APPENDIX A LIST OF INTERNATIONAL AUTHORS, CONTRIBUTORS, AND REVIEWERS COCHAIRS Ayité-Lô Nohende Ajavon Université de Lomé Togo Daniel L. Albritton National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration US Gérard Mégie Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique France Robert T. Watson World Bank US AUTHORS AND CONTRIBUTORS CHAPTER 1 CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES AND OTHER SOURCE GASES Chapter Lead Authors Stephen A. Montzka NOAA Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory US Paul J. Fraser CSIRO Division of Atmospheric Research Australia Coauthors James H. Butler NOAA Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory US Peter S. Connell Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory US Derek M. Cunnold Georgia Institute of Technology US John S. Daniel NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory US Richard G. Derwent UK Meteorological Office UK Shyam Lal Physical Research Laboratory India Archie McCulloch Marbury Technical Consulting UK David E. Oram University of East Anglia UK Claire E. Reeves University of East Anglia UK Eugenio Sanhueza Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientificas Venezuela L. Paul Steele CSIRO Division of Atmospheric Research Australia Guus J.M. Velders National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) The Netherlands Ray F. Weiss University of California at San Diego/Scripps Institution US of Oceanography Rodolphe J. Zander Université de Liège Belgium Contributors Stephen O. Andersen Environmental Protection Agency US James Anderson Harvard University US Donald R. Blake University of California at Irvine US A.1
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APPENDIX A
LIST OF INTERNATIONAL AUTHORS,CONTRIBUTORS, AND REVIEWERS
COCHAIRS
Ayité-Lô Nohende Ajavon Université de Lomé TogoDaniel L. Albritton National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration USGérard Mégie Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique FranceRobert T. Watson World Bank US
AUTHORS AND CONTRIBUTORS
CHAPTER 1 CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES AND OTHER SOURCE GASES
Chapter Lead Authors
Stephen A. Montzka NOAA Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory USPaul J. Fraser CSIRO Division of Atmospheric Research Australia
Coauthors
James H. Butler NOAA Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory USPeter S. Connell Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory USDerek M. Cunnold Georgia Institute of Technology USJohn S. Daniel NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory USRichard G. Derwent UK Meteorological Office UKShyam Lal Physical Research Laboratory IndiaArchie McCulloch Marbury Technical Consulting UKDavid E. Oram University of East Anglia UKClaire E. Reeves University of East Anglia UKEugenio Sanhueza Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientificas VenezuelaL. Paul Steele CSIRO Division of Atmospheric Research AustraliaGuus J.M. Velders National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) The NetherlandsRay F. Weiss University of California at San Diego/Scripps Institution US
of OceanographyRodolphe J. Zander Université de Liège Belgium
Contributors
Stephen O. Andersen Environmental Protection Agency USJames Anderson Harvard University USDonald R. Blake University of California at Irvine US
A.1
Martyn P. Chipperfield University of Leeds UKEd Dlugokencky NOAA Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory USJames W. Elkins NOAA Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory USAndreas Engel Universität Frankfurt GermanyDavid B. Harper The Queen's University of Belfast UKEmmanuel Mahieu Université de Liège BelgiumKlaus Pfeilsticker Universität Heidelberg GermanyJean-Pierre Pommereau Service d'Aéronomie du CNRS FranceJames M. Russell III Hampton University USGary Taylor Taylor/Wagner, Inc. CanadaMichel Van Roozendael Institut d'Aeronomie Spatiale de Belgique BelgiumDarryn W. Waugh Johns Hopkins University US
CHAPTER 2VERY SHORT-LIVED HALOGEN AND SULFUR SUBSTANCES
Chapter Lead Authors
Malcolm K.W. Ko Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. USGilles Poulet CNRS-Université d'Orléans France
Coauthors
Donald R. Blake University of California at Irvine USOlivier Boucher CNRS-Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille FranceJames H. Burkholder NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory USMian Chin Georgia Institute of Technology/NASA Goddard Space Flight Center USR. Anthony Cox University of Cambridge UKChristian George Laboratoire d'Application de la Chimie à l'Environnement/ France
University of LyonHans-F. Graf Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie GermanyJames R. Holton University of Washington USDaniel J. Jacob Harvard University USKatherine S. Law University of Cambridge UKMark G. Lawrence Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie GermanyPauline M. Midgley M&D Consulting GermanyPaul W. Seakins University of Leeds UKDudley E. Shallcross University of Bristol UKSusan E. Strahan University of Maryland USDonald J. Wuebbles University of Illinois USYoko Yokouchi National Institute for Environmental Studies Japan
Contributors
Nicola J. Blake University of California at Irvine USJames H. Butler NOAA Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory USAnne R. Douglass NASA Goddard Space Flight Center USVictor L. Dvortsov PacifiCorp USIan Folkins Dalhousie University CanadaPeter H. Haynes University of Cambridge UKAbdelwahid Mellouki CNRS-Laboratoire de Combustion et Systèmes Réactifs FranceMichael J. Prather University of California at Irvine US
AUTHORS, CONTRIBUTORS, AND REVIEWERS
A.2
AUTHORS, CONTRIBUTORS, AND REVIEWERS
A.3
José M. Rodríguez University of Miami USSue M. Schauffler National Center for Atmospheric Research USTheodore G. Shepherd University of Toronto CanadaChristiane Textor Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie GermanyClaudia Timmreck Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie GermanyDebra K. Weisenstein Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. US
CHAPTER 3POLAR STRATOSPHERIC OZONE: PAST AND FUTURE
Chapter Lead Authors
Paul A. Newman NASA Goddard Space Flight Center USJohn A. Pyle Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of Cambridge UK
Coauthors
John Austin UK Meteorological Office UKGeir O. Braathen Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) NorwayPablo O. Canziani CONICET/Universidad de Buenos Aires ArgentinaKen S. Carslaw University of Leeds UKPiers M. de F. Forster University of Reading UKSophie Godin-Beekmann Service d'Aeronomie du CNRS FranceBjørn M. Knudsen Danmarks Meteorologiske Institut DenmarkKarin Kreher National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) New ZealandHideaki Nakane National Institute for Environmental Studies JapanSteven Pawson Goddard Earth Sciences and Technology Center/University of Maryland USV. Ramaswamy NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory USMarkus Rex Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research GermanyRoss J. Salawitch California Institute of Technology/NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory USDrew T. Shindell NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies USAzadeh Tabazadeh NASA Ames Research Center USDarin W. Toohey University of Colorado US
Contributors
Douglas R. Allen Naval Research Laboratory USLinnea M. Avallone University of Colorado USStephen R. Beagley York University CanadaGreg E. Bodeker National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) New ZealandChristoph Brühl Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie GermanyJohn Christy University of Alabama at Huntsville USBrian Connor National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) New ZealandMartin Dameris DLR Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre GermanyAnne R. Douglass NASA Goddard Space Flight Center USStephen Eckermann Naval Research Laboratory USMelvyn Gelman NOAA NWS Climate Prediction Center USFlorence Goutail Service d'Aeronomie du CNRS FrancePatrick Hamill San Jose State University USYuri Koshelkov Central Aerological Observatory RussiaKarin Labitzke Freie Universität Berlin GermanyUlrike Langematz Freie Universität Berlin Germany
Roger Lin NOAA National Centers for Environmental Prediction/ USRS Information Systems
Elisa Manzini Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie GermanyTatsuya Nagashima National Institute for Environmental Studies JapanEric R. Nash Science Systems and Applications, Inc. USJohn Nash UK Meteorological Office UKSamuel J. Oltmans NOAA Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory USDavid Parker Hadley Centre Met Office UKKlaus Pfeilsticker Universität Heidelberg GermanyGiovanni Pitari Università L'Aquila ItalyWilliam J. Randel National Center for Atmospheric Research USEugene Rozanov World Radiation Center and Institute for Atmospheric and Switzerland
Climate Science ETHMichelle L. Santee NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory USChristina Schnadt DLR Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre GermanyM. Daniel Schwarzkopf NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory USTheodore G. Shepherd University of Toronto CanadaMasanori Shitamichi Japan Meteorological Agency JapanPeter von der Gathen Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research GermanyDarryn W. Waugh Johns Hopkins University USPaul O. Wennberg California Institute of Technology US
CHAPTER 4GLOBAL OZONE: PAST AND FUTURE
Chapter Lead Authors
Martyn P. Chipperfield University of Leeds UKWilliam J. Randel National Center for Atmospheric Research US
Coauthors
Greg E. Bodeker National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) New ZealandMartin Dameris DLR Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre GermanyVitali E. Fioletov Meteorological Service of Canada CanadaRandall R. Friedl NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory USNeil R.P. Harris European Ozone Research Coordinating Unit UKJennifer A. Logan Harvard University USRichard D. McPeters NASA Goddard Space Flight Center USNzioka John Muthama University of Nairobi KenyaThomas Peter Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science ETH-Zurich SwitzerlandTheodore G. Shepherd University of Toronto CanadaKeith P. Shine University of Reading UKSusan Solomon NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory USLarry W. Thomason NASA Langley Research Center USJoseph M. Zawodny NASA Langley Research Center US
Contributors
John Austin UK Meteorological Office UKMichel Bourqui University of Reading UKPeter Braesicke University of Cambridge UK
AUTHORS, CONTRIBUTORS, AND REVIEWERS
A.4
AUTHORS, CONTRIBUTORS, AND REVIEWERS
A.5
Christoph Brühl Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie GermanyNeal Butchart UK Meteorological Office UKDavid B. Considine NASA Langley Research Center USDerek M. Cunnold Georgia Institute of Technology USDavid W. Fahey NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory USEric L. Fleming NASA Goddard Space Flight Center USMarvin A. Geller State University of New York, Stony Brook USSophie Godin-Beekmann Service d'Aeronomie du CNRS FranceVolker Grewe DLR Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre GermanyJoanna D. Haigh Imperial College of Science, Technology, and Medicine UKCharles H. Jackman NASA Goddard Space Flight Center USPaul Johnston National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) New ZealandUlrike Langematz Freie Universität Berlin GermanyKatherine S. Law University of Cambridge UKJ. Ben Liley National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) New ZealandInna A. Megretskaia Harvard University USAlvin J. Miller NOAA NWS Climate Prediction Center USTatsuya Nagashima National Institute for Environmental Studies JapanGiovanni Pitari Università L'Aquila ItalyRobert W. Portmann NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory USV. Ramaswamy NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory USBjørg Rognerud Universitetet I Oslo NorwayJoan E. Rosenfield NASA Goddard Space Flight Center USMartin N. Ross Aerospace Corporation USChristina Schnadt DLR Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre GermanyM. Daniel Schwarzkopf NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory USDrew T. Shindell NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies USClaire A. Smith Imperial College of Science, Technology, and Medicine UKSergei Smyshlyaev Russian State Hydrometeorological University/ Russia
State University of New YorkRichard S. Stolarski NASA Goddard Space Flight Center USGuus J.M. Velders National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) The NetherlandsRay Wang Georgia Institute of Technology USDebra K. Weisenstein Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. USFei Wu National Center for Atmospheric Research USRodolphe J. Zander Université de Liège Belgium
CHAPTER 5SURFACE ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION: PAST AND FUTURE
Chapter Lead Authors
James B. Kerr Meteorological Service of Canada CanadaGunther Seckmeyer Universität Hannover Germany
Coauthors
Alkiviadis F. Bais Aristotle University of Thessaloniki GreeceGermar Bernhard Biospherical Instruments, Inc. USMario Blumthaler Universität Innsbruck AustriaSusana B. Diaz Centro Austral de Investigaciones Cientificas (CADIC) ArgentinaNickolay A. Krotkov University of Maryland US
AUTHORS, CONTRIBUTORS, AND REVIEWERS
A.6
Daniel Lubin Scripps Institution of Oceanography USRichard L. McKenzie National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) New ZealandAli A. Sabzipavar University of Bou-Ali Sina IranJean Verdebout European Commission Joint Research Centre Italy
Contributors
Antti Arola Finnish Meteorological Institute FinlandVitali E. Fioletov Meteorological Service of Canada CanadaJay R. Herman NASA Goddard Space Flight Center USPeter W. Kiedron State University of New York at Albany USJ. Ben Liley National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) New ZealandCraig S. Long NOAA NWS Climate Prediction Center USSasha Madronich National Center for Atmospheric Research USTimothy J. Martin Universität Graz AustriaRalf Meerkötter DLR-Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre GermanyPatrick J. Neale Smithsonian Environmental Research Center USHarry Slaper National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) The NetherlandsJames R. Slusser Colorado State University USPetteri Taalas Finnish Meteorological Institute FinlandMichiel van Weele Koninklijk Nederlands Meteorologisch Instituut (KNMI) The NetherlandsElizabeth C. Weatherhead NOAA Air Resources Laboratory USChristos S. Zerefos Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Greece
TWENTY QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ABOUT THE OZONE LAYER
Lead Author
David W. Fahey NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory US
CHAPTER EDITORIAL CONTRIBUTORS
CHAPTER 1: CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES AND OTHER SOURCE GASES
Nada Derek CSIRO Division of Atmospheric Research Australia
CHAPTER 3: POLAR STRATOSPHERIC OZONE: PAST AND FUTURE
Rose Kendall Computer Sciences Corporation USKathy A. Thompson Computer Sciences Corporation US
REVIEWERS
Alberto Adriani Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Istituto di Fisica dell'Atmosfera ItalyAyité-Lô Nohende Ajavon Université de Lomé TogoDaniel L. Albritton NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory USGeorgios T. Amanatidis European Commission BelgiumStephen O. Andersen Environmental Protection Agency US
AUTHORS, CONTRIBUTORS, AND REVIEWERS
A.7
Gustavo A. Argüello Universidad Nacional de Córdoba ArgentinaRoger Atkinson University of California at Riverside USPieter J. Aucamp Ptersa Environmental Consultant South AfricaJohn Austin UK Meteorological Office UKMark P. Baldwin NorthWest Research Associates, Inc. USPranvera Bekteshi Hydrometeorological Institute AlbaniaGermar Bernhard Biospherical Instruments, Inc. USDonald R. Blake University of California at Irvine USGreg E. Bodeker National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) New ZealandRumen D. Bojkov Centre for International Postgraduate Studies of Germany
Environmental Management Guy P. Brasseur Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie GermanyBram Bregman Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute The NetherlandsChristoph Brühl Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie GermanyWilliam Brune Pennsylvania State University USJames H. Butler NOAA Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory USJames Calm Engineering Consultant USKen S. Carslaw University of Leeds UKMarie-Lise Chanin Service d’Aeronomie du CNRS FranceMartyn P. Chipperfield University of Leeds UKR. Anthony Cox University of Cambridge UKDerek M. Cunnold Georgia Institute of Technology USMartin Dameris DLR Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre GermanyJohn S. Daniel NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory USSusana B. Diaz Centro Austral de Investigaciones Cientificas (CADIC) ArgentinaKatja Drdla NASA Ames Research Center USEllsworth S. Dutton NOAA Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory USThomas Duafala Tri-Cal Research Division USEzequiel Echer Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE) BrazilKalju Eerme Tartu Observatory EstoniaJames W. Elkins NOAA Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory USAndreas Engel Universität Frankfurt GermanyChristine A. Ennis NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory/CIRES USDavid W. Fahey NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory USJoe Farman European Ozone Research Coordinating Unit UKVitali E. Fioletov Meteorological Service of Canada CanadaPiers M. de F. Forster University of Reading UKPaul J. Fraser CSIRO Division of Atmospheric Research AustraliaRu-Shan Gao NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory USRolando R. Garcia National Center for Atmospheric Research USMarvin A. Geller State University of New York, Stony Brook USSophie Godin-Beekmann Service d'Aeronomie du CNRS FranceMarco González United Nations Environment Programme KenyaMichael Graber United Nations Environment Programme KenyaHans-F. Graf Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie GermanyJoanna D. Haigh Imperial College of Science, Technology, and Medicine UKNeil R.P. Harris European Ozone Research Coordinating Unit UKDidier Hauglustaine CNRS-Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement FrancePeter H. Haynes University of Cambridge UK
AUTHORS, CONTRIBUTORS, AND REVIEWERS
A.8
Jay R. Herman NASA Goddard Space Flight Center USDavid J. Hofmann NOAA Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory USJames R. Holton University of Washington USRobert D. Hudson University of Maryland USDrusilla Hufford Environmental Protection Agency USAbdelmoneim A. Ibrahim Egyptian Meteorological Authority EgyptMohammad Ilyas University of Science Malaysia MalaysiaTakashi Imamura National Institute for Environmental Studies JapanIvar S.A. Isaksen University of Oslo NorwayCharles H. Jackman NASA Goddard Space Flight Center USDaniel J. Jacob Harvard University USMauricio Jaramillo-Ayerbe Pontificia Universidad Javeriana-Cali ColombiaDavid Karoly Monash University AustraliaNozomi Kawamoto National Space Development Agency JapanJack A. Kaye NASA Office of Earth Science USJames B. Kerr Meteorological Service of Canada CanadaM.A.K. Khalil Portland State University USDieter Kley Institut für Chemie und Dynamik der Geoshäre Forschungszentrum Jülich GermanyMalcolm K.W. Ko Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. USYutaka Kondo University of Tokyo JapanJanusz W. Krzyscin Polish Academy of Sciences PolandLambert Kuijpers Technical University Pav The NetherlandsMichael J. Kurylo NASA Headquarters USMurari Lal Indian Institute of Technology IndiaShyam Lal Physical Research Laboratory IndiaKathleen O. Lantz NOAA Air Resources Laboratory USNeils Larsen Danish Meteorological Institute DenmarkKatherine S. Law University of Cambridge UKMark G. Lawrence Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie GermanyJ. Ben Liley National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) New ZealandShaw Liu Academia Sinica Taiwan R.O.C.Jennifer A. Logan Harvard University USA. Robert MacKenzie Lancaster University UKGloria L. Manney NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory/New Mexico Highlands University USCéline Mari Laboratoire d'Aérologie, Observatoire Midi Pyrénées FranceW. Andrew Matthews National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) New ZealandKonrad Mauersberger Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik GermanyArchie McCulloch Marbury Technical Consulting UKGordon McFadyen Scottish Environment Protection Agency UKMack McFarland E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Company USDaniel S. McKenna National Center for Atmospheric Research USRichard L. McKenzie National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) New ZealandRalf Meerkötter DLR-Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre GermanyGérard Mégie Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique FranceDavit Melkonyan Department of Hydrometeorology ArmeniaPauline M. Midgley M&D Consulting GermanyStephen A. Montzka NOAA Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory USRolf Müller Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH GermanyNzioka John Muthama University of Nairobi Kenya
AUTHORS, CONTRIBUTORS, AND REVIEWERS
A.9
Hideaki Nakane National Institute for Environmental Studies JapanEric R. Nash Science Systems and Applications, Inc. USPaul A. Newman NASA Goddard Space Flight Center USSamuel J. Oltmans NOAA Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory USAlan O'Neill University of Reading UKMichael Oppenheimer Princeton University USEduardo Palenque Instituto de Investigaciones Físcias, Universidad Mayor de San Andres BoliviaPanos Papagiannakopuolos University of Crete GreeceSteven Pawson Goddard Earth Sciences and Technology Center/University of Maryland USStuart A. Penkett University of East Anglia UKSunil Kumar Peshin India Meteorological Department IndiaThomas Peter Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science ETH-Zurich SwitzerlandKlaus Pfeilsticker Universität Heidelberg GermanyGiovanni Pitari Università L'Aquila ItalyUlrich Platt University of Heidelberg GermanyIan Plumb CSIRO Telecommunications and Industrial Physics AustraliaJean-Pierre Pommereau Service d'Aéronomie du CNRS FranceLamont R. Poole NASA Langley Research Center USGilles Poulet CNRS-Université d'Orléans FranceMichael J. Prather University of California at Irvine USMargarita Préndez Universidad de Chile ChileRonald Prinn Massachusetts Institute of Technology USMichael H. Proffitt World Meteorological Organization SwitzerlandJohn A. Pyle Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of Cambridge UKS. Ramachandran Physical Research Laboratory IndiaV. Ramaswamy NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory USWilliam J. Randel National Center for Atmospheric Research USLakshman Randeniya CSIRO Telecommunications and Industrial Physics AustraliaPhilip J. Rasch National Center for Atmospheric Research USA.R. Ravishankara NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory USClaire E. Reeves University of East Anglia UKBrian A. Ridley National Center for Atmospheric Research USCurtis P. Rinsland NASA Langley Research Center USHenning Rodhe University of Stockholm SwedenJosé M. Rodríguez University of Miami USMartin N. Ross Aerospace Corporation USNelson A. Sabogal United Nations Environment Programme KenyaRoss J. Salawitch California Institute of Technology/NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory USEugenio Sanhueza Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientificas VenezuelaMichelle L. Santee NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory USToru Sasaki Japan Meteorological Agency JapanYasuhiro Sasano National Institute for Environmental Studies JapanSue M. Schauffler National Center for Atmospheric Research USUlrich Schmidt Universität of Frankfurt GermanyUlrich Schumann DLR Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre GermanyGunther Seckmeyer Universität Hannover GermanyDian J. Seidel NOAA Air Resources Laboratory USTheodore G. Shepherd University of Toronto CanadaKeith P. Shine University of Reading UK
AUTHORS, CONTRIBUTORS, AND REVIEWERS
A.10
Peter G. Simmonds University of Bristol UKPaul C. Simon Institut d'Aeronomie Spatiale de Belgique BelgiumJames R. Slusser Colorado State University USSusan Solomon NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory USJohannes Stähelin Swiss Federal Institute of Technology-Zurich SwitzerlandAndreas Stohl Technical University Munich GermanyB.H. Subbaraya Indian Space Research Organization Headquarters IndiaChristine C. Sweet Science and Technology Corporation USPetteri Taalas Finnish Meteorological Institute FinlandDavid W. Tarasick Meteorological Service of Canada CanadaManfred Tevini Botanisches Institut DenmarkDavid Thompson Colorado State University USGeoffrey C. Toon NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory USAdrian F. Tuck NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory USJan C. van der Leun Ecofys The NetherlandsGuus J.M. Velders National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) The NetherlandsJean Verdebout European Commission Joint Research Centre ItalyMario Visca Ausimont S.p.A. ItalyC. Michael Volk Universität Frankfurt GermanyJoe W. Waters NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory USRobert T. Watson World Bank USElizabeth C. Weatherhead NOAA Air Resources Laboratory USPhilipp Weihs Universität für Bodenkultur AustriaRay F. Weiss University of California at San Diego/Scripps Institution of Oceanography USPaul O. Wennberg California Institute of Technology USDonald J. Wuebbles University of Illinois USVladimir Yushkov Central Aerological Observatory RussiaRodolphe J. Zander Université de Liège BelgiumFrancesco Zaratti Instituto de Investigaciones Físicas, Universidad Mayor de San Andres BoliviaChristos S. Zerefos Aristotle University of Thessaloniki GreeceXiuji Zhou Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences ChinaTong Zhu Peking University China
OZONE PEER-REVIEW MEETING
Les Diablerets, Switzerland24-28 June 2002
Ayité-Lô Nohende Ajavon Université de Lomé TogoDaniel L. Albritton NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory USGeorgios T. Amanatidis European Commission BelgiumStephen O. Andersen Environmental Protection Agency USPieter J. Aucamp Ptersa Environmental Consultant South AfricaJohn Austin UK Meteorological Office UKGermar Bernhard Biospherical Instruments, Inc. USGreg E. Bodeker National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) New ZealandJames H. Butler NOAA Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory US
AUTHORS, CONTRIBUTORS, AND REVIEWERS
A.11
Ken S. Carslaw University of Leeds UKR. Anthony Cox University of Cambridge UKDerek M. Cunnold Georgia Institute of Technology USMartin Dameris DLR Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre GermanySusana B. Diaz Centro Austral de Investigaciones Cientificas (CADIC) ArgentinaThomas Duafala Tri-Cal Research Division USChristine A. Ennis NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory/CIRES USDavid W. Fahey NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory USVitali E. Fioletov Meteorological Service of Canada CanadaRolando R. Garcia National Center for Atmospheric Research USSophie Godin-Beekmann Service d'Aeronomie du CNRS FranceMichael Graber United Nations Environment Programme KenyaNeil R.P. Harris European Ozone Research Coordinating Unit UKPeter H. Haynes University of Cambridge UKAbdelmoneim A. Ibrahim Egyptian Meteorological Authority EgyptMohammad Ilyas University of Science Malaysia MalaysiaNozomi Kawamoto National Space Development Agency JapanJames B. Kerr Meteorological Service of Canada CanadaMalcolm K.W. Ko Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. USMichael J. Kurylo NASA Headquarters USNeils Larsen Danish Meteorological Institute DenmarkKatherine S. Law University of Cambridge UKKonrad Mauersberger Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik GermanyArchie McCulloch Marbury Technical Consulting UKMack McFarland E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Company USGérard Mégie Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique FrancePauline M. Midgley M&D Consulting GermanyStephen A. Montzka NOAA Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory USRolf Müller Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH GermanyNzioka John Muthama University of Nairobi KenyaHideaki Nakane National Institute for Environmental Studies JapanPaul A. Newman NASA Goddard Space Flight Center USSteven Pawson Goddard Earth Sciences and Technology Center/University of Maryland USStuart A. Penkett University of East Anglia UKIan Plumb CSIRO Telecommunications and Industrial Physics AustraliaJean-Pierre Pommereau Service d'Aéronomie du CNRS FranceLamont R. Poole NASA Langley Research Center USGilles Poulet CNRS-Université d'Orléans FranceMargarita Préndez Universidad de Chile ChileMichael H. Proffitt World Meteorological Organization SwitzerlandJohn A. Pyle Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of Cambridge UKV. Ramaswamy NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory USWilliam J. Randel National Center for Atmospheric Research USA.R. Ravishankara NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory USClaire E. Reeves University of East Anglia UKJosé M. Rodríguez University of Miami USNelson A. Sabogal United Nations Environment Programme KenyaRoss J. Salawitch California Institute of Technology/NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory USGunther Seckmeyer Universität Hannover Germany
A.12
Dian J. Seidel NOAA Air Resources Laboratory USTheodore G. Shepherd University of Toronto CanadaKeith P. Shine University of Reading UKPaul C. Simon Institut d'Aeronomie Spatiale de Belgique BelgiumSusan Solomon NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory USPetteri Taalas Finnish Meteorological Institute FinlandDavid Thompson Colorado State University USJan C. van der Leun Ecofys The NetherlandsGuus J.M. Velders National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) The NetherlandsJean Verdebout European Commission Joint Research Centre ItalyRobert T. Watson World Bank USElizabeth C. Weatherhead NOAA Air Resources Laboratory USRay F. Weiss University of California at San Diego/Scripps Institution US
of OceanographyVladimir Yushkov Central Aerological Observatory RussiaRodolphe J. Zander Université de Liège BelgiumTong Zhu Peking University China
AUTHORS, CONTRIBUTORS, AND REVIEWERS
A.13
Sponsoring Organizations and LiaisonsMichael H. Proffitt World Meteorological Organization SwitzerlandMarco González United Nations Environment Programme Kenya
Daniel L. Albritton National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration USMichael J. Kurylo National Aeronautics and Space Administration US
Georgios T. Amanatidis European Commission Belgium
Coordinating EditorChristine A. Ennis NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory/CIRES US
Technical EditingChristine C. Sweet Science and Technology Corporation USChristine A. Ennis NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory/CIRES US
Publication Design and LayoutDebra Dailey-Fisher (Lead) NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory US
Albert D. Romero (Consulting and Support) NOAA Mountain Administrative Support Center USDennis Dickerson (Graphics Design, “Twenty Questions”) Concepts 3 US
Editorial AssistanceJeanne S. Waters NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory US
Barbara A. Keppler NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory US
Conference Coordination and DocumentationMichael H. Proffitt World Meteorological Organization Switzerland
Marie-Christine Charriére World Meteorological Organization SwitzerlandChristine A. Ennis NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory/CIRES US
Jeanne S. Waters NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory USKathy A. Thompson Computer Sciences Corporation US
Conference SupportJeanne S. Waters NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory US
Kathy A. Thompson Computer Sciences Corporation USCatherine A. Burgdorf NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory/CIRES US
Debra Dailey-Fisher NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory USRose M. Kendall Computer Sciences Corporation USRandy Soderholm Computer Sciences Corporation US
Chantal Renaudot World Meteorological Organization USBarbara A. Keppler NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory US
Suzie Milano-Schoser NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory USGordon McFadyen Scottish Environment Protection Agency UK
Neil R.P. Harris European Ozone Research Coordinating Unit UK
Computing and Networking SupportCatherine A. Burgdorf NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory/CIRES US
Walter J. Harrop NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory USGabrielle Accatino NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory US
Ken Jamieson NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory USRichard J. Tisinai NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory US
B.1
APPENDIX B
MAJOR ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
AASE Airborne Arctic Stratospheric ExpeditionADEOS Advanced Earth Observing SatelliteAER Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. (United States)AFEAS Alternative Fluorocarbons Environmental Acceptability StudyAGAGE Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases ExperimentAI aerosol indexALE Atmospheric Lifetime ExperimentAO Arctic OscillationAOD aerosol optical depthATMOS Atmospheric Trace Molecule SpectroscopyAVHRR Advanced Very High Resolution RadiometerAWI Alfred Wegener Institute (Germany)
BDC Brewer-Dobson circulationBL boundary layerBUV Backscatter Ultraviolet (spectrometer)
CARIBIC Civil Aircraft for Regular Investigation of the Atmosphere Based on an Instrument ContainerCARMA Community Aerosol and Radiation Model for AtmospheresCCSR Center for Climate System Research (University of Tokyo)CFC chlorofluorocarbonCICERO Centre for International Climate and Environmental Research, Universitetet I Oslo (Norway)CIE Commission Internationale de l’Éclairage (France)CIRES Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (United States)CLAES Cryogenic Limb Array Etalon SpectrometerCLAMS Chemical Lagrangian Model of the StratosphereCMAM Canadian Middle Atmosphere ModelCMDL Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory (NOAA)CNR-IFA Consiglio Nazionale della Richerche-Instituto di Fisica dell’Atmosfera (Italy)CNRM Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques (France)CNRS Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (France)CONICET Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasCPC Climate Prediction Center (NCEP)CSIRO Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (Australia)CTM chemical transport model
DLR Deutschen Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (Germany)DMS dimethyl sulfideDMSO dimethyl sulfoxideDOAS Differential Optical Absorption SpectroscopyDSCD differential slant column densityDSIR Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (South Africa)DU Dobson unit
EC European CommissionECC electrochemical concentration cell (ozonesonde)
ACRONYMS
B.2
ECD electron capture detectorECHAM European Centre Hamburg ModelECMWF European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (United Kingdom)EECl effective equivalent chlorineEESC effective equivalent stratospheric chlorineENSO El Niño-Southern OscillationEP Earth ProbeEPA Environmental Protection Agency (United States)ER-2 Earth Resources-2 (aircraft)ERBE Earth Radiation Budget ExperimentERS-2 European Remote Sensing-2 (satellite)ETH Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology) (Switzerland)EU European UnionEUVDB European Ultraviolet Database
FC fluorocarbonFDH fixed dynamical heating (model)FSSP forward scattering spectrometer probeFTIR Fourier transform infraredFUB Freie Universität Berlin (Germany)
GAGE Global Atmospheric Gases ExperimentGAW Global Atmosphere WatchGCM general circulation modelGC-MS gas chromatograph-mass spectrometerGFDL Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (NOAA)GHG greenhouse gasGISS Goddard Institute for Space Studies (NASA)GOME Global Ozone Monitoring ExperimentGRIPS GCM-Reality Intercomparison Project for SPARCGSFC Goddard Space Flight Center (NASA)GWD gravity wave dragGWP Global Warming Potential
HALOE Halogen Occultation ExperimentHBFC hydrobromofluorocarbonHC hydrocarbonHCFC hydrochlorofluorocarbonHFC hydrofluorocarbonHFE hydrofluorinated ether or hydrofluoroetherhPa hectoPascal
IASB Institut d’Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (Belgium)IFU Institute for Atmospheric Environmental Research (Germany)IGAC International Global Atmospheric ChemistryILAS Improved Limb Atmospheric SpectrometerIPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeIR infraredIROE-CNR Instituto di Riccrea sulle Onde Elettromagneticher del Consiglio Nazionale della Richerche (Italy)ISAMS Improved Stratospheric and Mesospheric SounderISCCP International Satellite Cloud Climatology ProjectIUPAC International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
ACRONYMS
JMA Japan Meteorological Agency (Japan)JPL Jet Propulsion Laboratory (NASA)JRC Joint Research Centre (Italy)
KASIMA Karlsruhe Simulation Model of the Middle AtmosphereKNMI Koninklijk Nederlands Meteorologisch Instituut (The Netherlands)
LaRC Langley Research Center (NASA)LCTM Lagrangian chemical transport modelLLNL Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (United States)LMS lowermost stratosphereLS lower stratosphere
M3 Meteor-3 (satellite)MAECHAM/CHEM Middle Atmosphere European Centre Hamburg Model with ChemistryMASP Multiangle Aerosol Spectrometer ProbeMATCH Model of Atmospheric Transport and ChemistryMBL marine boundary layerMD mass deficiencyMIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology (United States)MLS Microwave Limb SounderMODIS Moderate Resolution Imaging SpectroradiometerMOZAIC Measurement of Ozone and Water Vapor by Airbus In-Service AircraftMOZART2 Model for Ozone and Related Chemical Tracers, version 2MPAE Max-Planck-Institut für Aeronomie (Germany)MPIC Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie (Germany)MSA methanesulfonic acidMSC Meteorological Service of CanadaMSU Microwave Sounding Unit
N7 Nimbus-7 (satellite)NAD nitric acid dihydrateNAM NH annular modeNAO North Atlantic OscillationNASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration (United States)NAT nitric acid trihydrateNCAR National Center for Atmospheric Research (United States)NCEP National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NOAA)NDSC Network for the Detection of Stratospheric ChangeNH Northern HemisphereNIES National Institute for Environmental Studies (Japan)NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology (formerly NBS, United States)NIWA National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (New Zealand)NMHC nonmethane hydrocarbonNOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (United States)n-PB n-propyl bromideNPL National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)NPLS nonparametric least-square fitsNSF National Science Foundation (United States)NWP numerical weather predictionNWS National Weather Service (NOAA)
B.3
ACRONYMS
ODP Ozone Depletion PotentialODS ozone-depleting substanceOGI Oregon Graduate Institute (United States)OHP Observatoire de Haute-Provence (France)OMS Observations of the Middle StratosphereOPC optical particle counter
PAN peroxyacetyl nitratePAUR Photochemical Activity and Solar Ultraviolet RadiationPEM-Tropics Pacific Exploratory Mission in the Tropical PacificPFC perfluorocarbonPGI product gas injectionPOAM Polar Ozone and Aerosol MeasurementPOLARIS Photochemistry of Ozone Loss in the Arctic Region in Summerppb parts per billionppbv parts per billion by volumeppm parts per millionppmv parts per million by volumeppt parts per trillionpptv parts per trillion by volumePSC polar stratospheric cloudPV potential vorticityPWD planetary-wave drag
QBO quasi-biennial oscillation
RAF radiation amplification factorRDF reverse domain fillingRIVM Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu (National Institute of Public Health and the
Environment) (The Netherlands)rms root mean squareRT radiative transfer
SAD surface area densitySAGE Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas ExperimentSAM SH annular modeSAM Stratospheric Aerosol MeasurementSAOZ Système d’Analyse par Observation ZénithaleSBDART Santa Barbara Discrete-ordinate Hemispheric Radiative TransferSBUV/SBUV2 Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet (spectrometer)SCD slant column densitySeaWiFS Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view SensorSEFDH seasonally evolving fixed dynamical heating (model)SGI source gas injectionSH Southern HemisphereSIO Scripps Institution of Oceanography (United States)SOLVE SAGE III Ozone Loss and Validation ExperimentSPARC Stratospheric Processes and Their Role in Climate (WCRP)SPOT Satellite Pour l’Observation de la Terre (satellite)SRES Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (IPCC)SRM solid rocket motorSSA stratospheric sulfate aerosolSSU Stratospheric Sounding Unit
B.4
ACRONYMS
STAR System for Transfer of Atmospheric RadiationSTE stratosphere-troposphere exchangeSTRAT Stratospheric Tracers of Atmospheric TransportSTREAM Stratosphere-Troposphere Experiments by Aircraft MeasurementsSTS supercooled ternary solutionSTT secondary tropical tropopauseSUNY State University of New York (United States)SUSPEN Standardization of Ultraviolet Spectroradiometry in Preparation of a European NetworkSUVDAMA Scientific UV Data ManagementSZA solar zenith angle
2-D two-dimensional3-D three-dimensionalTAR Third Assessment Report (IPCC)TEAP Technology and Economic Assessment Panel (UNEP)THESEO Third European Stratospheric Experiment on OzoneTIROS Television Infrared Observation SatelliteTOMS Total Ozone Mapping SpectrometerTOVS TIROS Operational Vertical SounderTRACE-P Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific TT tropical tropopause TTL tropical tropopause layerTTT thermal tropical tropopauseTUV Tropospheric Ultraviolet Visible
UARS Upper Atmosphere Research SatelliteUCI University of California at Irvine (United States)UEA University of East Anglia (United Kingdom)UH University of Heidelberg (Germany)UIUC University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (United States)UK United KingdomUKMO United Kingdom Meteorological OfficeULAU Università degli Studi dell’Aquila (Italy)UM unified modelUMETRAC Unified Model with Eulerian Transport and ChemistryUN United NationsUNEP United Nations Environment ProgrammeUS upper stratosphereUSDA United States Department of AgricultureUT University of Tokyo (Japan)UT upper troposphereUV ultraviolet
VOC volatile organic compound
WCRP World Climate Research ProgrammeWMGHG well-mixed greenhouse gasWMO World Meteorological OrganizationWOUDC World Ozone and Ultraviolet Radiation Data Centre (Canada)
B.5
C.1
APPENDIX C
MAJOR CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND NOMENCLATURE
FROM THIS ASSESSMENT
HALOGEN-CONTAINING SPECIES
Cl atomic chlorine Br atomic bromineCl2 molecular chlorine Br2 molecular bromineClO chlorine monoxide BrO bromine monoxideClOx chlorine radicals BrOx bromine radicalsOClO chlorine dioxide OBrO bromine dioxideClOO chloroperoxy radicalCl2O2, ClOOCl dichlorine peroxide (ClO dimer)ClONO chlorine nitrite, nitryl chlorideClONO2, ClNO3 chlorine nitrate BrONO2, BrNO3 bromine nitrateHCl hydrogen chloride (hydrochloric acid) HBr hydrogen bromideHOCl hypochlorous acid HOBr hypobromous acidCly inorganic chlorine Bry inorganic bromineCCly organic chlorine CBry organic bromineBrCl bromine chloride BrOOCl bromochloroperoxide
F atomic fluorine I atomic iodineF2 molecular fluorine I2 molecular iodine
IO iodine monoxideOIO iodine dioxideIONO2 iodine nitrate
HF hydrogen fluoride (hydrofluoric acid) HI hydrogen iodideHOI hypoiodous acid
SF6 sulfur hexafluorideSF5CF3 trifluoromethylsulfurpentafluorideNF3 nitrogen trifluoride
HALOCARBONSCHLOROFLUOROCARBONS (CFCS) HYDROCHLOROFLUOROCARBONS (HCFCS)CFC-11 CCl3F HCFC-21 CHCl2FCFC-12 CCl2F2 HCFC-22 CHClF2
CFC-13 CClF3 HCFC-31 CH2ClFCFC-113 CCl2FCClF2 HCFC-123 CHCl2CF3
CFC-113a CCl3CF3 HCFC-124 CHClFCF3
CFC-114 CClF2CClF2 HCFC-141b CH3CCl2FCFC-114a CCl2FCF3 HCFC-142b CH3CClF2
CFC-115 CClF2CF3 HCFC-225ca CHCl2CF2CF3
HCFC-225cb CHClFCF2CClF2
HCFC-243cc CH3CF2CFCl2
CHEMICAL FORMULAE
C.2
HYDROFLUOROCARBONS (HFCS)HFC-23 CHF3 HFC-245cb CH3CF2CF3
HFC-32 CH2F2 HFC-245ca CH2FCF2CHF2
HFC-41 CH3F HFC-245ea CHF2CHFCHF2
HFC-125 CHF2CF3 HFC-245eb CH2FCHFCF3
HFC-134 CHF2CHF2 HFC-245fa CHF2CH2CF3
HFC-134a CH2FCF3 HFC-263fb CH3CH2CF3
HFC-143 CH2FCHF2 HFC-272ca CH3CF2CH3
HFC-143a CH3CF3 HFC-281ea CH3CHFCH3
HFC-152 CH2FCH2F HFC-365mfc CH3CF2CH2CF3
HFC-152a CH3CHF2 HFC-356mcf CH2FCH2CF2CF3
HFC-161 CH3CH2F HFC-356mff CF3CH2CH2CF3
HFC-227ea CF3CHFCF3 HFC-338pcc CHF2CF2CF2CHF2
HFC-236cb CH2FCF2CF3 HFC-43-10mee CF3CHFCHFCF2CF3
HFC-236ea CHF2CHFCF3 HFC-458mfcf CF3CH2CF2CH2CF3
HFC-236fa CF3CH2CF3 HFC-55-10mcff CF3CF2CH2CH2CF2CF3
HALONS
Halon-1202 CBr2F2 Halon-1301 CBrF3
Halon-1211 CBrClF2 Halon-2402 CBrF2CBrF2
CHLOROCARBONS BROMOCARBONS
CH3Cl methyl chloride, chloromethane CH3Br methyl bromide, bromomethaneCH2Cl2 methylene chloride, dichloromethane CH2Br2 methylene bromide, dibromomethaneCHCl3 chloroform, trichloromethane CHBr3 bromoform, tribromomethaneCCl4 carbon tetrachloride CH2BrCH2Br 1,2 dibromoethaneC2HCl3 trichloroethene, trichloroethylene CH3CH2CH2Br 1-bromopropane, n-propyl bromide, n-PBC2Cl4 tetrachloroethene, perchloroethene (n-C3H7Br)CH3CH2Cl chloroethane CH3C(O)CH2Br bromoacetoneCH2ClCH2Cl 1, 2 dichloroethaneCH3CCl3 methyl chloroform FLUOROCARBONS
C2H2Cl4 tetrachloroethane CF4 tetrafluoromethane, carbon tetrafluorideC4Cl6 hexachlorobutadiene C2F6, CF3CF3 perfluoroethaneCOCl2 phosgene, carbonyl chloride C3F8, CF3CF2CF3 perfluoropropane
c-C3F6 perfluorocyclopropaneIODOCARBONS C4F10 perfluorobutaneCH3I iodomethane, methyl iodide c-C4F8 perfluorocyclobutaneCH2I2 diiodomethane C5F12 perfluoropentaneCH3CH2I iodoethane, ethyl iodide C6F14 perfluorohexaneCH3CHICH3 2-iodopropane, isopropyl iodide COF2 carbonyl fluoride
(i-C3H7I) TFA trifluoroacetic acid (CF3COOH)CH3CH2CH2I 1-iodopropane, n-propyl iodide CF3COF trifluoroacetyl fluoride
(n-C3H7I)
OTHERS
CHBr2Cl dibromochloromethane CF3I trifluoromethyl iodide, trifluoroiodomethaneCH2BrCl bromochloromethane CF3CF2I iodopentafluoroethaneCHBrCl2 bromodichloromethane COClF chlorofluorocarbonylCH2BrI bromoiodomethane CF3COCl trifluoroacetyl chlorideCHBrF2 bromodifluoromethane SF6 sulfur hexafluorideCH2ClI chloroiodomethane SF5CF3 trifluoromethylsulfurpentafluoride
C.3
OTHER SPECIES
O atomic oxygen H atomic hydrogenO(3P) atomic oxygen (ground state) H2 molecular hydrogenO(1D) atomic oxygen (first excited state) OH hydroxyl radicalO2 molecular oxygen HO2 hydroperoxyl radicalO3 ozone H2O waterOx odd oxygen (O, O(1D), O3) or H2O2 hydrogen peroxide
oxidant (O3 + NO2) HOx odd hydrogen (H, OH, HO2, H2O2)HDO deuterated water
N atomic nitrogen HNO2, HONO nitrous acidN2 molecular nitrogen HOONO pernitrous acidN2O nitrous oxide HNO3 nitric acidNO nitric oxide HNO4, HO2NO2 peroxynitric acid, pernitric acidNO2 nitrogen dioxide CH3OONO2 methylperoxynitrateNO3 nitrogen trioxide, nitrate radical PAN peroxyacetylnitrate (CH3C(O)OONO2)N2O5 dinitrogen pentoxide RONO2 alkyl nitratesNOx nitrogen oxides (NO + NO2) NAD nitric acid dihydrate (HNO3◊2H2O)NOy total reactive nitrogen NAT nitric acid trihydrate (HNO3◊3H2O)
(usually includes NO, NO2, NO3, NAP nitric acid pentahydrate (HNO3◊5H2O)N2O5, ClONO2, HNO4, HNO3)
S atomic sulfur H2S hydrogen sulfideSO2 sulfur dioxide CS2 carbon disulfideSO4 sulfate COS, OCS carbonyl sulfide
H2SO4 sulfuric acidCH3SCH3 DMS, dimethyl sulfideCH3S(O)CH3 DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxideCH3SO3H MSA, methanesulfonic acid
C carbon atomCO carbon monoxideCO2 carbon dioxide
NMHC nonmethane hydrocarbon CH2O, HCHO formaldehydeCH4 methane CH3COCH3 acetoneC2H6 ethane CH3OOH methyl hydroperoxideC3H8 propane CH3COO methyl peroxy radicalC2H4 ethylene, ethene CH3C(O)OO acetyl peroxy radicalC2H2 acetylene, ethyne RO alkoxy radicals
RO2 organic peroxy radicals
CHEMICAL FORMULAE
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