APPENDIX A: Process Sigma Table (I) INIBOOK X SIGMA MI LEAN SIX 305
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APP
END
IX A
: Pro
cess
Sig
ma
Tab
le (
I)
INIBOOK X SIGMA MI LEAN SIX
305
APP
END
IX A
: Pro
cess
Sig
ma
Tab
le (
II)INIBOOK X SIGMA MI LEAN SIX
306
APP
END
IX B
: Kin
ds o
f var
iabl
es
Thi
ssu
mm
ary
coul
dbe
usef
ulfo
rth
eco
rrec
tse
lect
ion
ofin
dica
tors
duri
ngh
il
if
LSi
Sij
CO
NT
INU
OU
S
the
impl
emen
tatio
nof
aLe
anSi
xSi
gma
proj
ect
CO
NT
INU
OU
S(e
g. w
eigh
t, he
ight
, len
gth)
VA
RIA
BLE
Dis
cret
e A
ttri
bute
s
INIBOOK
DIS
CR
ETE
(eg.
goo
d/no
t go
od, p
ass/
fail)
X SIGMA MI
Dis
cret
e N
umer
ical
LEAN SIX
307
(eg.
Num
ber
of c
ompl
aint
s or
err
ors
in
invo
ices
)
APP
END
IX C
: Kai
zen
Lead
er S
tand
ard
Form
Was
teW
alk
Ana
lysi
sfo
rmat
exam
ple
INIBOOK X SIGMA MI LEAN SIX
308
APP
END
IX C
: Kai
zen
Lead
er S
tand
ard
Form
5Sfo
rmat
exam
ple
INIBOOK X SIGMA MI LEAN SIX
309
APP
END
IX C
: Kai
zen
Lead
er S
tand
ard
Form
5Sfo
rmat
exam
ple
INIBOOK X SIGMA MI LEAN SIX
310
APP
END
IX C
: Kai
zen
Lead
er S
tand
ard
Form
5Sfo
rmat
exam
ple
INIBOOK X SIGMA MI LEAN SIX
311
APP
END
IX C
: Kai
zen
Lead
er S
tand
ard
Form
5Sfo
rmat
exam
ple
INIBOOK X SIGMA MI LEAN SIX
312
APP
END
IX C
: Kai
zen
Lead
er S
tand
ard
Form
Stan
dard
Wor
k:C
ycle
Tim
eO
bser
vatio
nFo
rm
INIBOOK X SIGMA MI LEAN SIX
313
APP
END
IX C
: Kai
zen
Lead
er S
tand
ard
Form
Stan
dard
Wor
k:Pr
oces
sC
apac
ityFo
rm
INIBOOK X SIGMA MI LEAN SIX
314
APP
END
IX C
: Kai
zen
Lead
er S
tand
ard
Form
Stan
dard
Wor
k:St
anda
rdW
ork
Com
bina
tion
Form
INIBOOK X SIGMA MI LEAN SIX
315
APP
END
IX C
: Kai
zen
Lead
er S
tand
ard
Form
OPL
-Ba
sic
info
rmat
ion
INIBOOK X SIGMA MI LEAN SIX
316
APP
END
IX C
: Kai
zen
Lead
er S
tand
ard
Form
OPL
-Pr
oble
m/D
efec
t
INIBOOK X SIGMA MI LEAN SIX
317
APP
END
IX C
: Kai
zen
Lead
er S
tand
ard
Form
OPL
-Im
prov
emen
t/K
aize
n
INIBOOK X SIGMA MI LEAN SIX
318
APP
END
IX C
: Kai
zen
Lead
er S
tand
ard
Form
Kai
zen
New
spap
er e
xam
ple:
INIBOOK X SIGMA MI LEAN SIX
319
APP
END
IX C
: Kai
zen
Lead
er S
tand
ard
Form
Kai
zen
perf
orm
ance
:
INIBOOK X SIGMA MI LEAN SIX
320
Inde
x
1-Sa
mpl
e t,
see
Hyp
othe
sis
Tes
ting
2-Sa
mpl
et
see
Hyp
othe
sis
Tes
ting
CO
PQ, 4
8C
ost
ofPo
orQ
ualit
yse
eC
OPQ
2-Sa
mpl
e t,
see
Hyp
othe
sis
Tes
ting
5S P
rogr
am, 1
89
Act
ivity
Flo
w D
iagr
am, 2
0A
NO
VA
Hh
iT
i
Cos
t of
Poo
r Q
ualit
y, s
ee C
OPQ
CT
Q-T
ree
Dia
gram
, 44
Des
ign
Of E
xper
imen
ts (
DO
E), 2
47D
OE
Di
OfE
iA
NO
VA
, se
e H
ypot
hesi
s T
estin
g
Basi
c Fl
ow D
iagr
am,
17Ba
sic
Stat
istic
s, 5
8
DO
E, s
ee D
esig
n O
f Exp
erim
ents
Failu
re M
odes
and
Effe
cts
Ana
lysi
s, s
ee F
MEA
Fish
bone
Dia
gram
, see
Cau
se-E
ffect
Dia
gram
Boxp
lot,
76
Cal
cula
tion
of D
PMO
, 118
Cal
cula
tion
ofPr
oces
sSi
gma,
119
gg
Fitt
ed L
ine
Plot
, see
Reg
ress
ion
FMEA
, 242
Func
tiona
l Flo
w D
iagr
am, 1
8
INIBOOK
Cal
cula
tion
of P
roce
ss S
igm
a, 1
19C
apab
ility
Ana
lysi
s, 1
11C
ause
and
Effe
ct D
iagr
am, 1
38C
ell D
esig
n, 2
08C
hiS
Hth
iT
ti
Gag
e R
&R
:C
ontin
uous
Dat
a, 8
3D
iscr
ete
Dat
a A
ttri
bute
s, 9
5G
hilS
69
X SIGMA MI
Chi
-Squ
are,
see
Hyp
othe
sis
Tes
ting
Con
fiden
ce In
terv
al, 6
6C
ontr
ol C
hart
for
attr
ibut
es:
P C
hart
, 273
Gra
phic
al S
umm
ary,
69
Hyp
othe
sis
Tes
ting:
1-Sa
mpl
e t,
147
LEAN SIX
321
Con
trol
Cha
rt fo
r co
ntin
uous
var
iabl
es:
Indi
vidu
al, 2
62X
bar-
R, 2
67
2-Sa
mpl
e t,
151
AN
OV
A, 1
60
Inde
x
Chi
-Squ
are,
164
Pair
edt
Tes
t15
5Pr
oces
s C
apab
ility
Ana
lysi
s,se
eC
apab
ility
Ana
lysi
sPa
ired
t-T
est,
155
Tes
t fo
r Eq
ual V
aria
nces
, 168
Indi
vidu
al,
see
Con
trol
Cha
rt fo
r co
ntin
uous
var
iabl
esI
hk
(D)
Cd
Eff
D
see
Cap
abili
ty A
naly
sis
Proc
ess
Map
ping
, 16
Proc
ess
Sigm
a:se
e C
alcu
latio
n of
Pro
cess
Sig
ma
Proc
ess
Sigm
ata
ble
305
Ishi
kaw
a (D
iagr
am),
see
Cau
se a
nd E
ffect
Dia
gram
Kai
zen
Even
ts, 7
Kan
ban,
221
Proc
ess
Sigm
a ta
ble,
305
Prod
uct
Fam
ily M
atri
x, 2
8Pr
ojec
t C
hart
er, 4
6
Kan
o D
iagr
am, 4
5
Nor
mal
ity T
est,
107
Reg
ress
ion:
A
naly
tical
App
roac
h, 1
83Fi
tted
Lin
e Pl
ot, 1
78R
un C
hart
, 132
INIBOOK
Ove
rall
Equi
pmen
t Ef
fect
iven
ess,
OEE
, 122
One
Poi
nt L
esso
n, O
PL, 2
93
PC
hC
lCh
fib
,
Sam
plin
g, 5
3Sc
atte
r D
iagr
am, 1
74St
anda
rdW
ork
195
X SIGMA MI
P C
hart
, Con
trol
Cha
rt fo
r at
trib
utes
Pair
ed t
-Tes
t, se
e H
ypot
hesi
s T
estin
gPa
reto
Dia
gram
, 103
Po
ka Y
oke,
278
Stan
dard
Wor
k, 1
95SI
POC
Dia
gram
, 13
Sing
le M
inut
e Ex
chan
ge o
f Die
(SM
ED),
213
SMED
, see
Sin
gle
Min
ute
Exch
ange
of D
ieS
hiD
i25
LEAN SIX
322
Prio
rity
Mat
rix,
237
Spag
hett
i Dia
gram
, 25
Stat
istic
al H
ypot
hesi
s T
estin
g, 1
45
Inde
x
Tak
tT
ime,
120
Tes
tfo
rEq
ualV
aria
nces
,see
Hyp
othe
sis
Tes
ting
Tes
t fo
rEq
ualV
aria
nces
, see
Hyp
othe
sis
Tes
ting
Tim
eSe
ries
Plot
, 128
Var
iabl
es(K
ind
of),
307
Val
ueA
dded
and
Not
Val
ueA
dded
19V
alue
Add
ed a
nd N
ot V
alue
Add
ed, 1
9V
alue
Stre
amM
appi
ng, 3
0V
isua
lMan
agem
ent,
287
Was
teW
alk,
21
Xba
r-R
, see
Con
trol
Cha
rt fo
rco
ntin
uous
vari
able
s
INIBOOK X SIGMA MI LEAN SIX
323
Glo
ssar
y
A
And
on:
And
onis
any
visu
alin
dica
tor
sign
alin
gth
ecu
rren
tst
atus
ofa
step
inth
epr
oduc
tion/
proc
ess
syst
em.
Ital
erts
team
lead
ers
orsu
perv
isor
sin
case
ofex
istin
gor
emer
ging
prod
uctio
n/pr
oces
spr
oble
ms.
B
Brai
nsto
rmin
g :A
grou
pba
sed
crea
tivity
tech
nolo
gyth
atis
desi
gned
toge
nera
tean
dse
lect
idea
sfo
rpr
oble
ms
solv
ing.
prob
lem
sso
lvin
g.
BVA
,Bu
sine
ssV
alue
Add
edac
tivity
:Act
ivity
that
does
not
add
any
valu
eto
the
prod
uct/
serv
ice
but
isne
cess
ary
from
abu
sine
ssop
erat
ions
’poi
ntof
view
.
INIBOOK
C
Cel
l:It
isa
wor
kpla
cein
whi
cheq
uipm
ent,
peop
le,
mac
hine
ry,
mat
eria
lsan
dm
etho
dsar
ear
rang
edin
orde
rto
have
cont
inuo
uspr
oduc
tion
flow
.
X SIGMA MI
p
Con
fiden
ceIn
terv
al(C
I):is
the
inte
rval
whi
ch,
with
alik
ely
prob
abili
ty,
cont
ains
the
mea
n(o
rpr
o-po
rtio
n,m
edia
n,st
anda
rdde
viat
ion)
ofth
epo
pula
tion,
whe
reth
esa
mpl
eco
mes
from
.
LEAN SIX
325
Com
mon
Cau
se:
The
caus
e,ra
ndom
inna
ture
and
not
rela
ted
toan
ysp
ecia
lev
ent,
isbe
hind
natu
ral
inhe
rent
vari
abili
tydi
spla
yed
inpr
oces
ses.
Glo
ssar
y
CO
PQ,CC
ost
Of
Poor
Qua
lity:
CO
PQar
eth
eco
sts
rela
ted
topo
orpe
rfor
man
ceof
man
ufac
turi
ngor
tran
sact
iona
lpro
cess
es.
CT
Q,
CCri
tical
To
Qua
lity:
The
key
mea
sura
ble
feat
ures
ofa
prod
uct
orpr
oces
sw
hose
perf
orm
ance
stan
dard
so r
spec
ifica
tion
limits
mus
tbe
met
inor
der
tosa
tisfy
the
cust
omer
.p
y
Cus
tom
er:T
hecl
ient
,int
erna
lor
exte
rnal
,is
the
reci
pien
tof
apr
oces
s/p
rodu
ct/s
ervi
ce.
Cus
tom
erSa
tisfa
ctio
n:is
am
easu
reof
how
prod
ucts
and
serv
ices
supp
lied
bya
com
pany
mee
tcu
s-to
mer
expe
ctat
ion
Cus
tom
erex
pect
atio
nsh
ould
beob
ject
ivel
yan
dac
cura
tely
mea
sure
dby
colle
ctin
gto
mer
expe
ctat
ion.
Cus
tom
erex
pect
atio
nsh
ould
beob
ject
ivel
yan
dac
cura
tely
mea
sure
dby
colle
ctin
gan
dan
alyz
ing
“Voi
ceO
fthe
Cus
tom
er”
(VO
C).
Itis
the
star
ting
poin
tfo
rid
entif
ying
impr
ovem
ents
.
D
INIBOOK
DM
AIC
:St
ands
for
5ph
ases
ofLe
anSi
xSi
gma
met
hodo
logy
:DD
efin
e,MM
easu
re,
AAna
lyze
,IIm
prov
e,C
ontr
ol.
DO
E,D
esig
nO
fExp
erim
ent:
DO
Eis
am
etho
dolo
gyth
atbu
ilds,
thro
ugh
wel
l-pla
nned
expe
rim
ents
and
X SIGMA MI
,g
pgy
,g
pp
anal
ysis
ofth
eex
peri
men
tal
resu
lts,
the
anal
ytic
alm
odel
rela
ting
toth
eca
use-
effe
ctre
latio
nshi
pbe
-tw
een
inpu
tan
dou
tput
vari
able
s.
DPM
O,
Def
ects
Per
Mill
ion
ofO
ppor
tuni
ty:
DPM
Ois
ape
rfor
man
cein
dica
tor
calc
ulat
edas
ara
tioof
LEAN SIX
326
ppy
pnu
mbe
rof
defe
cts
divi
ded
bym
axim
umnu
mbe
rof
pote
ntia
ldef
ects
ina
batc
hof
units
insp
ecte
d.
Glo
ssar
y
F
FMEA
,Fai
lure
Mod
esan
dEf
fect
sA
naly
sis:
FMEA
isa
tool
that
can
beus
edto
iden
tify
ade
taile
dlis
tof
failu
rem
odes
ofa
prod
uct
orpr
oces
san
dth
eir
corr
espo
ndin
gca
uses
and
then
rate
them
with
ase
veri
tyle
vel,
alik
elih
ood
ofoc
curr
ence
and
dete
ctio
nin
orde
rto
man
age
the
syst
emri
sk.
H
Hei
junk
a:is
one
ofth
eel
emen
tsof
Just
inT
ime
and
itis
the
proc
ess
ofsm
ooth
ing
the
type
and
quan
tity
ofpr
oduc
tion
over
afix
edpe
riod
oftim
e.
J
Jidok
a:T
his
term
mea
ns“a
utom
atio
nw
ithhu
man
inte
llige
nce”
. It
mea
ns t
hat
an a
utom
ated
pro
cess
is
suffi
cien
tl y “
awar
e” o
f its
elf s
o th
at it
will
det
ect
proc
ess
mal
func
tions
or
prod
uct
defe
cts,
sto
p its
elf a
nd
INIBOOK
yp
p,
pal
ert
the
oper
ator
.
K
Kai
zen:
mea
ns“t
obe
com
ego
odth
roug
hch
ange
”A
Kai
zen
even
tis
afo
cuse
def
fort
for
mak
ean
X SIGMA MI
Kai
zen:
mea
nsto
beco
me
good
thro
ugh
chan
ge.
AK
aize
nev
ent
isa
focu
sed
effo
rtfo
rm
ake
anim
prov
emen
tac
tivity
.
Kan
ban:
Itis
am
etho
dus
edin
man
yap
plic
atio
nsin
vari
ous
proc
esse
s.It
ispr
imar
ilyus
edas
anin
-st
ruct
ion
mec
hani
smth
atco
ntro
lsth
epr
oduc
tion
mov
emen
tof
good
sm
ater
ial
orpa
rts
orjo
bs
LEAN SIX
327
stru
ctio
nm
echa
nism
that
cont
rols
the
prod
uctio
n,m
ovem
ent
ofgo
ods,
mat
eria
l,or
part
s,or
jobs
.
Glo
ssar
y
L
LCL,
Low
erC
ontr
olLi
mit:
Rep
rese
nts
the
low
erlim
itof
ast
able
dist
ribu
tion
for
the
vari
abili
tyof
apr
oces
s(V
OP)
.
Lead
Tim
e:is
the
time
betw
een
the
plac
ing
ofan
orde
ran
dth
ere
ceip
tof
good
s/se
rvic
esor
dere
d(it
isp
gp
g(
also
poss
ible
tosp
eak
abou
tPr
oduc
tion
Lead
Tim
e,D
eliv
ery
Lead
Tim
eet
c.).
Lean
:is
the
met
hodo
logy
that
aim
sto
iden
tify
and
elim
inat
ew
aste
sin
orde
rto
max
imiz
esp
eed
and
flexi
bilit
yof
busi
ness
proc
esse
sso
we
can
deliv
erw
hat
isne
eded
,w
hen
need
edan
din
the
quan
tity
flexi
bilit
yof
busi
ness
proc
esse
sso
we
can
deliv
erw
hat
isne
eded
,w
hen
need
edan
din
the
quan
tity
need
edby
the
Cus
tom
er.
LSL,
Low
er S
peci
ficat
ion
Lim
it: R
epre
sent
s th
e lo
wer
lim
it of
a t
oler
ance
reg
ion
that
is a
ccep
tabl
e by
the
cu
stom
er
INIBOOK
cust
omer
.
N
NV
A,N
onV
alue
Add
edac
tivity
:A
ctiv
ityth
atdo
esno
tad
dan
yva
lue
toth
epr
oduc
t/se
rvic
e.
X SIGMA MI
,y
yy
p
O
OEE
,O
vera
llEq
uipm
ent
Effe
ctiv
enes
s :is
apo
wer
ful
met
hod
tom
onito
ran
dim
prov
eth
eef
ficie
ncy
of
LEAN SIX
328
man
ufac
turi
ngan
dtr
ansa
ctio
nalp
roce
sses
.
Glo
ssar
y
OPL
,One
Poin
tLe
sson
:is
am
etho
dth
atal
low
sa
rapi
dan
def
fect
ive
tran
sfer
ofin
form
atio
nfr
omth
ele
ader
ofa
grou
pto
itsm
embe
rsle
ader
ofa
grou
pto
itsm
embe
rs.
Out
lier:
An
obse
rvat
ion
that
isnu
mer
ical
lydi
stan
tfr
omth
ere
stof
the
data
.
P
Poka
Yok
e:It
ison
eof
the
tech
niqu
esth
atai
ms
tore
ach
the
“Zer
oD
efec
tQ
ualit
y”th
roug
hth
eus
age
ofde
vice
sor
proc
edur
es,w
hich
allo
ws
dete
ctio
nof
aner
ror
that
coul
dle
adto
was
te.
Proc
ess
Cap
abili
tyA
naly
sis:
Als
oca
lled
Cap
abili
tyA
naly
sis,
isa
perf
orm
ance
inde
xus
edto
mea
sure
the
abili
tyof
apr
oces
s(V
OP)
tom
eet
the
spec
ifica
tion
limits
defin
edby
cust
omer
s(V
OC
).
Proc
ess
Ow
ner:
isth
eow
ner
ofth
epr
oces
s,us
ually
the
head
ofa
depa
rtm
ent
orof
fice
inw
hich
the
INIBOOK
py
pLe
anSi
xSi
gma
proj
ect
isim
plem
ente
d.
Proc
ess
Sigm
a: P
roce
ss S
igm
a is
a p
erfo
rman
ce m
etri
c th
at is
bas
ed o
n co
mpa
ring
spe
cific
atio
n le
ngth
w
ith t
he s
tand
ard
devi
atio
n (S
igm
a) o
f pro
cess
. Thi
s pe
rfor
man
ce in
dex
is r
elat
ed t
o de
fect
ive
rate
s.
X SIGMA MI
Proj
ect
Cha
rter
: is
a do
cum
ent
whi
ch c
onta
ins
key
info
rmat
ion
on im
plem
entin
g a
Lean
Six
Sig
ma
proj
ect.
P-V
alue
:is
a m
easu
re o
f how
muc
h ev
iden
ce w
e ha
ve a
gain
st t
he im
port
ance
of a
fact
or. T
he s
mal
ler
the
LEAN SIX
329
gp
P-V
alue
, the
str
onge
r th
e ev
iden
ce. A
P-V
alue
of <
0.0
5 is
an
indi
catio
n of
sta
tistic
ally
sig
nific
ant
evid
ence
.
Glo
ssar
y
R
Rat
iona
lsub
grou
ps:T
hera
tiona
lsu
bgro
ups
are
sam
ples
chos
enin
aw
ayth
atm
axim
ize
the
vari
abili
tybe
twee
nsa
mpl
esw
hen
ther
ear
esp
ecia
lca
uses
pres
ent
and
the
vari
abili
tyw
ithin
the
sam
ple
ism
inim
ized
.
Reo
rder
Poi
nt (
RO
P):
is t
he in
vent
ory
leve
l of a
n ite
m w
hich
sig
nals
the
nee
d fo
r pl
acem
ent
of a
re
plen
ishm
ent
orde
r, t
akin
g in
to a
ccou
nt t
he c
onsu
mpt
ion
of t
he it
em d
urin
g or
der
Lead
Tim
e an
d th
e qu
antit
y re
quir
ed fo
r sa
fety
sto
ck.
Res
idua
l: D
iffer
ence
bet
wee
n ac
tual
val
ue o
f dat
a an
d pr
edic
ted
valu
e fr
om m
athe
mat
ical
mod
els
(der
ived
by
Reg
ress
ion
or D
esig
n O
f Exp
erim
ents
).
S
INIBOOK
S
Savi
ngs:
Econ
omic
orst
rate
gic
bene
fits
resu
lting
from
impr
ovem
ent/
proj
ect
activ
ities
.
SIPO
C:H
igh
leve
lpro
cess
map
ping
tode
scri
bean
yki
ndof
proc
ess
(Sup
plie
rIn
put
Proc
ess
Out
put
X SIGMA MI
SIPO
C: H
igh
leve
l pro
cess
map
ping
to
desc
ribe
any
kin
d of
pro
cess
(Su
pplie
r, In
put,
Proc
ess,
Out
put,
Cus
tom
er).
Stan
dard
Wor
k: It
is t
he m
ost
effe
ctiv
e co
mbi
natio
n of
man
pow
er, m
ater
ials
and
mac
hine
ry t
o pr
oduc
e so
met
hing
inth
etim
equ
ality
and
quan
tity
requ
ired
bycu
stom
er
LEAN SIX
330
som
ethi
ng in
the
tim
e, q
ualit
y an
d qu
antit
y re
quir
ed b
y cu
stom
er.
Glo
ssar
y
Six
Sigm
a: A
wel
l str
uctu
red
and
disc
iplin
ed o
pera
ting
stra
tegy
(st
ruct
ured
acc
ordi
ng t
o th
e D
MA
IC
h)
tl
di
thf
it
fti
lll
Th
Siph
ases
), to
mea
sure
, ana
lyze
and
impr
ove
the
perf
orm
ance
in t
erm
s of
ope
ratio
nal e
xcel
lenc
e. T
he S
ix
Sigm
a m
etho
dolo
gy is
suf
ficie
ntly
flex
ible
and
ada
ptab
le t
o di
ffere
nt b
usin
ess
cont
exts
.
SMED
: SSin
gle
MMin
ute
EExch
ange
of DD
ie is
a m
etho
d th
at a
ims
to r
educ
e th
e ch
ange
over
tim
e of
eq
uipm
ent,
mac
hine
or
a p
rodu
ctio
n/se
rvic
e pr
oces
s in
gen
eral
.
Spec
ial C
ause
: T
he c
ause
tha
t is
oft
en a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith a
spe
cial
eve
nt a
nd t
he r
esul
t of
a s
peci
al c
ause
of
ten
lets
the
pro
cess
form
a t
rend
, sea
sona
lity
or o
ther
non
ran
dom
pat
tern
s.
T
Tak
tT
ime:
Itre
pres
ents
the
rhyt
hmof
prod
uctio
n/de
liver
yth
ata
proc
ess
(wor
ksta
tion,
Cel
l,et
c.)
if
dd
INIBOOK
mus
tre
spec
tto
satis
fycu
stom
erde
man
d.
U
UC
LU
pper
Con
trol
Lim
it:R
epre
sent
sth
eup
per
limit
ofa
stab
ledi
stri
butio
nfo
rth
eva
riab
ility
ofa
X SIGMA MI
UC
L,U
pper
Con
trol
Lim
it:R
epre
sent
sth
eup
per
limit
ofa
stab
ledi
stri
butio
nfo
rth
eva
riab
ility
ofa
proc
ess
(VO
P).
USL
,Upp
erSp
ecifi
catio
nLi
mit:
Rep
rese
nts
the
uppe
rlim
itof
ato
lera
nce
regi
onth
atis
acce
ptab
leby
the
cust
omer
LEAN SIX
331
the
cust
omer
.
Glo
ssar
y
VV
A,
Val
ueA
dded
activ
ity:
An
activ
ityth
atin
crea
ses
the
valu
eof
the
prod
uct/
serv
ice
from
the
cus-
tom
er’s
poin
tof
view
.It
isso
met
hing
that
cust
omer
sar
ew
illin
gto
pay
for.
Vis
ualM
anag
emen
t:It
isa
met
hod
that
mak
esal
lpro
cess
esw
ithin
aco
mpa
nyvi
sual
and
tang
ible
.
VO
C,V
oice
OfT
heC
usto
mer
:The
“Voi
ceof
the
Cus
tom
er”
isho
wth
ecu
stom
erpe
rcei
ves
the
pro-
duct
/pro
cess
/ser
vice
inco
mpa
riso
nw
ithth
eir
desi
res.
VO
PV
iO
fPT
h“V
if
hP
”i
hh
/d
/i
ibl
dV
OP,
Voi
ceO
fPro
cess
:The
“Voi
ceof
the
Proc
ess”
isw
hat
the
proc
ess/
prod
uct/
serv
ice
isab
leto
de-
liver
.
VSM
, Val
ue S
trea
m M
appi
ng:
It is
a d
iagr
am o
f eve
ry s
tep
invo
lved
in t
he m
ater
ial a
nd in
form
atio
n flo
w
INIBOOK
nece
ssar
y to
bri
ng t
he p
rodu
ct/s
ervi
ce fr
om t
he o
rder
to
deliv
ery
phas
e.
W
Was
te:
Itis
the
use
ofre
sour
ces
(tim
em
ater
ial
labo
ret
c)
for
doin
gso
met
hing
that
the
cust
omer
s
X SIGMA MI
Was
te:
Itis
the
use
ofre
sour
ces
(tim
e,m
ater
ial,
labo
r,et
c.)
for
doin
gso
met
hing
that
the
cust
omer
sar
eno
tw
illin
gto
pay
for
and,
ther
efor
e,do
esno
tad
dva
lue
toth
epr
oduc
tor
serv
ice
prov
ided
.
LEAN SIX
332
Ref
eren
ces
-A
rcid
iaco
noG
.(20
06)
Key
sto
succ
ess
for
Six
Sigm
a,Pr
ocee
ding
sof
ICA
D20
06,F
ourt
hIn
tern
atio
nal
Cf
Ai
tiD
iFi
(Itl
)C
onfe
renc
eon
Axi
omat
icD
esig
n,Fi
renz
e(It
aly)
.
-A
rcid
iaco
noG
.,C
alab
rese
C.,
Ros
siS.
(200
7)Si
xSi
gma:
Man
uale
per
Gre
enBe
lt,Sp
ring
er-V
erla
gIt
alia
,Mila
no.
-Br
eyfo
gle
F.W
.,(2
003)
Impl
emen
ting
Six
sigm
a:sm
arte
rso
lutio
nsus
ing
stat
istic
alm
etho
ds,
Wile
y,H
obok
en.
-Im
aiM
.(19
97)
Gem
baK
aize
n:A
Com
mon
sens
e,Lo
w-C
ost
App
roac
hto
Man
agem
ent,
McG
raw
-Hill
,N
ewY
ork.
-M
arch
win
ski
C.,
Shoo
kJ.,
Schr
oede
rA
.(2
008)
Lean
lexi
con:
agr
aphi
cal
glos
sary
for
lean
thin
kers
,C
ambr
idge
,The
Lean
Ente
rpri
seIn
stitu
te.
INIBOOK
-Li
ker
J.(e
dito
r)(1
997)
Beco
min
gLe
an:
Insid
eSt
orie
sof
U.S
.M
anuf
actu
rers
,Pr
oduc
tivity
Pres
s,Po
rtla
nd.
-K
eats
B.J.,
Mon
tgom
ery
D.C
.(19
96)
Stat
istic
alap
plic
atio
nsin
proc
ess
cont
rol,
M.D
ekke
r,N
ewY
ork.
X SIGMA MI
J,g
y(
)pp
p,
,
-O
hno
T.
(198
8)To
yota
Prod
uctio
nSy
stem
:Be
yond
Larg
e-Sc
ale
Prod
uctio
n,Pr
oduc
tivity
Pres
s,Po
rtla
nd.
Pyzd
ekT
Kel
ler
P(2
010)
The
Six
Sigm
aH
andb
ook
McG
raw
Hill
New
Yor
k
LEAN SIX
333
-Py
zdek
T.,
Kel
ler
P.(2
010)
The
Six
Sigm
aH
andb
ook,
McG
raw
-Hill
,New
Yor
k.
-R
othe
rM
.,H
arri
sR
.(20
10)
Cre
atin
gco
ntin
uous
flow
,CU
OA
Lean
Ente
rpri
seC
ente
r,M
assa
chus
etts
.
Ref
eren
ces
-R
othe
rM
.,H
arri
sR
.,W
ilson
E.(2
003)
Mak
ing
Mat
eria
lsFl
ow:
ale
anm
ater
ial-h
andl
ing
guid
efo
rti
dti
tl
di
if
il
LE
ti
Itit
tC
oper
atio
ns,
prod
uctio
n-co
ntro
l,an
den
gine
erin
gpr
ofes
siona
ls,Le
anEn
terp
rise
Inst
itute
,C
am-
brid
ge.
-R
othe
rM
.,H
arri
sR
.(20
10)
Cre
atin
gco
ntin
uous
flow
,CU
OA
Lean
Ente
rpri
seC
ente
r,M
assa
chus
etts
.
-R
othe
rM
.,Sh
ook
J.R.
(200
3)Le
arni
ngto
see:
Valu
e-St
ream
Map
ping
toC
reat
eVa
lue
and
Elim
inat
eM
uda,
The
Lean
Ente
rpri
seIn
stitu
te,C
ambr
idge
.
-Sh
ingo
S.(1
986)
Zer
oQ
ualit
yC
ontr
ol:
Sour
ceIn
spec
tion
and
the
Poka
-Yok
eSy
stem
,Pr
oduc
tivity
Pres
s,St
amfo
rd.
-Sh
ingo
S.(1
989)
Ast
udy
ofth
eTo
yota
Prod
uctio
nSy
stem
From
anIn
dust
rial
Engi
neer
ing
View
poin
t,Pr
oduc
tivity
Pres
s,C
ambr
idge
(MA
).
INIBOOK
-W
omac
kJ.P
.,Jo
nes
D.T
.(2
003)
Lean
thin
king
:ban
ishw
aste
and
crea
tew
ealth
inyo
urco
rpor
atio
n,Fr
eepr
ess,
Lond
on.
X SIGMA MI LEAN SIX
334
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