medication  to  children.  This  includes:   prescription  medication.   non-­‐prescription  medication.   vitamins.   minerals.   all  natural  health  products.  

2. Kids  are  curious  and  medications  in  the  home  can  be  hazardous  when  young  children  mistake  them  for  candy  or  teens  experiment  with  medication.  

 

 Children    When  parents  give  medications  to  their  children,  they  have  to  remember  that:  

children’s  medication  dosages  are  often  dependent  on  weight.  Parents  need  to  make  sure  that  the  pharmacist  and  doctor  always  have  updated  information  about  their  child’s  size.  

they  need  to  confirm  all  instructions  with  the  pharmacist:  

1  SafeMedicationUse.ca  Alert.  Vol.  3(6)  December  6,  2012.  [cited  2013  July  15].  Available  at:  http://www.safemedicationuse.ca/alerts/alerts_EyeDropsNasalSprays.html.    2  SafeMedicationUse.ca  Alert.  Vol.  3(4)  July  4,  2012.  [cited  2013  July  15].  Available  at:  http://www.safemedicationuse.ca/alerts/alerts_patches.html.

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Learn  to  be  Safe  –  Medication  Safety.  A  Guide  for  Pharmacists  

Appendix  D  –  Supplemental  Topic:  Children  and  Teens  October  15,  2013  

2

o how  much  to  give.  o how  many  times  a  day  and  for  how  long.  o how  to  measure  the  dose  and  what  measuring  devices  to  use  to  provide  an  

accurate  dose.  o what  to  do  if  a  dose  is  missed.  o side  effects  that  may  occur.  o what  to  do  if  the  child  spits  out  or  vomits  the  medication.  

children  under  the  age  of  6  should  not  be  given  cough  and  cold  medication,  and  children  should  never  be  given  acetylsalicylic  acid  (ASA).  

children’s  medications  are  often  ordered  by  the  “dropperful.”  Parents  should  always  use  the  dropper  provided  and  ask  the  pharmacist  how  much  to  give  the  child.  

liquid  doses  of  children’s  medications  should  be  given  by  oral  syringe.  Children  can  choke  on  the  caps  of  hypodermic  syringes.  

if  the  child  is  in  school,  parents  need  to  find  out  the  school’s  policy  on  children  receiving  their  medication.  Parents  should  let  the  main  office  or  child’s  teacher  know  that  they  are  on  medication,  and  ask  them  to  assist  the  child  with  his/her  medication.    

Tips:   use  child-­‐resistant  lids  on  all  medication  bottles  –  even  one  tablet  of  some  medications  

may  seriously  harm  a  young  child.   store  medications  securely,  out  of  the  reach  of  small  children  and  out  of  the  view  of  

teens  and  their  friends.       take  extra  precautions  when  visiting  family  and  friends  outside  of  the  home  or  when  

you  have  visitors  who  are  taking  medications.      Teens    • Teens  are  prone  to  curiosity,  peer  pressure,  wanting  to  be  accepted,  engaging  in  risk-­‐taking  

behaviors  and  seeking  pleasure  and  independence.  • Some  teens  may  have  the  misconception  that  prescription  and  non-­‐prescription  

medications  are  safe  regardless  of  how  they  are  used  or  who  takes  them.  • Teens  are  smart.  They  know  which  prescription  drugs  are  controlled  substances.    Abusing  a  prescription  medication  includes:  

taking  them  without  a  prescription.   sharing  prescription  drugs  with  friends.   taking  them  in  a  way  not  intended.  

       

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Learn  to  be  Safe  –  Medication  Safety.  A  Guide  for  Pharmacists  

Appendix  D  –  Supplemental  Topic:  Children  and  Teens  October  15,  2013  

3

The  most  commonly  abused  prescription  drugs  are:   pain  relievers  such  as  narcotics.   depressive  drugs  (benzodiazepines).   stimulants  (methamphetamines).  

 Parents  need  to  dispose  of  unused,  unwanted  or  expired  medications  found  in  the  home.    In  Manitoba,  return  them  to  the  pharmacy  for  disposal  in  an  environmentally-­‐safe  manner  through  the  Manitoba  Medications  Return  Program.    For  more  information,  click  here.        Related  tools  and  handouts    

Appendix  E  –  Aid  4:  MIPS  It’s  Safe  to  Ask  –  Safe  Use  of  Medications  summarizes  what  to  ask  to  answer  the  It’s  Safe  to  Ask  3  important  questions:    What  is  my  health  problem?    What   do   I   need   to   do?   Why   do   I   need   to   do   this?     Space   is   available   for   writing  additional  questions  and  responses.    

SafeMedicationUse.ca  has  a  helpful  article  on  how  to  prevent  poisonings  that  can  occur  in  the  home.  This  article  is  available  here.  

 

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Learn  to  be  Safe  –  Medication  Safety.  A  Guide  for  Pharmacists  Appendix  D  –  Supplemental  Topic:  High  Alert  Medications  

October  15,  2013  1

Appendix  D  –  Supplemental  Topic:  High  Alert  Medications    Patient  Stories    

A  patient  received  a  prescription  for  warfarin,  and  was  to  take  one  5  mg  tablet  every  day  for  5  days,  then  have  a  Prothrombin  Time  and  International  Normalized  Ratio  (INR)  test.  The  INR  result  was  too  low,  so  the  dose  was  increased  to  7  mg  (one  5  mg  tablet  and  two  1  mg  tablets).  The  next  INR  was  too  high,  so  the  dose  was  reduced  to  3  mg  (three  1  mg  tablets).  The  results  of  the  next  INR  were  even  higher.  The  warfarin  was  stopped  altogether,  and  restarted  once  the  INR  fell  to  a  safe  level.  The  warfarin  was  restarted  at  0.5  mg  daily  (half  of  a  1  mg  tablet).  The  INR  was  checked  again  after  2  and  4  days,  and  was  found  to  be  in  the  correct  range.  Later,  while  cutting  a  tablet  in  half  for  another  dose,  the  patient  noticed  the  tablet  was  marked  with  the  number  5.  The  patient  then  checked  the  tablets  in  the  bottle  labelled  as  "warfarin  5  mg"  and  found  that  they  were  marked  with  the  number  1.  The  patient  visited  the  pharmacy  where  the  prescriptions  had  been  filled  and  it  was  confirmed  that  the  container  labels  had  been  switched.1    A  patient  was  discharged  from  the  hospital  and  transferred  to  a  long-­‐term  care  facility.  At  the  long-­‐term  care  facility,  the  receiving  nurse  reviewed  the  transfer  information.  The  receiving  nurse  mistakenly  listed  the  insulin  concentration  of  100  units/mL  as  the  insulin  dose.  The  nurse  contacted  the  patient’s  physician,  whose  instructions  were  to  continue  the  same  orders  that  the  patient  received  while  in  hospital.  Despite  the  unusually  high  dose,  the  insulin  order  was  filled  by  the  pharmacy.  The  patient  received  one  dose  of  100  units,  experienced  severe  hypoglycemia  and  was  transferred  back  to  the  hospital.  Unfortunately,  the  patient  died  soon-­‐after.2  

   

Key  Points    

Below  is  a  list  of  medications  that  have  the  potential  to  result  in  complications.    For  your  presentation,  choose  to  include  all,  some  or  none  of  these  medications.      Although  these  medications  have  been  proven  to  be  safe  and  effective,  they  can  cause  serious  injury  if  they  are  taken  incorrectly.  When  a  patient  is  on  a  high  alert  medication,  they  need  to:    

check  with  their  pharmacist  or  doctor  before  taking  any  non=prescription  medication  or  natural  health  products.  

inform  a  new  physician  or  pharmacist  that  they  are  on  these  medications.      

1  SafeMedicationUse.ca  Newsletter.  Vol.  1(7)  November  11,  2010.  [cited  2013  July  15].  Available  at:  https://www.safemedicationuse.ca/newsletter/newsletter_warfarin.html.    2  ISMP  Medication  Safety  Alert  Newsletter.  Vol.  18(15)  July  25,  2013.  [cited  2013  August  23].  Available  at:  http://www.ismp.org/newsletters/acutecare/showarticle.asp?id=54.    

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Learn  to  be  Safe  –  Medication  Safety.  A  Guide  for  Pharmacists  Appendix  D  –  Supplemental  Topic:  High  Alert  Medications  

October  15,  2013  2

Warfarin    When  patients  are  taking  warfarin,  they  need  to:  

know  the  exact  dose  to  take.   take  exactly  as  directed.   keep  a  dated  record  of  dose  changes  made  by  the  physician  to  avoid  confusion  between  

new  and  old  instructions.   keep  instructions  on  how  to  take  their  medication.   keep  their  usual  eating  habits  and  exercise  regularly.   avoid  eating  foods  that  are  high  in  vitamin  K.   get  regular  blood  tests.   call  their  doctor  if  they  experience  any  signs  of  bleeding  or  clotting.   do  not  start  or  stop  any  prescription  medications  without  consulting  their  doctor  and  

pharmacist.   consult  with  their  pharmacist  or  doctor  before  using  any  non-­‐prescription  medications  

or  natural  health  products  to  prevent  drug  interactions.    

Too  much  warfarin  can  lead  to  bleeding,  while  too  little  can  result  in  blood  clots.    Patients  need  to  know  the  signs  of  bleeding  or  blood  clot  formation.    Signs  of  bleeding  include:  

unusual  pain,  swelling  or  discomfort.   unusual  or  easy  bruising.   pink  or  brown  urine.   prolonged  bleeding  of  gums  or  cuts.   persistent,  frequent  nosebleeds  that  don’t  stop  within  7  minutes.   unusually  heavy/long  menstrual  flow.   coughing  up  blood.   vomit  that  is  bloody  or  looks  like  coffee  grounds.   severe  dizziness,  weakness,  headache,  fainting,  unusual  or  persistent  tiredness.   bloody  or  black  stools.   pain  in  joints  or  back.  

 Signs  of  a  clot  (examples):  

in  the  lung:  chest  pain,  fast  breathing  or  heart  rate,  coughing,  shortness  of  breath,  fever.   in  the  arm  or  leg:  sudden  leg,  arm  or  back  pain,  swelling,  redness,  warmth,  tenderness.   in  the  brain:  headache,  vision  changes,  seizure,  slurred  speech,  weakness  on  one  side  of  

body,  dizziness.   in  the  heart:  chest  pain,  shortness  of  breath,  sweating,  nausea  and  vomiting.   in  the  abdomen:  abdominal  pain,  vomiting,  diarrhea.  

     

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Learn  to  be  Safe  –  Medication  Safety.  A  Guide  for  Pharmacists  Appendix  D  –  Supplemental  Topic:  High  Alert  Medications  

October  15,  2013  3

 Dalteparin/Enoxaparin    When  patients  are  taking  dalteparin  or  enoxaparin,  they  need  to:  

take  exactly  as  directed.   prepare  the  exact  dose  if  not  using  pre-­‐filled  syringes.   inject  the  medicine  properly.   rotate  injection  sites.   never  re-­‐use  or  recycle  syringes.   always  tell  their  doctor  and  pharmacist  about  new  medications.   call  their  doctor  if  experiencing  signs  of  bleeding  or  clotting.   call  their  doctor  if  they  develop  injection  site  redness.   dispose  of  needles  properly.  

   Fentanyl  Patches    When  patients  are  using  fentanyl  patches,  they  need  to:  

safely  dispose  of  used  or  unneeded  patches  by  folding  the  sticky  sides  together  and  flushing  them  down  the  toilet.    

only  use  for  long-­‐term  chronic  pain.   use  intact  patches.   avoid  applying  patches  to  broken  skin.   follow  directions  when  wearing  fentanyl  patches.   do  not  warm  the  patches.   never  wear  their  fentanyl  patch  during  an  MRI.   report  signs  of  overdose.   store  patches  safely  out  of  the  reach  of  children.   dispose  of  patches  safely.  

   Methotrexate    When  patients  are  using  methotrexate,  they  need  to:  

tell  the  pharmacist  why  they  are  taking  methotrexate  –  the  dosage  regimen  is  different  depending  on  the  medical  condition  being  treated.  

tell  their  doctor  and  pharmacist  about  all  medications  they  are  using.   never  use  during  pregnancy  or  when  breastfeeding.   pick  a  certain  day  of  the  week  to  always  pick  up  their  prescription.   ask  their  pharmacist  for  education  on  the  drug.   clarify  their  medication  schedule  with  the  pharmacist.  Dosing  schedules  differ  

depending  on  what  the  medication  is  being  used  for.   never  take  extra  doses.  

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Learn  to  be  Safe  –  Medication  Safety.  A  Guide  for  Pharmacists  Appendix  D  –  Supplemental  Topic:  High  Alert  Medications  

October  15,  2013  4

avoid  direct  sunlight.   report  side  effects  to  the  doctor  such  as  rash,  fever,  chills,  trouble  breathing,  cough,  

racing  heart  beat  or  bleeding.    

Oxycodone  with  Acetaminophen    When  patients  are  taking  oxycodone  with  acetaminophen,  they  need  to:  

never  take  with  Tylenol  products  (acetaminophen).   prevent  and  treat  constipation.   dispose  of  unused  or  expired  medication  safely.   call  their  doctor  or  pharmacist  if  their  pain  gets  worse.   call  their  doctor  or  pharmacist  if  they  are  experiencing  intolerable  side  effects.   watch  for  signs  of  overdose.   watch  for  signs  of  withdrawal.  

   Insulin    When  patients  are  taking  insulin,  they  need  to:  

know  what  type  of  insulin  they  use  and  how  it  works  (short  versus  long  acting).   be  sure  to  prepare  their  insulin  properly.   never  reuse  or  recycle  syringes.   avoid  mix-­‐ups  with  other  types  of  insulin.   know  how  to  treat  low  blood  sugar  (hypoglycemia).   test  their  blood  sugar  levels  regularly.   follow  up  regularly  with  their  physician  for  assessment  and  blood  work.  

 Signs  of  hypoglycemia  include:  

hunger   feeling  shaky   fast  heartbeat   light  headedness   dizziness   sweating   headache   confusion   irritability  

           

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Relevant  tools  and  handouts    

The  It’s  Safe  to  Ask  Medication  Card  is  a  tool  to  improve  medication  safety.  This  card  can  be  downloaded  and  saved  to  a  home  computer.    Hard  copies  are  available  at  the  Manitoba  Institute  for  Patient  Safety,  local  pharmacies  and  local  senior  resource  councils.    The  card  is  part  of  the  E.R.I.K.  (Emergency  Response  Information  Kit).    Patients  and  families  can  call  1-­‐800-­‐665-­‐6565  to  find  out  the  phone  number  of  the  senior  resource  council  nearest  them  in  local  communities.  Kits  are  also  available  from  Fire  and  Paramedic  stations.  

Appendix  E  –  Aid  4:  MIPS  It’s  Safe  to  Ask  –  Safe  Use  of  Medications  summarizes  what  to  ask  to  answer  the  It’s  Safe  to  Ask  3  important  questions:    What  is  my  health  problem?    What  do  I  need  to  do?  Why  do  I  need  to  do  this?    Space  is  available  for  writing  additional  questions  and  responses.  

Pharmacists  can  provide  information  on  the  Manitoba  Medications  Return  Program  or  information  is  available  here.  

 

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Appendix  D  –  Supplemental  Topic:  Seniors    Patient  Story    

It's  best  not  to  rely  on  your  memory  when  providing  information  about  the  medications  you  are  taking.  In  one  incident,  a  consumer  called  a  pharmacy  to  request  a  refill  but  did  not  refer  to  the  prescription  bottle  for  the  name  of  the  medicine  and  the  prescription  number.  The  consumer  relied  on  memory  and  asked  for  a  medicine  taken  in  the  past  to  treat  a  different  condition.  Even  though  it  had  been  over  a  year  since  the  consumer  had  taken  the  requested  medicine,  the  pharmacy  contacted  the  consumer's  doctor  and  got  approval  to  dispense  it.  When  picking  up  the  medicine,  the  consumer  checked  the  prescription  and  noticed  the  mistake.1    

   As  people  age,  they  tend  to  develop  more  health  problems  and  are  prescribed  more  medications.  This  increases  the  chance  of  drug  interactions,  mix-­‐ups  and  the  potential  for  unwanted  side  effects.    Seniors  are  vulnerable  to  overdosing  and  side  effects  because  their  bodies  process  and  respond  to  medications  differently.  Inappropriate  use  of  medication  can  include,  for  example:  

unintentionally  taking  the  wrong  medication.   taking  a  medication  twice.   forgetting  to  take  a  medication.  

 Inappropriate  use  of  medications  is  a  risk  for  seniors  because  they  take  more  medications  and  often  have  multiple  doctors  treating  their  health  conditions.  This  prevents  any  one  doctor  from  knowing  all  of  the  medications  that  the  patient  takes  and  increases  the  likelihood  of  medication  incidents.  For  this  reason,  it  is  beneficial  for  patients  to  get  all  of  their  medications  from  one  pharmacy.      A  common  cause  of  poisoning  among  seniors  is  medication  overdose.  All  medications  have  the  potential  for  accidental  poisoning,  but  some  more  than  others,  including:  

heart  and  blood  pressure  medication.   diabetes  medication.   sedatives  and  sleep  aids.   pain  relievers.   iron  pills.   cough  and  cold  medication.  

 

1  SafeMedicationUse.ca  Newsletter.  Vol.  3(7)  December  19,  2012.  [cited  2013  July  15].  Available  at:  http://www.safemedicationuse.ca/newsletter/newsletter_DoNotRelyOnMemory.html.    

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All  of  the  questions  for  patients  to  ask  their  pharmacist  are  listed  in  the  core  content  of  this  guide.    In  particular,  seniors  need  to  ask  their  pharmacist:  

how  should  the  medication  be  taken  and  are  there  any  special  instructions  for  use?   what  are  some  common  side  effects  of  the  medications  and  which  side  effects  should  

be  reported  to  my  doctor  or  pharmacist  right  away?   is  this  medication  safe  to  take  with  my  other  medications  and/or  natural  health  

products?   are  there  any  activities  I  should  avoid  while  taking  this  medication?   what  do  the  symbols  and  stickers  on  the  container  mean?   I  have  trouble  swallowing  pills.  Can  this  medication  be  taken  in  any  other  form?     I  have  difficulty  opening  child-­‐resistant  containers.  Does  the  pharmacy  have  any  

containers  that  are  easier  to  open?     is  this  prescription  medication  an  eligible  drug  under  the  Pharmacare  Program  (in  

Manitoba)?   patients  can  request  that  the  label  on  their  medication  bottle  be  printed  in  a  larger  font  

if  needed.    Elderly  patients  may  need  to  ask  for  help  with  their  medications  from  their  family,  advocate,  caregiver  or  healthcare  provider  if  they:  

live  alone.   take  three  or  more  medications.   have  memory  problems.   get  prescriptions  from  more  than  one  doctor.  

   Falls  Prevention    Falls  are  a  major  safety  concern  for  the  seniors.    Falls  account  for  over  half  of  all  injury-­‐related  hospitalizations.2    The  majority  of  hip  fractures  are  a  result  of  falls.  Hip  fractures  in  the  elderly  result  in  significant  loss  in  the  ability  to  conduct  activities  of  daily  living.  Twenty  percent  of  seniors  who  experience  a  hip  fracture  die  within  a  year  of  the  fracture.3    There  are  many  risk  factors  for  falls  including:  

age   lower  body  weakness   balance  problems   cognitive  impairment   arthritis   history  of  falls  

2Canadian  Institute  for  Health  Information.  National  Trauma  Registry,  2005  Injury  Hospitalizations  Highlights  Report.  [cited  2013  July  15].  Available  at:  https://secure.cihi.ca/free_products/ntr_highlights_2005_en.pdf.    3Tinetti,  M.  E.  and  C.  S.  Williams,  C.S.  (1997).  Falls,  injuries  due  to  falls,  and  the  risk  of  admission  to  a  nursing  home.  New  England  Journal  of  Medicine,  337(18),  1279-­‐1284.  

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house  clutter   medications  

 Several  medications,  generally  because  they  can  cause  dizziness,  increase  the  risk  of  falls  in  seniors  including:  

antipsychotics   antidepressants   anti-­‐anxiety  medications   sleep  medications   alcohol   blood  pressure  medications   heart  medications   diabetes  medications   antihistamines  

 Seniors  can  help  prevent  falls  by:  

not  using  carpets  and  rugs  that  can  result  in  tripping.   not  leaving  clutter  on  the  floor.   rearranging  furniture.   wearing  properly  fitted  shoes  with  good  support  and  non-­‐slip  soles.   exercising  regularly  to  maintain  strength  and  balance  (e.g.walking,  swimming).   using  a  support  to  walk  such  as  a  cane  or  walker  as  necessary.   telling  their  doctor,  nurse  and  pharmacist  about  previous  falls.   talking  to  their  pharmacist  about  their  medications  and  risk  of  falls.   talking  to  their  pharmacist  about  calcium  and  vitamin  D  supplementation.  

   Driving    The  combination  of  prescription  medications  and/or  alcohol  with  driving  a  motor  vehicle  can  result  in  a  greater  risk  for  accidents.    Certain  medications  and  drugs  such  as  the  ones  noted  above,  even  when  taken  in  appropriate  dosages,  can  affect  a  person’s  ability  to  drive.    This  is  because  they  can:  

reduce  concentration.   impair  judgment.   blur  vision.  

 Patients  should  know  what  they  are  taking,  and  ask  their  doctor,  nurse  or  pharmacist  if  it  is  safe  to  drive  while  taking  their  medications.          

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Bubble  Packs    Seniors  who  take  multiple  medications  or  have  trouble  remembering  when  to  take  them  should  consider  using  a  bubble  pack.  Bubble  packs  or  blister  packs  are  prepared  by  the  pharmacy  team  and  consist  of  individual  bubbles  packaged  in  a  card  that  contain  the  patient’s  medications  organized  by  day  and  time.      Considerations  for  bubble  pack  patients  include:  

is  the  patient  taking  any  “as  needed”  medications  that  may  not  be  in  the  bubble  pack?   is  the  patient  taking  any  liquid  medication  or  using  any  creams/ointments/patches?   does  the  patient  know  how  to  use  their  bubble  pack?  

   Splitting  and  Crushing  Pills    Elderly  patients  often  have  trouble  swallowing  large  pills.  Not  all  medication  can  be  split  or  crushed.  

Some  medications  are  specifically  prepared  to  deliver  the  medicine  to  the  body  slowly.  If  these  pills  are  crushed,  the  medication  may  go  into  the  body  too  fast,  which  may  cause  harm  to  the  patient.  

Some  medications  have  outer  coatings  to  protect  the  patient’s  stomach  or  delay  absorption  until  the  drug  gets  into  the  patient’s  intestines,  so  it  won’t  be  destroyed  by  stomach  acids.  

 Patients  need  to  ask  their  pharmacist  before  splitting  or  crushing  their  medication.    A  clue  that  the  medication  should  not  be  tampered  with  is  if  any  of  the  following  letters  are  found  in  the  product  name  (ie.  Adalat  XL)  or  are  inscribed  on  the  tablet:  

CR:  controlled  release   SR:  sustained  release   CD:  controlled  dose   TD:  time  delayed   ER:  extended  release   LA:  long  acting   XL:  extended  release   XR:  extended  release  

   Relevant  tools  and  handouts    

The  It’s  Safe  to  Ask  Medication  Card  is  a  tool  to  improve  medication  safety.  This  card  can  be  downloaded  and  saved  to  a  home  computer.    Hard  copies  are  available  at  the  Manitoba  Institute  for  Patient  Safety,  local  pharmacies  and  local  senior  resource  councils.    The  card  is  part  of  the  E.R.I.K.  (Emergency  Response  Information  Kit).    Patients  

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and  families  can  call  1-­‐800-­‐665-­‐6565  to  find  out  the  phone  number  of  the  senior  resource  council  nearest  them  in  local  communities.  Kits  are  also  available  from  Fire  and  Paramedic  stations.  

Appendix  E  –  Aid  4:  MIPS  It’s  Safe  to  Ask  –  Safe  Use  of  Medications  summarizes  what  to  ask  to  answer  the  It’s  Safe  to  Ask  3  important  questions:    What  is  my  health  problem?    What  do  I  need  to  do?  Why  do  I  need  to  do  this?    Space  is  available  for  writing  additional  questions  and  responses.    

Partners  Seeking  Solutions  for  Seniors  has  many  helpful  resources  for  seniors  with  an  interest  in  their  health  and  medications.  These  resources  are  available  here.  

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Appendix  D  –  Supplemental  Topic:  Travelling  with  Medications    Patient  Story    

Spotlight  on  Acetaminophen:  In  proper  doses,  acetaminophen  is  a  safe  drug,  but  overdose  is  a  common  cause  of  acute  liver  failure.  The  recommended  maximum  daily  dose  of  acetaminophen  for  healthy  adults  is  4  grams,  and  is  much  lower  for  children  and  elderly  patients.  The  safe  dose  is  easily  exceeded  when  consumers  take  a  little  extra  of  one  product  or  take  a  number  of  products  that  contain  acetaminophen.  This  problem  could  be  encountered  when  travelling  to  other  countries  where  the  over-­‐the-­‐counter  medications  may  be  different.  For  example,  people  can  purchase  acetaminophen  (Tylenol)  in  Canada  but  in  the  UK,  it  is  called  paracetamol.  Not  knowing  that  the  drug  has  different  names  in  different  countries  could  lead  to  serious  problems  such  as  overdose  and  liver  failure.  The  best  advice  is  to  read  every  label  carefully  to  be  sure  you  know  the  ingredients  of  any  product  you  use.  If  in  doubt,  ask  your  pharmacist!1  

   Preparing  for  vacation    To  prepare  for  an  upcoming  vacation,  patients  need  to:  

visit  their  doctor  and  pharmacist  to  get  an  adequate  supply  of  all  of  their  prescription  medications  including  an  extra  supply  if  there  happens  to  be  a  delay  during  their  trip.    

pack  a  supply  of  commonly  used  non-­‐prescription  medications  such  as:    o anti-­‐inflammatory  medication.  o anti-­‐histamines.  o anti-­‐diarrhea  medication.  o anti-­‐motion  sickness  medication.  o medication  for  pain  and  fever.  o laxatives  or  stool  softeners.  o antifungal  and  antibacterial  creams.  

ensure  that  they  know  when  to  take  their  medication  if  travelling  to  a  different  time  zone.    

ask  about  any  food-­‐drug  interactions  that  may  occur,  since  their  diet  may  change  while  on  vacation.  

pack  the  phone  numbers  and  contact  information  of  their  doctor  and  pharmacist.     bring  a  letter  from  their  doctor  if  they  are  on  a  controlled  substance  (sedative,  narcotic,  

etc)  and  are  crossing  the  border  to  another  country.    

1  SafeMedicationUse.ca  Safety  Tools  and  Resources.  Get  Medication  Safety  Tips.  [cited  2013  July  15].  Available  at:  http://www.safemedicationuse.ca/tools_resources/tips_acetaminophen.html.  

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prepare  and  take  a  current  and  complete  list  of  all  their  prescription  and  non-­‐prescription  medications  as  well  as  any  natural  health  products  they  may  take  (use  a  medication  card).  

ask  the  pharmacist  how  to  ensure  proper  temperature  control  for  the  medication.    Some  medications  require  special  storage  such  as  refrigeration  or  if  travelling  to  an  especially  hot  or  humid  climate.  

   While  on  Vacation    While  on  vacation,  patients  need  to:  

keep  medications  in  a  dry  place  at  room  temperature.  Medication  can  be  very  sensitive  to  temperature  and  humidity  extremes.  

keep  medications  in  their  original  prescription  containers.  This  will  help  the  patient  at  border  crossings  or  when  flying,  and  will  also  allow  them  to  keep  track  of  their  medications.  

take  precautions  to  prevent  theft  of  medications.    Patients  should  exercise  caution  if  they:  

are  wearing  medication  patches  and  plan  on  being  in  extreme  heat.   are  on  a  medication  that  is  sun-­‐sensitive.  It  may  cause  them  to  burn  more  easily  and  

severely  in  the  sun.   are  travelling  internationally  and  require  a  medication  refill.  Ask  for  the  medication  by  

generic  name,  as  the  brand  name  drug  may  be  used  for  different  ailments  and  may  contain  different  active  ingredients.  

   Related  Tools  and  Handouts    

Health  Canada’s  website  provides  travel  health  fact  sheets  and  notices  for  patients.  The  information  is  available  here.  

SafeMedicationUse.ca  has  a  helpful  article  on  how  to  travel  safely  with  your  medications.  The  article  is  available  here.    

     

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October  15,  2013  1  

Appendix  D  –  Supplemental  Topic:  Cancer  Medications  in  the  Home      Patient  Story    

The  consumer  had  received  a  prescription  for  tamoxifen  from  a  cancer  specialist.  Tamoxifen  is  a  medicine  that  is  used  to  treat  certain  types  of  breast  cancer.  Later,  the  consumer's  family  doctor  prescribed  duloxetine  (brand  name  Cymbalta)  to  treat  depression.  Duloxetine  can  reduce  the  effectiveness  of  tamoxifen.  The  consumer  took  both  of  these  medicines  for  several  months  before  finding  out  about  the  drug  interaction  during  visit  with  the  cancer  specialist.  The  cancer  specialist  told  the  consumer  to  stop  taking  the  tamoxifen  and  prescribed  a  different  breast  cancer  medicine  that  does  not  interact  with  duloxetine.1      

 The  diagnosis  of  cancer  is  overwhelming  to  patients  and  their  families.    Upon  diagnosis,  the  patient  is  provided  with  information  about  their  specific  cancer  and  treatment  options  while  also  dealing  with  the  emotional  stress  of  the  diagnosis.    The  treatment  process  can  be  daunting  for  patients  and  their  families.    Many  healthcare  professionals  play  a  role  in  the  treatment  of  a  cancer  patient,  however  with  the  increase  use  of  cancer  medications  in  the  home,  the  patient’s  role  has  expanded  in  terms  of  monitoring,  adherence  and  medication  safety.    The  treatment  of  cancer  will  vary  for  each  person  depending  on  the  type  of  cancer,  the  stage  and  location  as  well  as  local  cancer  centre  guidelines  and  patient  considerations.    The  patient  is  provided  with  information  about  the  various  options  and  benefits  of  each.    The  following  is  general  information  about  anti-­‐cancer  therapies,  treatment  protocols,  adverse  effects  of  cancer  medications  and  patient  safety  considerations.      Types  of  Medications  Used    There  are  several  types  of  medications  used  to  treat  cancer.    Cancer  medications  can  be  divided  into  four  groups.    Medications  in  all  four  groups  may  be  given  orally,  by  IV  or  subcutaneous  injections.    

1. Cytotoxic  chemotherapy:  These  drugs  interfere  with  DNA  or  RNA  processes  and  prevent  cell  replication  and  function.    These  drugs  are  non-­‐specific  and  also  kill  healthy  cells.    Because  of  this,  they  are  associated  with  significant  side  effects.    

2. Hormonal  agents:  Some  cancers  require  hormones  to  grow.    Giving  anti-­‐hormonal  agents  interferes  with  the  production  or  action  of  certain  hormones  and  causes  the  cancer  to  stop  or  slow  its  growth.    These  medications  often  have  less  severe  side  effects.    

1  SafeMedicationUse.ca  Newsletter.  Vol.  3(4)  June  14,  2012.  [cited  2013  July  15].  Available  at:  http://www.safemedicationuse.ca/newsletter/newsletter_drug_interactions.html.  

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3. Immunotherapy:  These  medications  alter  the  body’s  response  to  the  tumour,  or  stimulate  the  immune  system  to  fight  the  cancer.    Sometimes  this  may  be  a  compound  that  is  already  produced  in  the  body,  but  given  in  much  larger  quantities  than  a  human  body  produces.    

4. Targeted  Therapies:  These  are  newer  agents  that  have  been  designed  to  bind  to  specific  targets  on  cancer  cells.    These  therapies  are  less  toxic  because  they  don’t  kill  healthy  cells.    However,  they  do  have  unique  side  effects  that  are  not  traditionally  associated  with  chemotherapy.  

 Medications  used  to  help  with  the  side  effects  of  cancer  medications  are  often  referred  to  as  supportive  care  medications.    They  may  be  given  before,  during,  or  after  cancer  treatments.    Sometimes  a  prescription  will  be  given  for  the  patient  to  take  in  the  days  immediately  following  or  preceding  a  cancer  treatment.      Supportive  care  medications  may  include:  

1. anti-­‐nausea  medications  (also  called  anti-­‐emetics)  2. medications  used  to  prevent  infusion  reactions  during  IV  administration  of  cancer  

medications.  3. IV  fluids  to  promote  elimination  of  the  medication  or  if  a  patient  becomes  dehydrated  

due  to  vomiting  or  diarrhea  4. corticosteroids  (also  called  steroids)  may  be  used  as  an  anti-­‐nauseant,  to  prevent  water  

retention  associated  with  certain  cancer  medications,  to  reduce  swelling  or  even  as  an  anti-­‐cancer  agent  

5. antibiotics  or  antivirals  may  be  used  to  prevent  infections  associated  with  some  cancer  treatments  

6. medications  to  treat  or  prevent  diarrhea  or  constipation  associated  with  some  cancer  medications  or  pain  medications.    These  may  be  prescription  or  non-­‐prescription  medications.  

7. medications  used  to  increase  white  blood  cells  after  cancer  medications  are  given  8. medications  used  to  treat  blood  clots.    Blood  clots  can  occur  as  a  result  of  having  cancer,  

or  from  the  treatment  of  cancer.      Cancer  Treatment  Protocols    Treatment  protocols  are  determined  by  the  type  of  cancer,  stage  of  cancer,  goal  of  treatment  (cure  or  disease  control),  other  chronic  diseases  or  conditions  that  the  patient  has  as  well  as  other  patient-­‐specific  needs.      Treatments  given  after  surgery  or  removal  of  cancer  are  used  to  reduce  the  chance  of  the  cancer  coming  back  (relapse).    These  treatments  are  referred  to  as  “adjuvant”.    If  the  cancer  has  spread  or  is  not  able  to  be  removed  by  surgery,  the  goal  may  be  to  shrink  or  control  the  

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October  15,  2013  3  

tumour  growth.    These  treatments  may  be  referred  to  as  metastatic  or  palliative.    Treatments  given  to  shrink  the  tumour  before  surgery  are  called  “neo-­‐adjuvant”.    Cancer  treatment  protocols  are  referred  to  as  “regimens”.    This  is  usually  a  combination  of  several  cancer  medications  as  well  as  supportive  care  medications  given  on  a  pre-­‐defined  treatment  schedule.    Medications  may  be  given  orally,  by  intravenous  (IV)  or  a  combination  of  both  oral  and  IV  medications.      Each  time  the  scheduled  medications  are  given  is  called  a  cycle.    Blood  test  results  and  side  effects  are  assessed  before  each  cycle.    The  results  of  these  tests  help  to  determine  if  the  patient  will  go  on  for  the  next  cycle  of  medications.    Sometimes  dose  adjustments  are  made,  depending  on  organ  function,  blood  tests  or  side  effects.    Changes  occur  frequently,  and  it  is  therefore  imperative  that  prescriptions  are  only  filled  for  the  quantity  of  medication  required  for  one  cycle.    Refills  should  not  be  permitted  on  cancer  medications.    Patients  often  receive  three  or  four  cycles  of  a  cancer  treatment  before  a  response  is  evaluated  with  CT  scans  or  other  tests.    Treatment  schedules  are  often  complex,  and  it  is  important  that  patients  understand  when  to  take  medications  at  home  in  relation  to  any  treatments  administered  at  the  cancer  centre.    Medication  calendars  may  be  provided  at  the  cancer  centre,  pharmacy  or  even  put  together  at  home  using  a  standard  calendar  to  help  patients  follow  complex  treatment  schedules.      Some  medications  included  in  various  treatment  schedules  may  be  used  in  dosages  exceeding  or  different  from  dosages  printed  on  the  drug  manufacturer’s  labels  or  packaging  material.    It  is  important  that  patients  understand  the  correct  dosage  of  each  medication  included  in  their  treatment  schedule.    If  medication  dosages  or  instructions  on  how  or  when  to  use  each  medication  is  unclear,  patients  need  to  feel  comfortable  in  asking  their  cancer  specialist,  nurse  or  pharmacist  to  review  their  individual  treatment  schedule.      Adverse  Effects      All  medications  have  the  potential  to  cause  unwanted  or  adverse  effects.    Cytotoxic  chemotherapy  medications  commonly  cause  a  decrease  in  white  blood  cells  and/or  platelets,  nausea/vomiting/diarrhea  and  hair  loss.  These  adverse  effects  occur  because  chemotherapy  medications  kill  rapidly  dividing  cells  in  the  body  which  include  both  cancerous  cells  and  healthy  cells.    Blood  cells  (in  the  bone  marrow),  cells  in  the  gastro-­‐intestinal  tract  and  hair  follicles  are  all  rapidly  dividing  healthy  cells  in  the  body.    Patients  need  to  understand  that  not  all  chemotherapy  medications  cause  the  same  severity  of  adverse  effects.    It  is  important  for  patients  to  know  what  the  expected  adverse  effects  of  their  individual  treatment  will  be.    

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October  15,  2013  4  

Targeted  Therapies  often  cause  very  different  adverse  effects  than  cytotoxic  chemotherapy  medications.    These  can  include  skin  rashes,  sun  sensitivity,  diarrhea,  changes  in  blood  pressure  or  heart  function.    Hormonal  and  Immunotherapies  cause  adverse  effects  associated  with  the  specific  process  in  the  body  that  is  altered  and  depending  on  the  function  of  that  hormone  or  immune  component.    Sometimes,  it  may  be  difficult  for  patients  to  differentiate  between  symptoms  of  the  cancer,  adverse  effects  from  the  medications  they  are  receiving,  or  symptoms  of  another  illness.    It  may  be  helpful  for  patients  to  write  down  symptoms  they  experience  such  as  fever,  severity  of  nausea  or  vomiting  or  any  other  unusual  feelings  on  a  calendar.    This  information  can  then  be  provided  to  their  healthcare  providers  at  each  visit  to  help  determine  whether  their  treatment  needs  to  be  modified.    Patients  need  to  feel  comfortable  in  contacting  their  cancer  specialist,  nurse  or  pharmacist  or  other  healthcare  provider  whenever  they  have  concerns  or  questions  about  the  symptoms  they  are  experiencing.    Patients  often  believe  that  cancer  medications  taken  orally  have  less  adverse  effects  or  are  safer  however,  this  is  not  correct.    Cancer  medications  have  the  potential  to  cause  adverse  effects  because  of  the  specific  drug’s  effect  on  cells  in  the  body  and  this  effect  is  the  same  whether  the  medication  is  taken  orally,  by  IV  or  subcutaneous  injection.    All  dosage  forms  of  a  cancer  medication  need  to  be  handled  with  the  same  level  of  care  and  administered  according  to  the  dose  and  schedule  prescribed.      Drug  Interactions    Drug  interactions  can  occur  between  prescription,  over-­‐the-­‐counter  or  non-­‐prescription  medications,  vitamin  and  mineral  products,  herbal  or  other  natural  products,  and  with  specific  foods  or  alcohol.  This  includes  cancer  medications  and  supportive  care  medications.      Some  drug  interactions  can  be  harmful  while  other  drug  interactions  may  reduce  the  effectiveness  of  treatment.    Some  drug  interactions  require  that  a  different  medication  be  prescribed  while  other  drug  interactions  may  be  managed  with  closer  monitoring  or  dosage  adjustments.      It  is  important  that  all  members  of  a  patient’s  healthcare  team  are  aware  of  all  medications  that  a  patient  may  be  receiving  so  that  drug  interactions  can  be  identified  and  dealt  with  appropriately.    In  the  situation  of  a  patient  receiving  cancer  medications  from  a  cancer  specialist  and  other  medications  from  a  family  physician,  there  must  be  a  heightened  awareness  of  the  potential  for  drug  interactions  to  occur.    Working  with  their  pharmacist,  patients  can  play  a  vital  role  in  keeping  all  of  their  healthcare  providers  informed  about  all  of  the  medications,  vitamins  and  other  natural  health  products  they  may  be  taking.        

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October  15,  2013  5  

Some  additional  ways  that  patients  can  help  to  prevent  harm  from  drug  interactions  include:   using  the  same  pharmacy  for  all  their  medication  needs  and  consulting  with  a  

pharmacist  before  selecting  non-­‐prescription  medications,  vitamin  and  mineral  products  and  herbal  or  other  natural  products.  

keeping  a  list  of  all  of  the  medications  taken  and  showing  the  list  of  medications  to  all  healthcare  providers.    Pharmacists  can  help  patients  keep  their  medications  lists  up-­‐to-­‐date.    

reading  labels  on  medication  vials  and  other  containers  and  paying  special  attention  to  auxiliary  labels.  

 Safe  Prescriptions    There  are  many  factors  that  can  contribute  to  errors  in  dispensing  prescription  medications  to  patients.  Healthcare  providers  use  various  processes  to  help  reduce  this  possibility.  Some  of  these  processes  include:  

avoiding  the  use  of  abbreviations  when  writing  prescriptions.   spelling  out  drug  names  clearly  to  differentiate  between  similar  sounding  medications.   referring  to  medications  by  generic  names,  instead  of  brand  names.  

 Patients  can  also  help  reduce  the  possibility  that  an  error  will  occur  when  receiving  their  prescription  medication  by:  

knowing  the  generic  name  (and  brand  name  if  applicable)  of  the  medications  they  are  receiving.  

knowing  what  the  tablets  or  capsules  look  like  if  they  are  oral  medications.   spelling  out  drug  names  when  communicating  with  healthcare  providers.   checking  the  5  Rs  of  a  medication  or  prescription  –  right  patient,  right  medication,  right  

dose,  right  time,  right  route  –  whenever  receiving  a  drug  in  the  hospital  or  clinic  or  when  picking  up  a  dispensed  prescription  at  the  pharmacy.  

when  something  does  not  look  or  sound  right,  telling  their  pharmacist  or  other  healthcare  provider  so  that  it  can  be  re-­‐checked  to  make  sure  it  is  correct.  

   Patient  and  Caregiver  Safety  in  the  Home    With  the  emergence  of  many  new  oral  cancer  therapies,  administration  of  these  medications  has  moved  from  the  traditional  hospital  setting  to  the  comfort  of  the  patient’s  home.    As  many  chemotherapy  medications  work  by  being  toxic  substances,  even  contact  through  touching  or  handling  of  these  medications  can  be  hazardous  and  harm  patients,  their  family  members  or  caregivers  and  therefore  special  handling  measures  are  needed  to  prevent  possible  exposure.    Everyone  in  the  home  needs  to  receive  proper  training  on  how  to  handle  chemotherapy  medications  and  body  wastes  that  may  be  contaminated  with  these  medications  in  order  to  keep  the  home  safe.  

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Learn  to  be  Safe  –  Medication  Safety.  A  Guide  for  Pharmacists  Appendix  D  –  Supplemental  Topic:  Cancer  Medications  in  the  Home  

October  15,  2013  6  

All  cancer  medications  need  to  be  properly  labelled  and  stored  securely  and  separate  from  other  medications  in  the  home.    Patients,  family  members  and  caregivers  need  to  know  which  cancer  medications  are  hazardous  and  require  special  handling.    Patients  and  caregivers  should  wear  gloves  when  taking  or  administering  these  medications  and  make  sure  to  wash  their  hands  afterwards  to  prevent  exposure.    Tablets  should  not  be  split  or  crushed  and  capsules  should  not  be  opened  as  this  may  lead  to  inhalation  of  the  powder  from  these  hazardous  medications.    If  a  patient  is  having  difficulty  swallowing  a  cancer  medication,  the  pharmacist  or  healthcare  provider  at  the  cancer  clinic  will  be  able  to  provide  advice  on  other  ways  to  help  swallow  the  medication.    As  is  the  case  with  all  unwanted,  unused  or  expired  medications  in  the  home,  it  is  important  to  immediately  take  unwanted  cancer  medications  to  the  pharmacy  for  safe  disposal.    When  a  patient  is  receiving  cancer  medications,  small  amounts  of  the  medications  can  be  found  in  all  of  the  patient’s  bodily  fluids  and  the  medications  are  eliminated  from  the  body  in  the  urine  and  feces.    Therefore,  special  handling  precautions  are  also  needed  for  clean-­‐up  and  disposal  of  a  patient’s  contaminated  waste.    Patients  should  cover  toilets  before  flushing  and  caregivers  should  wear  gloves  when  cleaning  up  any  bodily  fluids  including  vomit.    Soiled  laundry  should  also  be  handled  with  gloves  and  washed  separately  from  other  clothes.    Any  soiled  surfaces  should  be  cleaned  with  soap  and  rinsed  with  large  amounts  of  water  while  wearing  gloves.    Upon  exposure  to  either  medication  or  contaminated  waste,  the  caregiver  should  wash  the  affected  area  with  soap  and  running  water  as  soon  as  possible  and  seek  medical  attention  if  necessary.      For  additional  information  regarding  the  safe  management  of  cancer  medications  in  the  home,  patients  may  find  the  handout  prepared  by  CancerCare  Manitoba  helpful.  This  handout  can  be  found  at  the  end  of  this  Appendix.