APPENDIX A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF …978-1-349-81702-3/1.pdf · A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF DICKENS'S MAIN EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES AND WRITINGS 1824 1824-7 ... American Notes ... HW,

APPENDIX

A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF DICKENS'S MAIN EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES AND WRITINGS

1824 1824-7 1827-32 1832- 6

7 February, born in Portsmouth. Later moved to London. Moved to Chatham. Attended a Preparatory Day-School. Attended Rev William Giles's school, Chatham. Family moved to London, 1822; Dickens joined them shortly afterwards, but was not sent to school there. Period working in the blacking-warehouse (six months ?). Attending Wellington House Academy. Working in a solicitor's office, and as law-court reporter. Parliamentary reporter. Stories and sketches published, 1833 onwards. 22 January, Morning Chronicle, report on Charity School opening. Sketches by Boz, First Series; Second Series, 1837. Contents included 'Our Parish' (parish schoolmaster), 'A Visit to Newgate' (juvenile delinquents; school for pickpockets), 'Sentiment' (Minerva House Finishing Establishment for Young Ladies), 'The Dancing Academy'. Pickwick Papers (Westgate House Establishment for Young Ladies). Edited Bentley's Miscellany. Contents included Oliver Twist (child as hero; death of the child Dick), and 'The Mudfog Papers'! (satires on the British Association). Nicholas Nickleby (Dotheboys Hall; death ofSmike). Sketches of Young Couples (Dickens's domestic ideal, and the education of girls; parents and children). 2 December, speech at Southwark Literary and Scientific Institution. The Old Curiosiry Shop (life and death of Little Nell; Mrs Whackles's Ladies' Seminary; Marton the parish schoolmaster; Miss Monflathers's Boarding and Day Establishment). American Notes (various American schools, reformatories, and asylums). Martin Chuzzlewit (Mr Pecksniff's articled pupils in architecture; Ruth Pinch as governess; American lectures).

1 Reprinted in Sketches by Boz. 222

APPENDIX

1843 3June, The Examiner, 'The Oxford Commission'.1 September, first activities over Ragged Schools.

223

5 October, speech at Manchester Athenaeum: the effective beginning of Dickens's career as a speaker at Athenaeums, Mechanics' Institutes, and Polytechnics (not listed). A Christmas Carol (Scrooge's schooldays; Ignorance and Want).

1844 Eldest son, Charley, begins school; Dickens has sons at school and college for the rest of his life. 20 April, speech for the Governesses' Benevolent Institution. 'A Word in Season' (poem on the need for education, in Lady Blessington's Keepsake).2 The Chimes (Mr Filer the statistician; paternalist Sir Joshua Bowley).

1845 First mention of Bruce Castle school in letters (e.g. 17 August).

1846 4 February, letter in Daily News on 'Crime and Education'1 (Ragged Schools). The Life dOur Lord written for his children (published 1934).

1846-8 Dombey and Son (Paul Dombey's education under Mrs Pipchin and Dr Blimber, and his death; Robin Toodle at the Charitable Grinders').

1847 November, Urania Cottage opens; planned since May 1846; Dickens active over it until 1858.

1848 22 April, The Examiner, 'Ignorance and Crime'.! The Haunted Man (Mr Redlaw the chemistry don; the terrible waif). 30 December, The Examiner, 'Edinburgh Apprentice School Association' .1

1849 January to April, The Examiner, three articles on Drouet's Tooting baby-farm scandal.1

1849-50 David Copperfield (David's boyhood and education at Salem House Academy and Dr Strong's school; his beloved Miss Shepherd at Miss Nettingall's establishment; Uriah Heep's Charity School education; Steerforth at Oxford; Mrs Micawber, and later Agnes Wickfield, set up as schoolmistresses when in financial difficulties).

1850 30 March, Household Words begins; published weekly until 28 May 1859. 6 April, HW, 'A Child's Dream of a Star'3 (fantasy on his childhood). 25 May, HW, 'A Walk in a Workhouse'3 (including its schools).

1 Reprinted in Miscellaneous Papers. • Reprinted in Reprinted Pieces.

J Reprinted in Forster's Life.

1857

DICKENS AND EDUCATION

I I October, HW, 'Our Schoo!,l (Wellington House Academy). A Child's History of England serialised in HW. Bleak House (Esther Summerson as pupil and teacher at Miss Donny's Greenleaf School; Richard Cars tone at Winchester; Jo the untaught crossing-sweeper boy; the Turveydrop Academy of Deportment; Smallweed family, denying the rights of childhood; philanthropists Mrs Jellyby and Mrs Pardiggle; feminist Miss Wisk). 13 March, HW, 'A Sleep to Startle US'2 (Ragged Schools). 2 September, speech at Manchester Free Library opening. 23 April, HW, 'Home for Homeless Women'2 (Urania Cottage). I October, HW, 'Frauds on the Fairies'2 (protest against moralising fairy-stories for propagandist purposes). Christmas Number, HW, 'The Schoolboy's Story', and 'Nobody's Story'3 (sectarian delays over a State System). 27,29 and 30 December, Readings for the Birmingham and Midland Institute - the first Public Readings: others given 1854-8, for adult education establishments. Hard Times, in HW, I April to 12 August (M'Choakumchild's school; Gradgrind and his children; Bitzer and Sissy Jupe). 30 December, speech for Commercial Travellers' Schools (also on 22 December 1859). I February, first mention of the Kindergarten movement, in letter. Little Dorrit (Arthur Clennam's boyhood memories; Mr Cripples's Academy for Evening Tuition; Mrs General the polisher; Miss Wade's experiences as a governess). 5 November, speech for Warehousemen and Clerks' Schools. 27 December, Reading for Chatham Mechanics' Institute, of which he became virtual Life-President, and for which he gave five more Readings, up to 1865. 9 February, speech for Great Ormond Street Hospital for Sick Children. May, separated from his wife. I June, speech for Playground and General Recreation Society. 30 April, All the rear Round begins; published weekly until Dickens's death (and later, under his son Charley's editorship). Christmas Number, ArR, 'The Haunted House' (Miss Griffin's School).

1 Reprinted in Reprinted Pieces. 3 Reprinted in Christmas Stories.

S Reprinted in Miscellaneous Papers.

APPENDIX 225

1860 30 June, ArR, 'Dullborough Town'l (including its Mechanics'Institution). 8 September, ArR, 'Nurses' Stories'l (recalling childhood terrors).

1860- I Great Expectations, in A rR, I December 1860 to 3 August 1861 (Pip's boyhood, and education at Mr Wopsle's great-aunt's school and under Mr Pocket's tutorship; Biddy becomes a teacher).

1861 Christmas Number, ArR, 'Tom Tiddler's Ground'2 (Miss Pupford's Establishment for Young Ladies).

1863 20 June, ArR, 'The Short-Timers'! (Stepney Union Pauper Schools). 15 August, ArR, 'The Boiled Beef of New England'! (working-men's Institutions). Christmas Number, ArR, 'Mrs Lirriper's Lodgings'2 (Major Jackman's arithmetic teaching).

1864 12 April and I I May, speeches for University College Hospital and for the establishment of the Shakespeare Foundation Schools.

1864-5 Our Mutual Friend (Charley Hexam at a Ragged School, and then as pupil-teacher under Bradley Headstone; Miss Peecher the schoolmistress; Johnny at the Child's Hospital).

1866 Christmas Number, ArR, 'Mugby Junction'2 (Mr Jackson's loveless childhood; tqe cripple Phoebe's happy school).

1868 25 January to 4 April, ArR, 'Holiday Romance's (written for an American children's magazine, Our roung Folks: contains a fairy-story, 'The Magic Fishbone'; the Misses Drowveyand Grimmer's school, and Mrs Lemon's school- a Vice-Versa fantasy). 1-29 February, ArR, 'George Silverman's Explanation,a (Silverman's oppressed and orphan childhood; becomes a Cambridge don).

1869 6January, ArR, 'Mr Barlow'! (of Sanciford and Merton). 27 September, Presidential speech at the Birmingham and Midland Institute (also on 6January 1870).

1870 April, first instalment of Edwin Drood (Miss Twinkleton's Seminary; Canon Crisparkle as tutor). 9June, dies at Gad's Hill.

1 Reprinted in The Uncommercial Traveller. S Reprinted in Reprinted Pieces.

2 Reprinted in Christmas Stories.

NOTES

The following abbreviations are used for the titles of books by Dickens: AN American Notes LD Little Dorrit BH Bleak House MC Martin Chualewit BR Barnaby Rudge NN Nicholas Nick/eby CB Christmas Books OCS The Old Curiosiry Shop CC A Christmas Carol 0 MF Our Mutual Friend Chimes The Chimes 0 T Oliver Twist Clock Master Humphrey's Clock P from I Pictures from Italy DC David Copperfield RP Reprinted Pieces D & S Dombey /lind Son SB Sketches by Boz ED The Mystery of Edwin Drood TTC A Tale of Two Cities GE Great Expectations UC The Uncommercial Traveller HT Hard Times

All these works are cited in the New Oxford Illustrated Dickens edition (1947-58) and are followed by a reference to chapter and page number, or to book, chapter and page number. This edition does not include his letters and speeches, nor all his journalism. For these writings, the following editions have been used and are cited by these abbreviations:

ATR Coutts

CP

HN HW MP Mr & Mrs N

SPeeches

All the Tear Round, 1859-1870 Lettersfrom Charles Dickens to Angela Burdett-Coutts 1841-1865, ed Edgar Johnson, 1953 Collected Papers, Biographical Edition of the Works of Charles Dickens, 190 5 The Household Narrative of Current Events, 1850-5 Household Words, 185D-9 Miscellaneous Papers, Biographical Edition, 1908 Mr and Mrs Charles Dickens: His Letters to Her, ed Walter Dexter, 1935 The Letters of Charles Dickens, ed Walter Dexter, 3 vols, Nonesuch Press, 1938 The Speeches of Charles Dickens, ed K.J. Fielding, Oxford, 1960

For journals frequently cited, the following abbreviations are used: Dick The Dickensian E & S Essays and Studies HLQ Huntington Library Quarterly N & Q Notes and Queries NCF Nineteenth Century Fiction P MLA Publications of the Modern Language Association of America RES Review of English Studies RSUM RaggedSchool Union Magazine

CHAPTER I: THE REPUTATION AND THE MAN

I. A. P. Stanley, Sermons on Special Occasions (1882), 135. 2. Walsh, The Use of Imagination, 12. 3. Chesterton, Charles Dickens, 70. 4. Forster, Life of Dickens, 121; Kent, Dickens as a Reader, 149.

226

NOTES TO PAGES 3-13

5. 'The Incompatibles', Irish Essays (1882), 1891 edn, 45-7. 6. House, All in Due Time, 235. 7· Coutts, 176,89, 199·

227

8. Forster, 499, 675 note. Colenso had published a controversial book about the Pentateuch. The Bishop was the Rt Rev the Hon S. Waldegrave.

9. William R. Hughes, A Week's Tramp in Dickens-Land (1891), 369. 10. Forster, 196; Dolby, Dickens as I knew him, 38. I I. Bredsdorff, Hans Andersen and Charles Dickens, 26. 12. Dolby, 457. 13. OT, XIX, 139. All of Dickens's novels were, of course, serialised, usually in nineteen

monthly instalments, though he tried several variants on that length and frequency. 14. Hughes, Dickens as an Educator, ix, I. 15. Speeches, 240. The dependence of novelists on their memories of their own child

hood is demonstrated by G. M. Meers, Victorian Schoolteachers in Fiction (1953), based on an analysis of 95 novels and 17 short stories on this clearly popular subject.

16. Johnson, Charles Dickens, I, 22. 17· Forster, 47, 9-10, 25--6. 18. Ibid, I I, 34. See W. J. Carlton, 'Fanny Dickens: Pianist and Vocalist', Dick, LIII

(1957),133-43· 19· Ibid,35· 20. Langton, Childhood and Youth tif Dickens, 25. 21. N, 1,168, Dr Kuenzel [July 1838]. 22. 'Our School', HW, I I October 1851 (RP, 566). He elsewhere recalled his early

days at school 'under the dominion of an old lady who ... ruled the world with the birch' (Speeches, 323). Presumably this was the Dame-school: so Dr Manning (Dickens on Education, 25--6) need not have been sceptical about whether it ever existed.

23. Langton, 56; Forster, 9; N, I, 171, Giles [July 1838?]; I, 308,John Scott, 22 March 1841. See Humphreys, Dickens and his First Schoolmaster, for a fuller account.

24. Forster, 27. 25. D & S, VIII, 99-100. 26. DC, VII, 8g. 27. Dick, VII (19 I I), 213, 230. The schoolfellows of Dickens at Wellington House whose

reminiscences are quoted or summarised in the next few paragraphs are as follows: Owen P. Thomas, Henry Danson, and Walsh - Forster, 40--5, 835 note; Owen P. Thomas (further particulars) and John W. Bowden - Langton, 85-92; Luke Limner [i.e. John Leighton] and E. Dunkin, 'Dickens and Pickwick', N & Q,7th Series XI, 23 May and 13 June 1891,401-2,472; R. S. [i.e., Shier?] andJohn Leighton - Willoughby Matchett, 'Dickens at Wellington House Academy', Dick, VII (191 I), 180--4, 212-15; an anonymous 'Schoolfellow and Friend''Recollections of Charles Dickens', ibid, 229-31. See also The Times, 3 August 1960, for picture and discussion.

28. NN, VIII, 93; DC, VII, 89-90; D & S, VI, 68. 29. Speeches, 240--I. 30. Ibid; 'Our School', RP, 571. Perhaps Dickens here conflates the senior with the

junior Latin Master, Mr Richard Shiers. Dickens won a prize for Latin, having been coached by Shiers, to whom he gratefully presented an inscribed copy of Horace (Wright, Life tif Dickens, 45).

31. 'Our School', RP, 567, 571. 32. Forster, 43. 33· Letters tif Matthew Arnold, ed G. W. E. Russell (1895), II, 184. 34· Forster, 375 note. 35. J. W. Bowden, in Kitton, Dickens by Pen and Pencil, 128. Georgina Hogarth

(Dickens's sister-in-law), who read Kitton's book in manuscript, protested in a footnote that he was very fond of music, 'and had a most excellent ear and a good

NOTES TO PAGES 13-21

voice,' though (she continues lamely, and not very comprehensibly) 'I daresay it would have been useless to have taught him music at school'.

36. N, 11,777, Collins, 6June 1856. 37. Forster, 835 note. 38. Other prolonged friendships or acquaintances between Old Boys in the novels

include Bob Sawyer and Benjamin Allen (PP); Chester and Haredale (BR); Chuffey and Anthony Chuzzlewit, Westlock and Lewsome (MC); David Copperfield, Traddles, and Steerforth (DC); John Jarndyce and Boy thorn (BH); Carton and Stryver (TTC); Crisparkle and Tartar (ED).

39. Langton, 88. Jones died in 1836 (Dick, LVI [1960],131-2). 40. Limmer [Leighton], N & Q, loc cit, 402. 41. 'Who wrote Dickens's Novels?', Cornhill Magazine, NS, XI (1888), 114, quoted by

Ford, Dickens and his Readers, 163. 42. Forster, 43. 43. Speeches, 81-2. 44. DC, XLII, 606; LXI, 845. 45. John Black, quoted by Kitton, Pen and Pencil, 134. 46. Forster, 816, 47-8, 53; cfWright, 58, and Dick, XLII (1947), 83-4. 47. For further particulars, see Dick, XLI (1945), 60-4, and XLV (1949), 81-g0, 201-7;

Monod, 'La Culture de Dickens' (Dickens romancier, Chapter VII); and my essays 'Dickens's Reading' and 'Dickens in Conversation' (forthcoming in Dick).

48. Dick, XXIX (1933), 197-8. 49. Lewes, 'Dickens in relation to criticism', Fortnightly Review, NS, XI (1872), 152. See

G. S. Haight, 'Dickens and Lewes on Spontaneous Combustion', NCF, X (1955), 53-63, and 'Dickens and Lewes', PMLA, LXXI (1956),166-79.

50. Quarterly Review, LXIV (1839),88. 51. Information from Mr Simon Nowell-Smith, formerly the Librarian. 52. Forster, 637. 53. Hughes, 1,8. Hughes's main reason for making this mistake - apart from the fact

that he admired both Dickens and Froebel - was that 'Infant Gardens', one of the first English assessments of Froebel, had appeared in HW (21 July 1855, XI,

577-82). Often attributed, then and later, to Dickens, it was in fact written by a member of his staff, Henry Morley, and reprinted (slightly shortened) in his book Gossip (1857). Hughes also reprints it (pp 15-28). Dr Manning has noted that Dickens did not write this article, and probably never read or was influenced by Froebel (Dickens on Education, 131-7, 145-6). I had come to the same conclusion in my 'Note on Dickens and Froebel', published inJ une I 955-Q.v. for fuller argument.

54. N, II, 28, Dr Hodgson, 4 June 1847. He had, apparently, been reading Remarks on National Education by George Combe, the 'philosopher' of the phrenological and secular approach.

55. Coutts, 223, I April 1853. 56. Forster, 835 note. 57. AN, XIII, 184; P from I, 'By Verona', 345. 58. Fitzgerald, Life rif Dickens, II, 301. 59. There are useful lists of the habitues of the Dickens household at various stages in his

life, in Forster, 161; Francisco Berger, Reminiscences, ND, 155; Knight, Passages, III,

110-16. 60. Charles Tennyson, Alfred Tennyson (1949), 213; Letters rif Browning and Elizabeth

Barrett 1845-6, 1899, II, I 16. 61. The George Eliot Letters, ed G. S. Haight (1954), III, 200. 62. Forster, 635; Charles Gavan Duffy, Conversations with Carlyle (1892), 75. 63. R. H. Horne, A New Spirit rifthe Age (1844), World's Classics edn (1907), 51-2. 64. N, II, 204, Rev James White, 5 February 1850; letter to Mary Howitt, 20 February

1850, in C. R. Woodring, Victorian Samplers: William and Mary Howitt, Lawrence, Kansas (1952), 152.


65. Dickens's Periodicals: Articles on Education, Leicester, 1957. 66. N, II, 202, Mrs Gaskell, 31 January 1850. The authorship of everything in HW can

now be identified from the Office Contributors Book (copy at Dickens House, 48 Doughty Street, WCI). The corresponding book for AYR has disappeared, but it is sometimes possible to identify the authors by other means.

67. I have tried to assess the significance of the periodicals, in Dick, LII (1956),119-23, and Review of English Literature, II (1961), 55-64. See also G. G. Grubb, 'Editorial Policies of Dickens', PMLA, LVIII (1943), 1110-24, and Dickens's correspondence with his sub-editor (W. H. Wills) in R. C. Lehmann's Charles Dickens as Editor (1912). Illuminating accounts of this aspect of his career occur in the reminiscences of his bright 'young men', Sala, Yates and Fitzgerald; Harriet Martineau's Autobiography and Solly's Life of Henry Morley contain the impressions of two of his more 'intellectual' colleagues, both of whom contributed many articles on education (see Bibliography).

68. Westminster Review, XLVII (1847), II; Blackwood's Magazine, LXIV (1848), 469; Letters of Thackeray, ed G. N. Ray ( 1945), II, 266; Manning, Dickens on Education, 83-4.

69· ED, 11,7; XVII, 193. 70 • MC, 11,13. 71. DC, XIX-XX, 287-93; AN, III, 27. On Oxford, see also his 1843 Examiner article,

'Report of the Commissioners' (MP, 95-8). 72. The Haunted Man, I (CB, 317-18); 'George Silverman's Explanation', III, IV, VII

(UT, 730-5, 746). Both these stories are poor, but of interest in relation to Dickens's personality: see, e.g., Harry Stone, 'Dickens's Tragic Universe: "George Silverman's Explanation" " Studies in Philowgy, LV (1958),86-97.

73. Other Old Boys include Stryver and Carton (at Shrewsbury), Mr Pocket (a Harrovian), and Henry Gowan, Compeyson, Tartar and Crisparkle (at unspecified public schools).

74. BH, XIII, 167-8; XVII, 227. Winchester is specified, IV, 43. Brougham, Cobbett, and others had long been attacking Winchester, and so did the Public School Commissioners in the mid-century, but its curriculum remained almost totally classical. Leach, a boy there in the 18605, recalled the nightmare of having to write three Latin epigrams a week - 'simple torture and very useless torture, when one had not the dimmest idea of the point of an epigram, and the haziest notion either of Latin or quantities .... Classics were the be-all and end-all of our education'and yet they were ill-taught. Moberly's Winchester deserved the attack Dickens explicitly made on it. SeeJ. D'E. Firth, Winchester College (1949),82-3, 109, 123-6; A. F. Leach, History of Winchester College (1899), 464-5.

CHAPTER II: FATHER OF NINE

I. N, 111,160, de Cerjat, 3 May 1860. 2. Gladys Storey, Dickens and Daughter, 93; Cockburn, LordJejJrey, II, 465. 3. Coutts, 198, 16 March 1852. 4. N, II, 416, Mrs Gore, 27 September 1852. He was making this 'Kings in fairy tales'

joke as early as 1843. 5. Lindsay, Charles Dickens, 297-8; Mrs James Fields's diary, 24 November 1867,

quoted by Adrian, Georgina Hogarth and the Dickens Circle, II 1. The prolific Kenwigs family appears in NN.

6. Orwell, 20; Francis Burnand, Records and Reminiscences, 1917 edn, 63. 7. N, II, 268, Dr Stone, 2 February 1851. 8. See Eleanor Rooke, 'Fathers and Sons in Dickens', Essays and Studies, NS, IV (1951),

53-69: Edmund Wilson, 53; K. J. Fielding, Dickens - a Critical Introduction, 177-8. 9. Forster, 464, 2 September 1847; undated newspaper cutting on the death of Canon

Ainger (died 8 February 1902) in the Eastgate House Museum, Rochester; cf Fitzgerald's Memories, 246 note.

NOTES TO PAGES 30---37

10. Introduction, Dombey and Son (1892), xix; cfForster, 485. II. D &S,XI, 143. 12. 'Mother and Stepmother', HW, 12 May 1855 and subsequent weeks, XI, 341-98

passim. Her other contributions were a poem and a story (HW, VII, 563; VIII,

564-70). Ainger's admiration for her appears in Edith Sichel's Life and Letters of Alfred Ainger (lg06), II, 20, gl.

13. The quotations in the next paragraph come from Sichel's Ainger, g-20; and Frederic Harrison, Memories and Thoughts (lg06), 5-10, and Autobiographic Memoirs (lglI), I, 27-34.

14. Coutts, 202, 25July 1852; N, II, IgO, King, I December 184g. 15. Charley's 'Reminiscences', 15. 16. See F. J. C. Hearnshaw, Centenary History of King's College London (lg2g), 153-4,

191-3; Harrison's Autobiographic Memoirs, I, 32-4; Leslie Stephen, Life of Henry Fawcett (1885),15-16.

17. Coutts, 70, 74; Hearnshaw, Ig3; Alfred Dickens, 'My Father', 632. 18. N, II, IgO, J. C. King, I December 184g. The following quotations about Eton are

taken from John Morley, Life of Gladstone (lg08 edn), I, 23; E. Gambier-Parry, Annals of an Eton House (lg07), 76-84; H. C. Maxwell Lyte, History of Eton College (18gg), 446-506; F. D. How, Six Great Headmasters (lg04), 'Dr Hawtrey'; Arthur Duke Coleridge (Old Colleger), Eton in the Forties (18g6), 41-2, 2g4-6, 388-9; Mack, Public Schools, 362-71.

Ig. Coutts, 167, 159, 186, 156; 'Reminiscences', 16. 20. Coutts, 200, 212; Forster, 570 note. 21. Letter to Dolby, 25 September 1868, quoted by Johnson, II, 1100; N, III, 526, Rev

John Taylor, 4 May 1867. 22. Letter to Rev W. Brackenbury (headmaster at Wimbledon), 18 September 1865,

quoted by Johnson, II, 1064. 23. Forster, 845; Georgina Hogarth to Mrs Fields, 15 June 186g, quoted by Adrian,

126. 24. Georgina Hogarth, Letters of Dickens ( 1880), I, 2g8; N, II, 486, Delane, 12 September

1853; II, 730, E. F. Pigott, 1856; 111,177, Mrs Watson, 14 September 1860. 25. N, 111,153, Bewsher, 14 March 1860. 26. [Hepworth Dixon] 'Our Boys and Girls', HW, 16 May 1857, xv, 475-80. 27. Henry's &collections, 11-13; Alfred Dickens, 639. G. G. Coulton has an even more

hostile account of a similar school in the area, which he attended in 1866; the food was horrid, the moral atmosphere poor, and the law against corporal punishment unregarded (Fourscore Years, Ig45 edn, 39-47).

28. N, 11,730-1, Pigott [1856]. Advertisements for French schools in The Times about this period quote annual fees ranging from 20 guineas to £100; 30---40 guineas is an average. 'No Vacations' still figured in advertisements, both for French and English schools.

2g. N, III, 153, Bewsher, 14 March 1860. 30. See Ralph Arnold, The Whiston Matter (lg61) -though its references to Dickens

are inaccurate - and my note 'Dickens and the Whiston Case', Dick, LVIII

(lg62),47-9· 31. Information from Mr F. G. B. Wills, of the Old Roffensians Society. The present

headmaster, Mr D. R. Vicary, has also kindly given me information. 32. N, III, 249, Georgina Hogarth, I November 1861; 350, Brookfield, 17 May 1863.

When Sawyer was in financial difficulties in 1866, Dickens recommended him to Miss Coutts as 'a thoroughly conscientious and good man' in search of a Colonial bishopric; he was consecrated first Bishop of Grafton and Armidale (N.S.W.) in 1867. Taylor's daughter, Dr Elsie Eldrid, has given me useful information about the school: so has Mr R. G. Bird, Borough Librarian, Royal Tunbridge Wells.

33. N, 111,526, Taylor, 4 May 1867; Gad's Hill Gazette, 14January 1865,4 February 1865.

NOTES TO PAGES 37-41 231

34. N,III, 370, Sawyer, 6 November 1863; 501, 537, 526, Taylor, 14January, 15 July and 4 May 1867.

35. N, III, 563, Wills, [October] 1867; 595, Georgina Hogarth, 3 January 1868; 591, Wills, 30 December 1867. According to the College records, he studied there from February to September 1868 (information from the Bursar, Mr H. N. Jacobs). For an account of its curriculum, see 'Farm and College', ATR, 10 October 1868, XX, 414-21.

36. Coutts, 156, 187,290; N, II, 835, Wills, 9 February 1857; III, 178, Mrs Watson, 14 September 1860; Forster, 698.

37. Henry's Recollections, 38; N, II, 817, W.J. Eastwick, 21 December 1856; III, 288, de Cerjat, 16 March 1862; letter to F. Lehmann, quoted by Johnson, II, 995; Adrian, 87.

38. Henry's Recollections, 14; Coutts, 286, 21 January 1855. A really non-stop grinding military crammer's, of similar type, is described by Dickens's young friend James Payn in Some Literary Recollections, 1884, 15-23, and in his novel The Foster Brothers, 1859, Chapter XII.

39. E.g., in 1866-7, eight of the Wimbledon boys passed, compared with one or two each from other schools, and in 1861 it won 1st and 3rd places out of69. The Gad's Hill Gazette (3 February 1866) reported that 'In consequence of the great success that has attended the candidates sent from Wimbledon School to the late Woolwich Competitive Examination, Mr Brackenbury has granted his pupils an Extra Week's Holiday'. (Information from Mr D. W. King, Librarian, the War Office; The Times, 31 January 1861; cfits leading article, I February 1861, on the success of these private schools and the new Proprietary Schools, compared with the failure of the public and grammar schools.) I have received much information about this school, and other military schools, from Mr William Myson, Borough Librarian, Wimbledon, and from Colonel G. T. Salusbury, RAEC. The owners of the school were two clergymen, J. M. Brackenbury and C. J. Wynne, graduates of Cambridge and Oxford.

40. Information from Major T. A. Bowyer-Bower, RAEC; Henry's Recollections, 14, 100; Adrian, 173, 118.

41. E.g., in 1859 its pupils three times won the first place in the Portsmouth Royal Naval College examinations, and about a quarter of the successful candidates were from this establishment. (Hampshire Telegraph, 24 July 1858, 23 July and 24 December 1859, kindly communicated to me by Mr H. Sargeant, City Librarian, Portsmouth.) Joseph Ashton Burrow was a Cambridge graduate, and had been a Naval Chaplain.

42. N, III, 69, Gibson, 6 November 1858; 85, Lytton, 6 January 1859; 104, 178, Watson, 31 May 1859 and 14 September 1860.

43. N, III, 88, Burrow, 22 January ,859; 288, de Cerjat, ,6 March 1862; 434, Lord John Russell, 16 August ,865; Forster, 470 (Ley's note).

44. MC, ,x, '34---g, on Ruth Pinch; Coutts, 84, 269, 295; LD, II, vii, on Mrs General. An obituary on a Mrs Nuttall (Nottingham Weekry Guardian, 7 March 1908) records that she, as a young widow, became governess in the Dickens family and later became housekeeper.

45. Forster, 606. Dr Manning's assertion (Dickens on Education, 194-5) that the girls were taught by Rev James White is based on a misunderstanding of The Letters of Dickens, ed Mary Dickens and Georgina Hogarth, 1880, I, 413.

46. Storey, 86, 130, 133; Margaret Tuke, History of Be4fordCollege, 1939,282; Adrian, 128,173, 189.

47. Mary Dickens, 'Dickens at Home', 47; Henry's Recollections, 29; Pope-Hennessy, Dickens 1812-1870, 408; Kitton, Pen and Pencil, Supplement, 50; Kitton, Charles Dickens, 240; D & S, LIII, 746; LVIII, 821.

48. See below, Chapter VI.

49. N, II, 622, Mrs Gaskell, I February ,855; Hughes, Dickens as an Educator, 9. See my 'Note on Dickens and Froebel'.

Q


50. N, I, 694-5, Macready, 17 August 1845; Forster, 447. See my article 'Bruce Castle: a school Dickens admired'.

51. Speeches, II May 1864, 336; Mack, 372; cf N, 111,51, Wilkie Collins, 6 September 1858. The ideas in the rest of this paragraph lowe largely to a suggestion from Lady Pansy Pakenham.

52. Sir Frederick Macmillan, Dick, XVIII (1922),130. 53. Most of the details of the boys' later careers come from Adrian (86-8, 169-71, 180,

254). See also W. H. Bowen, Dickens and his Famiry, 168-82, 'Dickens's Children'. Other sources of this paragraph are Storey, 169, 174-5; Henry's Recollections, 38, III; Coutts, 375; N, III, 164,779.

54. Adrian, 189, 169, 158. Henry was his father's son in many ways; he loved and cherished Aunt Georgina (as none of the others did), he gave Charity Readings from the novels on behalf of Working Men's Clubs, he read the Carol to his family every Christmas, he even tried to be a poet but his father discouraged him (Recollections, 20, 23; Kitton, Life, 122 note; Storey, 160).

55. E.g., Cockburn, II, 383, 408, 426. 56. Coutts, 254, 14 January 1854. Mrs Madeline House suggests to me, however, that

Catherine was lively enough before her marriage, and - to the evident surprise of her husband - on their American holiday without the children. Dickens, she thinks, exaggerated her deficiencies, to justify his separation from her.

57. Letter to de la Rue, 23 October 1857, quoted by Johnson, II, 909. 58. The rest of this paragraph, on Catherine Dickens, is based on letters written in

1858 by Dickens, Georgina and Thackeray (Coutts, 354, 361; Mr and Mrs, 273, 290; Letters qf Thackeray, ed G. N. Ray, I 945--6,'rv , 131) : Catherine's letters (quoted Dick, LII [1956],29; Storey, 125; Wright, 148); Katey's remarks (Adrian, III; Storey, 22-4); Morley's letter, December 1851 (Solly, 201); Martineau, Autobiography, II,

379; Charles and Mary Cowden Clarke, Recollections qf Writers (1878),316. See also letters from Charley and Alfred, in Ada Nisbet's Dickens and Ellen Ternan, 78-g.

59. Pope-Hennessy, 362, 381; Forster, 640; Mr and Mrs, 290; Storey, 94; N, III, 30, de Cerjat, 7July 1858.

60. Lady Pollock, Macready as I knew him (1884), 92-3; Mary Dickens, Charles Dickens, 77,92, and 'Dickens at Home', 33-5, 39; N, I, 657, Georgina Hogarth, 4 February 1845. Thackeray's daughter Anny writes engagingly about the children's parties at Dickens's house: 'There were other parties, and they were very nice, but nothing to compare with these.' Dickens's 'wondrous fairy gift of leadership ... inspired every one with spirit and interest' (Anne Thackeray Ritchie, Chapters from some Memoirs, 1894, 79). Leonardo Cattermole, son of another of Dickens's friends, recalled his wonderful ability 'to render himself interesting to, and beloved by, children, who felt that he adapted himself without "condescending" to them' (Kitton, Dickens by Pen and Pencil, 178).

6 I. Charley's 'Glimpses', 526; Coutts, 25 I ; Henry's Memories, 14,3 I; Alfred Dickens, 64 I. 62. Wilson, 'Two Scrooges', 56--7; N, I, 480, Austin, 25 September 1842; Mamie's My

Father, 14, and 'Dickens at Home', 51. 63. I have developed this theme in Dickens and Crime. 64. N, III, 340, Wills, 4 February 1863; 0 MF, I, xii, 146. 65. Mamie's Charles Dickens, !O2, and My Father, 16; Storey, 77; Coutts, 320; Henry's

Recollections, 21, and Memories, 26; Alfred's 'My Father', 640. 66. William Milligan, 'How I Met Charles Dickens', Dick, XVIII (1922), 212-15. 67. Coutts, 254, 14January 1854. Mrs Gaskell, however, found the Dickens children in

1849 'very nice ... so polite and well-trained' (Dick, XXXIII [1937], 39). Hans Andersen in 1857 was less lucky (Bredsdorff, passim).

68. Fields Diary, 25 February 1870, quoted by Adrian, 131; N, III, 487, Collins, 4 October 1866; Wills, 6 June 1867, quoted by Adrian, !OI.

69. N, III, 448, G. W. Rusden, 27 December 1865; 667, Edward Dickens, 26 September 1868.


70. Pope-Hennessy, 382-3, 445. Dame Una's allegations against Georgina Hogarth are rebutted by Adrian, 279-80. Adrian, however, probably underestimates the children's ambivalence towards their Aunt Georgina. A psychologist with whom I discussed the Dickens family insisted that the children's development must have been considerably influenced by their Aunt's continual presence and their father's manifest preference for her rather than his wife, and added that the boys' later behaviour was characteristic of children from 'an authoritarian and unaffectionate home'.

7 I. Henry's Memories, 23, 19, and Recollections, 36; N, II, 633, Mrs Winter, 22 February 1855. CfForster, 838: 'he was not what is called an effusive man.'

72. Kate Dickens Perugini, 'My Father's love for children', 118; Mamie's My Father,

83· CHAPTER III: 'DEDICATED TO MY OWN

DEAR CHILDREN'

I. Mary Dickens, Charles Dickens, 76; N, I, 51 7, Jerrold, 3 May 1843; 1843 Narrative, Letters of Dickens (1880), I, 85.

2. N, III, 430, Fitzgerald, 7 July 1865; Adrian, 91. 3. Forster, 400 and note; N, III, 784, Makeham, 8 June 1870; letter from Georgina

Hogarth dated 29 September 1870, quoted by Adrian, 161. Though Dickens seems to have written The Life qf Our Lord in 1846, the MS published in 1934 is dated 1849: perhaps a fair copy, or perhaps a revised version.

4. Forster, 571 ; Aylmer Maude, Family Views qf Tolstoy ( 1926), 73; William Allingham, A Diary (1907), 65.

5. Shaw, Introduction to Great Expectations, xiii; Dick, xxx (1934),231. 6. Orwell, 53; Forster, 859. Mr Lindsay compares the Bible-reading of such humble

characters as Little Nell and Betty Higden (p. 430). 7. AN, III, 56; C. E. Pyke, 'Dickens and Unitarianism', Unitarian Monthly, IX (1912),

18-19; Dick, XXII (1926), 98; Forster, 173,528,298; Storey, 142; W. R. Hughes, A Week's Tramp in Dickens-Land ( 189 I) , 242. He declined to sit under one of the clergymen at Higham, near Gad's HilI, who, he said, 'addresses his congregation as though he had taken a return ticket to heaven and back' (H. F. Dickens, Recollections, 41). Chesterton notes that the 'curious and sentimental hold of the English Church upon him increased with years', and cites Edwin Drood - 'Almost every one of the other Radicals, his friends, would have upheld Mr Honey thunder and satirised Canon Crisparkle' (Charles Dickens, 164).

8. Forster, 349; Santayana, 60; English Review, December 1848, quoted by Kitton, Dickensiana, 256; Rambler, 1854, quoted by G. H. Ford, 82.

9. Life qf Our Lord (published 1934), 13-14,25; N, I, 541, Starey, 24 September 1843. 10. Life qfOur Lord, 23, 34. I I. N, I, 220, Mrs Godfrey, 25July 1839. 12. DC, IV, 52; LIX, 834. 13. N, III, 79, Stone, 13 December 1858; Coutts, 101,3 November 1847. Cfhis remarks

on Essays and Reviews (N, III, 351, de Cerjat, 21 May 1863). 14. DC, IV, 52; BH, III, 15; LD, I, iii, 35, and II, xxxi, 792. 15. LD, II, xxx, 774; I, iii, 29. Cf OCS, XXII, 167, on Little Bethel theology, and D & S,

XXXIX, 543, on Robin Toodle's religious education at the Charitable Grinders' ('a perpetual bruising of his intellectual shins against all the proper names of all the tribes of Judah').

16. N, III, 668, 673, 26 September and 15 October 1868; H. F. Dickens, Recollections, 41. On Dickens's own childhood sufferings in this respect see his UT essay 'City Churches'.

17. House, Dickens World, 112, 131-2. There are useful discussions of Dickens's Christianity in K. J. Fielding's Charles Dickens, 136-40, and A. O. J. Cockshut's The Imagination qf Charles Dickens, 13, 153-4. W. Kent's little book Dickens and

234 NOTES TO PAGES 59-70

Religion, written from a 'humanist' standpoint, deserves to be better known; it is based on wide and intelligent reading and makes many shrewd judgments.

18. 'Prayer at Night', Mrand Mrs, 266-8; H. F. Dickens, Recollections, 41-2.

19· Forster, 348. 20. N, II, 443, Staples, 5january 1853. 21. Mary Dickens, My Father, 62-3. The only other book he dictated was the ephe

meral Life of Grimaldi. Normally he wrote in longhand. 22. N, I, 517,jerrold, 3 May 1843; Coutts, 48,7 August 1843; Dick, VI (191O), 62. 23. CHE, Oxford Illustrated edn, 1958, viii; A History of England • •• jor the Use of

roung Persons [by Elizabeth Penrose] (1823), I, v, I, 102. On the popularity of these feminine Histories, see Amy Cruse, The Victorians and their Books (1935) , 287-9 I, and the Memoir of Lady Callcott in the Centenary History of her Little Arthur's History (1936). Other child's histories which may be consulted for comparison with Dickens's include The British Story Briefly Told, published by john Harris (1832); john Robinson, Grammar of History, Ancient and Modern (24th edn, 1853); A History oj EnglandjoT roung Persons, published by the SDCK (c 1856); Louise Creighton, A First History of England (1881).

24. House, Dickens World, 35; 'Dummy Books at Gad's Hill', Dick, Lrv (1958), 47; N, I, 639,jerrold, 16 November 1844.

25. D & S, XXVII, 384-7; XXIX, 409. 26. 'Old Lamps for New Ones', HW, 1.5 june 1850 (MP, 235-41); BH, XII, 160. Cf

'Report of the Commissioners', Examiner, 3june 1843 (MP, 97). 27. Coutts, 186,22 August 1851; Forster, 410-11, 433; P jrom I, 'Lyons', 274-8; 'Genoa',

296; 'Rome', 369, 381. English travel-books about Catholic areas of the Continent tended to be aggressively Protestant, of course: e.g., Mrs Sherwood's Sabbaths on the Continent (1835).

28. Dickens World, 128. Cfthe anti-Catholicism of 'Crisis in the Affairs of john Bull', HW, 23 November 1850 (MP, 254-61) and TTC, II, vii, and Harriet Martineau's experiences with Dickens over this issue (Autobiography, II, 419-21).

29. Speeches, 407, 27 September 1869; CHE, III, 148-g· 30. His lady-rivals, however, introduced a good deal of such 'background' informa

tion; Dickens was not here submitting to a convention of children's histories. 31. AN, XI, 163-4. 32. CHE, I, 132-3. Most popular historians, including those writing for children,

offered a more favourable account of the Druids, though of course deploring their paganism.

33. rv, 152-3; XII, 207, 217; xx, 305; XXVII, 375; xxx, 411. 34. XXXVII, 531; XXXI, 423; XXIII, 472; xxrv, 488, 493-4; N, 111,158, Forster, 2 May 1860. 35. XXVIII, 390; XXXVII, 530; johnson, 11,784. 36. Dennis Birch, 'A Forgotten Book: A Child's History of England', Dick, LI (1955), 156;

Monod,I77· 37. V, 162; xxxv, 503 (for another attack on City aldermen, see XXVI, 358); III, 149. 38. Macaulay, History oj England (1858), I, 2-3; Chesterton, Charles Dickens, 163, 118,

122. The travel-books are, however, less prejudiced in their accounts of America and I taly than is CHE in its attitude to the past. Dickens was, in many ways, flexible and sympathetic abroad - surprisingly lacking in chauvinism towards Continentals.

39. On persecutions and anti-semitism see CHE, XXXV, 503; XIII, 222-4; XVI, 257-8; and Harry Stone, 'Dickens and the jews', Victorian Studies, II (1959), 223-53.

CHAPTER IV: THE DUTY OF THE STATE

I. Wordsworth, Excursion, IX, 293-30 I ; H. C. Barnard, Short History of English Education (1947), 52. For Matthew Arnold these lines typified the bad Wordsworth beloved of Social Science Congresses (Essays in Criticism, 1941 edn, II, 108), but for Dickens's readers they were 'indeed worthy to become Household words' (HW, 25 May 1850, I, 213).


2. Thomas Guthrie, Sud-time and Harvest of RaggedSchools (1860), 49; David Stow, The Training System, v.

3. D & S, v, 59; xx, 279; OMF,I, xi, 140; iii, 19; vi, 73. 4. See, e.g., Manning, Dickens on Education, 147-50, 157-8, 162. 5. 'Boys to Mend', HW, II September 1852, v, 597; 'Small Beginnings', HW, 5

April 1851,111, 41-2. Attributed in the Contributors Book to (respectively) Dickens and Morley, and Dickens and Wills: for my argument that Dickens wrote the passages quoted, see Dick, LV (1959), 102-3. Unpublished correspondence that I have subsequently seen confirms my hypothesis about 'Boys to Mend'.

6. Manning, 172. 7. See, e.g., his remarks on the 1867 Reform Bill (N, III, 500, de Cerjat, I January

1867). 'Brains in the Operative's Head is Money in the Master's Pocket', was the slogan of one HW article (10 December 1853, VIII, 3~, by William Weir).

8. 'A December Vision' and 'The Finishing Schoolmaster', HW, 14 December 1850, 17 May 1851 (MP, 280--1, 307, 312).

9. NN, LIII, 693; OCS, XLV, 338. For other examples see MC, XIII, 224, and XXXI, 497-498; D & S, XLVII, 646-8; 'Nobody's Story', HW, Christmas 1852 (CS, 62-3). The historical novels provided obvious opportunities for discourses on the evils of ignorance: e.g., TTC, I, v, 28, and III, xv, 353. Another gambit was to compare Britain with other countries which took education more seriously: e.g., MC, XVII,

279; AN, VI, 94; XI, 163; 'Mr Bendigo Buster on our National Defenses against Education' (by Dickens and Morley), HW, 28 December 1850, II, 313-19; and cf 'The Schoolmaster at Home and Abroad' (by W. H. Wills), HW, 20 April 1850, I, 82-4. See also the CHE panegyric of Alfred the Great, quoted above, p 67.

10. 0 T, XL, 3°2; GE, XL, 3 I I; XLII, 328; LI, 391. Cf the accounts of actual young delinquents in 'A Visit to Newgate' (SB, 205-7): 'irreclaimable wretches', he called them originally, but altered this in the 1850 edition to 'creatures of neglect' - an example of his later 'substitution of practical social reform for ironic defiance' (Butt and Tillotson, Dickens at Work, 60). See my Dickens and Crime, Chapters II and III.

II. CC, III (CB, 57); John Butt, 'A Christmas Carol: its Origin and Design', Dick, LI

(1954), 15-18; Fielding, ChaTles Dickens, 129. 12. Haunted Man, III (CB, 378), quoted by the following - Ragged School Union Maga

Zine,l (1849), 29; Alexander M'Neei Caird, The Cry of the Children (1849), 15; Mary Carpenter, &formatory Schools (1851), 59; John MacGregor, Ragged Schools (1852), 31 ; Thomas Beggs, Inquiry into Juvenile Depravity (1849), 15.

13. PP, 1847 Preface (CP, 256); Carlyle, Chartism (1839), Chapter X (Miscellaneous Essays, 1888, VI, 175-80); Kay-Shuttleworth, &cent Measures for the promotion of education in England (1839), reprinted in his Four Periods, 188. All historians of English education offer summaries of the Parliamentary campaign for an education system, and the sectarian difficulties: see, e.g., Charles Birchenough, History of Elementary Education (1930), Chapters I-III; Brian Simon, Studies in the History of Education (1960) ; G. F. A. Best, 'The Religious Difficulties of National.Education in England, 1800--70', Cambridge Historical Journal, XII (1956), 155-73.

14. 'A Sleep to Startle Us', HW, 13 March 1852 (MP, 341). Cfhis poem 'A Word in Season', 1843 (Forster, 294 note).

15. Forster, 828. Forster had silently stolen this idea from Sir Arthur Helps's obituary of Dickens in Macmillan's Magazine, XXII (1870), 238.

16. See SPeeches, 197-208. 17. For examples, see Forster, 281; MacGregor, Ragged Schools, 32, and Rev C. J.

Whitmore, Ragged School Union Quarter!) &cord,1I (1877),97-8 (accounts reprinted in Dick, LV [1959], 104-{i, and LVI [196o], 185-{i).

18. Forster, 827, 399. 19. See Ayledotte, 'The England of Marx and Mill as reflected in Fiction'. 20. 'Wapping Workhouse' and 'A Small Star in the East', ArR, 18 February 1860 and


19 December 1868 (UT, 27, 320, 326). Poor authorities could thus build better workhouses and, perhaps in association with them, better schools. ArR rejected, however, Nassau Senior's suggestion that schools be financed through local Rates; instead, the present system should be extended, in which the State supplemented the funds raised by the voluntary Societies ('Work for more volunteers', v, 209, 25 May 1861).

21. Cockshut, 59; R. G. G. Price, A History qf'Punch' (1957), 46-7. The educational policies of Punch are summarised in Alice Woods, Educational Experiments in England (1920),3-1 I.

22. Manning, 139; Cockshut, 55. 23. Speeches, 240-3. 24. OT, v, 31; DC, XXXIX, 575; BH, XXI, 288; Gissing, Charles Dickens, 250. 25. D & S, v, 59; VI, 68; XXIII, 305; XXXIX, 543; XX, 279; XXXVIII, 540-1. 26. E.g., Papers of the Central Society of Education, 1838, II, 340; I, 22; quoted by Carter,

Dickens and Education, 142-5, who also quotes Punch (xv [1848], 34) in similar vein. Cf the dramatic warning of the Scottish educationist Stow: 'It is very pretty, and truly sentimental, to witness the uniform dress and still demeanour of a female school; but we tremble at the results' (Training System, 161). William Lovett, the Radical, was another notable critic of the Charity School ethos.

27. Forster, 208; AN, III, 28-30. 28. Speeches, 291-2. On Dickens's interest in this school, see Forster, 674, and Samuel

Smiles, George Moore, Merchant and Philanthropist (1879), 197-202. 29. The Licensed Victuallers' School, Lambeth: Dickens's report in the Morning

Chronicle, 22 January 1836, is quoted in Dick, XLVII (1951),175-6. 30. Charles McNaught, 'Did Dickens go to Fairlop ?', Dick, xv (1919), 146. This article

also records his visits to the Dissenting School, Gordon Street, Stepney, and the Stepney Union School.

31. OT,II, 10.

32. HW, 25 May 1850 (RP, 540). It was the St Albans Workhouse: see N, II, 215-16, Jacob Bell, 12 and 13 May 1850.

33. N, II, 453, W. H. Wills, 10 March 1853. Cf my Dickens and Crime, Chapter III. 34. AN, III, 48-9, recalled twenty years later in 'Wapping Workhouse' (UT, 26); Mr

Cumin, quoted by Bartley, Schoolsfor the People, 283. 35. 'Union is Strength ?', ArR, 10 October 1863, x, 158; 'Work for more Volunteers',

ArR, 18 October 1862, VIII, 132-6. 36. 'London Pauper Children', HW, 31 August 1850, I, 54g-52; cf 'A Day at the

Pauper Palace', ibid, 13 July 1850, 361-4. These pauper-school developments are summarised by Bartley, Schoolsfor the People, 272--g6: see also A. F. Young and E. T. Ashton, British Social Work in the Nineteenth Century (1956), 134-48.

37. 'Little Pauper Boarders', ArR, 28 August 1869, NS, II, 305. Contrast Dickens's papers on the Tooting boarding-out scandal, centred on Drouet, Examiner, 20 and 27 January, and 21 April, 1849 (MP, 13g-51), recalled in BH, x, 129.

38. See articles summarised in my Dickens's Periodicals, 15-17. 39. East London Observer, 10 December 1910; Dick, xv (1919), 146. The following

quotations are from 'The Short-timers', ArR, 20 June 1863 (UT, 209-19). Dickens had introduced Miss Coutts to the Chairman of these Guardians, in 1847 (Coutts, 89). On his 1863 visit, Dickens was accompanied by Edwin Chadwick.

40. 'In and out of School', ArR, 19 October 1861, VI, 77-80; cf'Stomach for Study' 20 October 1860, IV, 42-5, and 'Children of all Work', 8 June 1861, V, 254-8. Probably all by Henry Morley.

41. 'A Visit to Newgate', SB, 207. 42. BH, XXXI, 434. The Times report of the case of George Ruby was reprinted in

Dickens's Household Narrative, with a leading article (January 1850, I, 3, 7), in Punch, with bitter comments (19 January, XVIII, 24), and in the Ragged School Union


Magazine (February). It was well enough remembered to be alluded to eighteen months later (HW, 30 August 1851, III, 548). House, Dickens World, 32, quotes the original report.

43. Putnam's Monthly Magazine, November 1853, quoted by Kitton, Dickensiana. 273; Forster, 563-4; 'Ex-Arab', quoted by Kitton, Novels of Dickens, 149.

44. BH, XVI, 220-1. 45. N, II, 401, Rev Henry Christopherson, 9 July 1852. Punch took the same line; so

does Disraeli in Sybil (1845), II, x; III, i, iv. Years later, Borrioboola-Gha was still 'the worldling's nickname for foreign missions' (RSUM, XVI [1864], 147; cf XI [1859],42).

46. BH, XLVII, 640-1, 648-9; Symons, Dickens, 52-3. 47. E. C. P. Lascelles, in G. M. Young, edr, Early Victorian England, II, 323. 48. BH, XIX, 265, 271 (Dickens repeats the St Paul's image in 'On an Amateur Beat',

UT, 347); XIX, 270; xxv, 357; XXXI, 434--6. 49. Rev J. C. Miller, speaking on 9 May 1853, reported in RSUM, V (1853),

I I I.

50. See my 'Dickens and the Ragged Schools' (but the Kay-Shuttleworth reference appears in an unpublished letter of 1846). Dr Manning (p 183) asserts that Dickens's article did not appear in the Edinburgh Review because it was too outspoken: Dickens had warned the editor of the Review, Macvey Napier, that he would 'come out strongly against any system of education based exclusively on the principles of the Church of England'. Forster makes the same mistake (p 298). The published letters to Napier show that, in fact, the article was never written; Dickens kept putting off writing it, as happened on both the other occasions in the I 840S when he promised Napier an article (see N, I, 543, 565, 601; and cf Selection

from the Correspondence of Macvey Napier, edited by his son, 1879, 398, 409). See my discussion in 'Dickens and the Edinburgh Review', forthcoming in RES.

51. Coutts, 173, 176; 'The Niger Expedition', Examiner, 19 August 1848 (MP, 108). Phiz's cover-design for BH has a figure wearing a fool's-cap and carrying a banner labelled 'Exeter Hall': another holds a scroll inscribed 'Humbug'. Only Livingstone was excepted from his blanket condemnation of missionaries as 'perfect nuisances' who 'leave every place worse than they found it' (N, III, 445, de Cerjat, 30 November 1865).

52. 'A Sleep to Startle Us', HW, 13 March 1852 (MP, 334-41). 53. RSUM,XIII(1861), 143; MaryCarpenter,]uvenileDelinquents(1853), 10-11. In this

and other books, Miss Carpenter commends Dickens and his periodicals. Her Riformatory Schools (1851) was warmly reviewed in HW, 30 August 1851, III, 544-9·

54. RSUM, VIII (1856), 232; IV (1852),44, reprinting Henry Morley's account of the famous Hamburg 'Rough House' for boys, HW, 17 January 1852, IV, 401-3. Reprinting Dickens's 'Sleep to Startle Us', the Editor suppressed his less pious phrases (RSUM, IV [1852], 82--6).

55· N, I, 541, S. R. Starey, 24 September 1843; 540, Napier, 16 September 1843; Coutts, 51, 16 September 1843.

56. Coutts, 53. 57. Letter dated I February 1844, in C. J. Montague, SixIY Tears in Waifdom; or, the

Ragged School Movement in English History (1904), 363-4 (here corrected from the MS, John Kirk House). I must thank Mr C. W. Richards, Assistant Secretary of the Shaftesbury Society, for showing me this MS, and lending me various Ragged School Union records. Starey describes the early days ofField Lane in two letters to Thomas Wright (Wright, Dickens, 164-9). See also the interesting retrospect, 'Field Lane: its People - its Dwellings - its Ditch - its Schools', Ragged School Union Quarterly Record, II (1877), 4 I -59.

58. John MacGregor, Ragged Schools (1852),22. MacGregor was a prominent and colourful figure in the Ragged School Union, but Dickens had not yet met him in


1869: which shows how little contact he had with the official side of the Union (Edwin Hodder, John MacGregor, 2nd edn, 1894,356).

59. See my Dickens's Periodicals, 12-15. 60. Daih> News, 4 February 1846 (MP, 20-1), 21 February 1846. 61. Edwin Hodder, Life qf Shaftesbury (1886), I, 487: Cflll, 298, for his fine encomion on

Dickens, despite his semi-paganism (as Shaftesbury regarded it). For Dickens on Shaftesbury, see Speeches, 43, 132; Forster, 194,540; 'The Sunday Screw', HW, 22 June 1850 (MP, 242). On the Band of Hope, or 'Infant Bonds of Joy', see BH, VIII,

101; 'Whole Hogs' and 'Frauds on the Fairies', HW, 23 August 1851, I October 1853 (MP, 323, 408); OMF,IV, iv, 667.

62. Number-Plan, printed by Ernest Boll, 'The Plotting of Our Mutual Friend', Modern Philology, XLII (1944), 96--122. This identification of Charley Hexam's school has not been noted before; Dr Manning (p 59) wrongly guesses that a National School was intended. The Baptist organ, The Freeman, called it 'a wretched attempt to caricature a Sunday School' (Kent, Dickens and Religion, 55-6).

63. OMF, II, i, 214-16. 64. RSUM, xx (1868), 66. 65. 'Dullborough Town', ATR, 30 June 1860 (UT, 121-3). See my Dickens and Adult

Education (an earlier and shorter version of which appears in British Journal of Educational Studies, III [1955], 115-27).

66. Eleanor E. Christian, 'Recollections of Dickens', Temple Bar, LXXXII (1888),482. 67. OMF, II, i, 216--17; Manning, 203,150. 68. Manning, 162. 69. D & S, VI, 68: DC, VII, 90. 70. Bartley, 328. 71. GE, VII, 39; x, 68--g. 72. Central Society Papers, I, 58, 298; Bartley, 404-5. 73. Edwin Chadwick, Two Papers submitted to the [Newcastle] Commission (1862), 6. 74. C. P. Snow, Science and Government, 1961,66. 75. Fraser's Magazine, LXII (1850),698-700.

CHAPTER V: TEACHERS IN THE NOVELS: VICE AND VIRTUE

I. Kitton, Charles Dickens, his Life, 61. 2. Forster,88. 3. Prefaces, CP, 273--9; N, I, 185, Mrs S. C. Hall, 29 December 1838. 4. E.g., Rev W. Warner's Literary Recollections (1830), N & Q, 3rd Series, i, 212; 'No

Vacations' attacked in a novel of 1788, 5S x497; advertisements for cheap 'No Vacations' schools, from 1749 onwards, 7S ii 205, 258; 8S v 355, lOS vi 244; satirical reference to Yorkshire schools' being handy for the disposal of bastards, in The Connoisseur, 3 June 1756, 9S i 205; 1776 court-case against a Yorkshire teacher, for cruelty and neglect, lOS vi 246; harsh conditions at the schools, described in two novels of 1770 and 1777, lIS viii 3-4. Foote's play The Liar (1762) refers to the 'cheap rural schools with which ... Yorkshire is so plentifully stocked'.

5. Robert Southey, Lettersfrom England, edJ ack Simmons (195 I ), 260-I. 6. N, 1,147; 1848 Preface to NN (CP, 279). 7. The Times, 31 October and I November 1823. 8. Titbits, 14 June 1890; Weekh> Telegraph, 29 June 18g5; Birmingham Daih> Mail, 4

October 1889. For opposing views of Shaw, see Dick, VII (1911), 9-13, 49-50, 156--8. For defenders of Shaw, see Dick, XI (1915), 278; R. M. Dote, Pall Mall Gazette, 30 May 1889; F. W. C., N & Q,4S vi 245. For further references, see the next dozen Notes. Dr Manning (pp 86--95) uses several other sources, which I had overlooked, but I shall argue that he is mistaken in his contention (p 90) that Shaw did not correspond in appearance to Squeers.

9. W. W. Fowler, Brief Memoir qfJohn Coke Fowler(1901), 18. I am obliged to Mr Leslie


M. Rees, Chief Librarian, Swansea Public Libraries, for this reference. 'Phiz' told his son that his etching of the Yorkshire master who was the model for Squeers was 'not unlike him' (Edgar Browne, Phiz and Dickens (1913), 11-12).

10. J. M. R., Newcastle Weekh> Chronicle, May 1889, quoted by Wright, 125-6. According to a former pupil of Shaw's, named Lloyd, his affliction was 'a slight scale covering the pupil of one of his eyes' (Titbits, 7 August 1880).

II. Jonathan Bouchier, N & Q,4S xii 324. 12. Forster, 632; Dick, XI (1915), 278; N & Q,4S vi 88. 13. Newcastle Courant, January 1884, quoted in N & Q, lOS vi 373; Newcastle Weekh>

Chronicle, 24 December 1886. Brooks's connection with Chatham, and his memories grim and otherwise of Clarkson's school, are discussed by Clinton-Baddeley, 375-8.

14. T. P. Cooper, Dick, xxxv (1939), 107-8; Clinton-Baddeley, 372. Eleven boys from Shaw's school were buried at Bowes in 24 years; if these were all the boys who died at or as a result of attending his school, and if the reported figure of 200-300 boys was accurate and applied to the whole period, the deathrate was 1·83 per 1000 per annum. The deathrates for boys in the North Riding 1813-30 were 12,8 and 10 per 1000 per annum for boys aged 5-9, 10-14, and 15-19 (Population of Great Britain, 1831, III, 'Parish-Register Abstract', 398). But there are too many ifs. See also K.J. Fielding, 'NNIIJustrated', Genealogists' Magazine, XIV (1962), 101-7.

15. Quarterh> Review, LXIV (1839), 93; Journals of Francis Parkman, ed Mason Wade, 1947, I, 225 (entry for May 1843).

16. North British Review, III (1845),68; Fraser's Magazine, XLII (1850), 701. CfThackeray's comment in 'Charity and Humour' (1853), English Humourists, Centenary Edn (1911), 204.

17. John S. Abernethy, Life and Work of James Abernethy (1897),22, 13. 18. John Morley, Life of Cobden (1903 edn), 4; Hugh Mulleneux Walmsley, Life of Sir

Joshua Walmsley (1879), 6. 19. Frank Mulgrew, 'A real Dotheboys Hall', Cornhill, NS, XXXVII (1914), 824-9. 20. N, I, 157, Mrs Dickens, I February 1838. 21. NN, VIII, 94-5. 22. XXXIV, 435-7; LVII, 749; LVI, 740; XLII, 551. 23. 111,26; IV, 33-5; Morley, Cobden, 4. 24· v,45· 25. Gissing, Immortal Dickens, 97-9; NN, VIII, 88-g. Cf his letter about 'A SInall Star

in the East' (UT) - 'I have described, with exactness, the poor places into which I went, and how the people behaved, and what they said. I was wretched, looking on; and yet the boiler-maker and the poor man with the legs filled me with a sense of drollery not to be kept down by any pressure' (N, III, 687, Mrs Fields, 16 December 1868).

26. Kate Field, Pen Photographs of Charles Dickens's Readings (1871),57-62; Forster, 688, 690 •

27. Poor Monkey, 96-7. Cf J. A. Carter, 'The World of Squeers and the World of Crummles', Dick, LVIII (1962),50-3.

28. N, 1,180-1, Hastings Hughes, 12 December 1838. See W.J. Carlton, 'A five-yearold critic of Nicholas Nickleby', Dick, LV (1959),89-93.

29. The Girlhood of Queen Victoria: a Selectionfrom her Diaries 1832-40, ed Viscount Esher (1912), II, 86, 89, 144.

30. 'Schools; or, Teachers and the Taught', Famih> Herald, 28 July 1849, 204-5; MC, Preface, xv; Fraser's Magazine, XLII (1850), 705-6.

31. DC, VI, 86; VII, 90; xx, 296. 32. VII, 89, 94. 33. VI, 82, 86; proof sheets in the Forster Collection, Victoria and Albert Museum.

The deleted paragraph is reprinted in Dick, XLVIII (1952),158; also in the Riverside edn of DC (Boston, 1958). George H. Ford's excellent Introduction to this edition is reprinted in The Dickens Critics, ed Ford and Lane (1961).

240 NOTES TO PAGES 1I5-130

34. VI, 82; v, 77; VII, 105-6,90. 35. Forster, 126; DC, LXI, 848. Cfmy Dickens and Crime, Chapter v. 36. DC, XVI, 228, 237; XVIII, 266; Cockshut, 84. 37. DC, XVI, 226; XIX, 278; Mack, 386 note; Hughes, 224-6. 38. C. E. Woodruff and H. J. Cape, Schola Regia Cantuariensis (1908),185-208; D. L.

Edwards, The King's School, Canterbury (1957),9, 123-g; F. J. Shirley,' Dickens and Ourselves', The Cantuarian, XXVII (1958), 459, quoting Dickens to the Rev J. S. Sidebotham, 24 November 1865; Dolby, 427; Newcastle Weekry Chronicle, 24 December 1886.

39. Philip Toynbee, 'An Anthology of Schoolmasters', Listener, 21 November 1946, 708; DC, XVI, 226, 230, 239; XVII, 252. Dr Manning (p 147) finds Dr Strong reminiscent of Dr Samuel Johnson, but is inexplicit whether it is Dickens or himself who holds this curious notion of Johnson.

40. Dickens praises Hughes, SPeeches, 326. On the impact of Tom Brown's Schooldays, see Mack,324-33·

41. 'David Copperfield', Yale Review, NS, XXXVII (1948), 659. 42. DCS, XXIV, 182; LXXIII, 553. 43. Manning, 80, 150,77. 44. 'Our Parish', SB, 5; AYR, 28 May 1859, 1,109. 45. Kay-Shuttleworth, 474; DCS, XXIV, 182; XLVI, 343; Tropp, The School Teachers, 39

note. 46. Meers, 59; DCS, XXV, 188. 47. XXV, 192; XXIV, 184, 183; XXV, 189. 48. Thomas Hughes, Tom Brown's Schooldays (1857), Book I, Chapters III, IV.

CHAPTER VI: LESS DEADLY THAN THE MALE

I. Newcastle Commission, I, 92-3, quoted by Carter, 166; Fraser's, XXX, 577, quoted by Percival, English Miss, 102.

2. Meers, 208. 3. NN, III, 25; XLVI, 599; DCS, XXXI, 237; DC, LX, 840. 4. Forster, 13; DC, XI, 158-g; DMF, I, iv, 34-5; DCS, VIII, 62. 5. 'Sentiment', SB, 323; 'London Recreations', SB, 94-5; Frances Power Cobbe,

Life, quoted by Marion Lochhead, Young Victorians (1959), 19. 6. PP, XVI, 222-3; DCS, XXXI, 234-6. Dr Meers shows how typical of the novelists of

the period Dickens's criticisms of girls' schools are (p 225)' An article in HW, 'School-girls', reprints some delightful specimens of the regulations of an actual girls' school- e.g., 'Not to speak more than is absolutely necessary to a servant', 'Not even to look ata boys' school', etc (I I August 1855, XII, 39-41, by James Payn).

7. Kingsley, 'A Farewell'; Tennyson, Princess (1847), VII. For Dickens's views on Feminism, see BH, XXX, 422-3; LXVII, 878; 'Sucking Pigs', HW, 8 November 1851 (MP, 329-34); 'The Haunted House', AYR, Christmas 1859 (CS, 240). See John Wilson's endorsement of Dickens's domestic feminine ideal in 1841 (Forster, 176 note). John Killham's Tennyson and 'The Princess' (1958), contains an excellent account of the controversies over female education, etc.

8. Speeches, 55. 9. SB, 584-5; DMF, IV, V, 679; Young, II, 493. Sketches of Young Couples, though a very

inferior work, is significant as a presentation of Dickens's domestic ideal. 10. DMF, II, i, 219-221, 232; II, xi, 338; Coutts, 321. I I. Kay-Shuttleworth, Four Periods, 346, 44-5, 493, 531; on watersheds, cf HT, I, ii, 8,

and AYR, XIII, 402; xx, 205. See also Bartley, 435; Arnold, Reports, 29, 52, 54, 80, 188. In one of his reports, Arnold warmly commends the 'admirable paper in Household Words' by Miss Martineau, showing 'what discomfort of all kinds is produced by the ignorance, in the female part of a family, of needlework and other matters of domestic economy, even in homes of a comparatively comfortable class in towns' (1853 Report, 30, probably referring to her 'New School for Wives', HW,


10 April 1852, v, 84--9, describing the Birmingham Evening School for Women). 12. 'Not very Common Things' [by Wills and Morley], HW, 26July 1856, XIV, 39-41;

'School-keeping' [by Morley], 21 November 1854, VIII, 499-504; 'For the Benefit of the Cooks' [byW. B.Jerrold], 25 February 1854, IX, 42-4.

13. 'A School for Cooks' [by Wills], HW, 15 August 1857, XVI, 162-3; 'Cooks at College', AYR, 29 October 1859, II, 6-7; 'The Girl from the Workhouse', 18 October 1862, VIII, 132--6.

14. 'My Girls', AYR, I I February 1860, II, 370-4; 'Health and Education' [byCarter], HW, 18 October 1856, XIV, 313-17; 'A Piece of Work' [by Morley], 12 December 1857, XVI, 564--8.

15· Coutts, 338--9, 9 April 1857; cf303, 321, 338. See K.J. Fielding,' "Women in the Home": an article Dickens did not write', Dick, XLVII (1951),140-2; and A Summary Account qf Prizes for Common Things, 1856 (the 2nd enlarged edition, 1857, contains Miss Coutts's Preface). She was not the originator of the Movement: Rev Dawes and Lord Ashburton were. See Ashburton's Address to Elementary Schoolmasters (1854).

16. Young, II, 491; Meers, 229, 247. CfKatharine West, Chapter qfGovernesses: A Study of the Governess in English Fiction IBoo-I949 (1949), and Bea Howe, A Galaxy of Governesses ( 1954), Chapter VI, 'The Victorian Governess'.

17· Speeches, 66-7. 18. 'Twopence an Hour' [by Miss Parr], HW, 23 August 1856, XIV, 138-40; 'Only a

Governess' [by Miss Wilson], HW, 7 May 1859, XIX, 546--9. 19. LD,II,ii,447-51. 20. II, v, 475-7. 21. II, vii, 512; II, xv, 612. 22. II, vii, 51 I ; cfLionel Trilling's Introduction to LD (Oxford edn, 1953), reprinted in

The Opposing Seif( 1955), and Cockshut, 24-5, 151. 23· MC, XXXVI, 572; cflx, 134-40. 24. E.g., Sala, I, 68; Fitzgerald, Memories, 51. 25. ED, III, 20; XXII, 256-7. 26. XXII, 259--60; cflx, 83, and XIII, 142-3. 27. Dalziel,125-7· 28. Tropp, 23-4. 29. N, III, 101, Wills, 28 April 1859.

CHAPTER VII: GOOD INTENTIONS AND BAD RESULTS

I. Weise, 46-7. Mack, 396, compares Blimber's regime to that at Shrewsbury under Butler and Kennedy.

2. N, 1,824-5, Halbot Browne, December 1846; D & S, XI, 143. 3. D &S,XI, 145; VIII, 102; XI, 139. 4. VIII, 99; XI, 142. On the clock-watch and sea images, see Coveney, 100-5; Cock-

shut, 107-I 2 ; Tillotson, Eighteen-:forties, I 89--9 I (but cf below, P 202). 5. VIII, 99; XII, 165--6; XIV, 203. Later edns omit the final phrase, 'and felt it'. 6. Tillotson, Eighteen-:forties, 157; D & S, XII, 166. 7. XI, 141-2. 8. L. F. Manheim, 'The Personal History of David Copperfield: a study in psycho

analytic criticism,' American Imago, IX (1952), 27. 9. LX, 851; xv, 219. Dickens was, obviously, pleased with this outburst of Susan

Nipper's; it had originally occurred in Chapter XII, but was cut in proof because Number IV was over-length. The original passage, and further dialogue between Susan and Florence about the Blimbers, are reprinted in Dick, XLIX (1953), 65, togetherwith another dialogue, between Paul and Miss Blimber, cut from Chapter XII.

10. XIX, 261; XII, 166; XI, 150.


I I. Weise, 91-4; Howard Staunton, The Great Schools of England (revised edn, I86g), xxvi.

12. XI, 143; XII, 156, 159; FitzGerald to Thackeray,January 1847, Letters of Thackeray, ed Ray, II, 266.

13. LX, 847; XIV, 186. 14. XII, 158; XIV, 181; XII, 152. 15. HT, I, iii, 12; iv, 17. 16. I, ii, 8. • 17. Hippolyte Taine, 'Dickens', Histoire de la Litt/ratuTe Anglaise (1863), I8g7 edn,

Paris, v, 49-50. This chapter originally appeared in ReVIJII des Deux Mondes (1856). There is a summary ofTaine on HT in Forster, 566 note.

18. Dick, XXIV (1928), 252; CfXXIII (1927), 221, reporting a motion at the Fellowship's Conference, that Hard Times be omitted from the syllabus, as uninteresting. On HT, cf Gissing, Charles Dickens, 22, 65 ('a book of small merit', 'practically a forgotten book, and little in it demands attention'), and Wright, 227 ('singularly unattractive ••. almost unreadable'). Ruskin's admiration for HT is expressed in Unto this Last (1862), and Shaw's in his Introduction to the Waverley edn of the novel (1912). Chesterton's Introduction to the Everyman edn (reprinted in Criticisms and Appreciations rif Charles Dickens, 19II) is disappointing, but in his Charles Dickens (p 171) he is more suggestive - 'not one of the greatest books of Dickens; but it is perhaps in a sense one of his greatest monuments.'

19. F. R. Leavis, The Great Tradition, 228. It is interesting to see that Dr Leavis has recently come to similar conclusions about Dombey, too, a novel he warmly praises and brilliantly analyses; unfortunately his essay on it appeared too late for me to be able to use it. See it, in Sewanee Review, LXX (1962), 177-20 I.

20. Forster, 565; MS in the Forster Collection, Victoria and Albert Museum. 21. Butt and Tillotson, 201-2; Coutts, 258, 23 January 1854. 22. HT, III, viii, 293; I, iii, 9-10. 23. F. R. Leavis, 227-8. 24. K. J. Fielding, 'The Battle for Preston', Dick, L (1954), 159-62; , "Women in the

Home": an article which Dickens did not write', Dick, XLVII (1951), 14~; 'Charles Dickens and the Department of Practical Art', Modern Language Review, XLVIII (1953), 270-7. His 'Weekly Serialisation of Dickens's Novels' notes another topicality: a footnote (cut in proof) referred readers to the HWarticles on Factory Accidents, as a parallel to the Old Hell Shaft episode (Dick, LIV [1958], 137). Another topical issue, which partly suggested the Stephen Blackpool story, was Divorce-Law reform (Butt and Tillotson, 210 note).

25. Dickens to Wills, 25January 1854 (Huntington Library MSS). 26. See above, pp 92-7,123, 138. 27. HT, I, ii, 8. 28. OMF, II, i, 217. 29. The School and the Teacher, I, May and June 1854, 95, 116; Westminster Review, NS VI,

October 1854,605. 30. Symons, 'On Industrial Schools', in Lectures in Connection with the Educational Ex

hibition at St Martin's Hall, 1854, 87-9; Rev H. G. Robinson, Principal of York Training College, Newcastle Commission, IV, 404; W. A. Shields, Master of the Peckham Birkbeck School, ibid, VI, 543; Rev J. W. Blakesley, formerly Tutor of Trinity College, Cambridge, ibid, v, 89.

31. Minutes rOS6-7, and Temple's evidence to the Newcastle Commission, quoted by Rich, Training of Teachers, 141, 154; cf Arnold, Reports, 19-20,55-6,94-5,255-6.

32. Rich, 150, 145. Dr Gustav Clgren, in his Trends in English Teachers' Training from rOoD (Stockholm, 1953), comes to similar conclusions.

33. John Leese, Personalities and Powers in English Education, 1950,60, 71. See also the comments of Nassau Senior on a specimen examination-paper for teachers, and his protest against this fact-ridden training, in his Suggestions, Chapter VIII ('Rendering


the Education in Public Schools more Practical and Elementary, and less Encumbered by Biblical, Historical, and Geographical Facts, Dates, Figures, and Details').

4. Derwent Coleridge, The Teachers of the People (1862),33 (quoted by Rich, 88). 5. Tropp, The School Teachers, 24 and note; Charles Kingsley, The Water Babies (1863),

end of Chapter II. 5. HT, I, ix, 55-7. 7. I, ii, 5. B. The School and the Teacher,Iv (1857), IOD-I, II. g. John Manning, 'Charles Dickens and the Oswego System', Journal of the History of

Ideas, XVIII (1957), 58D-3 (and cfhis Dickenson Education, 13D-I). D. Kay-Shuttleworth, Four Periods, 320; NN, VIII, 91. I. HT, I, ii, 6-7; K. J. Fielding, 'Charles Dickens and the Department of Practical

Art', Modern Language iUview, XLVIII (1953), 27D-7. 2. Henry Morley's 'A House full of Horrors' (HW, 4 December 1852, VI, 265-70), on

the Marlborough House exhibition of 'how not to do it' in industrial design. ~. The only commentator before Dr Fielding who seems to have noticed the connec

tion between Hard Times and Marlborough House is Percy Fitzgerald (Life of Dickens, II, 233). Elsewhere Dr Fielding discusses other examples of such unnoticed 'originals' for characters in Dickens, and he comments: 'Their purpose was not so much satire for the amusement of the readers, but because they delighted Dickens himself and stimulated his zest in writing' (,Edwin Drood and Governor Eyre', Listener, 25 December 1952, 1083).

l. Cornelia Meigs, edr, A Critical History of Children's Literature in English, New York (1953),206,271.

j. Fielding, loc cit, 276. >. HT, I, iv, 20. CfK.J. Fielding, 'Mill and Gradgrind', NCF, XI (1956),148-51; and

Francis Jacox, 'Mr Gradgrind typically considered', Bentley's Miscellany, LX (1866), 613-20, a collection of passages from nineteenth-century authors, as parallels to HT.

7. ill, viii, 290; ill, i, 222; II, vii, 175-6. See Coveney, 114, on the rose-garden episode. I. Rev W.J. Kennedy, report on Lancashire and Isle of Man, Minutes, 1853-4, II, 442. ). OMF, II, i, 218. ). Gissing, Charles Dickens, 256-g. (Gissing apparently forgot Orlick, a very interesting

malcontent underdog: see House, All in Due Time, 218). One other character in the later novels, it should be added, becomes a teacher, apparently under the new system, but remains uncorrupted - Biddy. 'You know', she tells Pip, remembering Mr Wopsle's great-aunt's school where she had assisted, 'the new schools are not like the old.' But Dickens is not interested in her career as a teacher; she is absent from the novel between the two references to 'the new school' where she goes to teach (GE, xxxv, 268; LVIII, 453), and the second of these occurs on her weddingday, not an ideal time for educational enquiries. G. M. Young, Early Victorian England, II, 466; 'The Schoolmaster at Home', ArR, 2 November 1867, XVilI, 447 .

.• A Schoolmaster's Difficulties Abroad and at Home (1853),1-4. Anonymous: published by Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans.

,. Tropp, 35-6; OMF, II, vi, 291-3. OMF, I, vi, 75; Forster, 740.

I· II, i, 216; xv, 395. I. II, xv, 401-3. '. III, xi, 547; II, i, 218; I, iii, 18-19. :. IV, vii, 713. ,. II, i, 217. I. Toots, indeed, marries Florence Dombey's faithful servant Susan Nipper, but

there is no working-class rival, and neither of the characters is played 'straight', so

244 NOTES TO PAGES 166-180

Dickens is not here making a serious point about the class-basis of marriage. On these popular conventions governing a heroine's choice of husband, see Margaret Dalziel, 14-16,86-7, 108---9; and on Dickens's treatment of Eugene's eventual decision to marry Lizzie, see House, Dickens World, 162-3, and Orwell, 31-4.

61. OMF, II, ii, 235; vi, 288---95. 62. II, xv, 405-7. Riah, one might add, is akin to Dickens's 'good' schoolmasters in his

failure to come alive as a character. He is Dickens's 'good' Jew, a willed attempt to disprove the allegation that he was anti-Semitic because he had made Fagin aJew.

63. Review in The Nation, 21 December 1865, reprinted in The House qf Fiction, ed Leon Edel, 1957,256. On Wrayburn and others, see Angus Wilson, 'The Heroes and Heroines of Dickens', Review of English Literature, II (1961),9-18.

64. IV, vii, 709. Cf my Dickens and Crime, Chapter XI, on Headstone as lover and murderer.

65. Four Periods, 401-3. 66. The Times, II December 1856; The School and the Teacher, IV, March 1857,54. 67. Reminiscences of his son, in Smith, Life qf Kay-Shuttleworth, 328. 68. II,i,217. 69. IV, vii, 710-13. 70. IV, vii, 713; XV, 799. 7 I. Miller, Charles Dickens, 279. 72. II, i, 218.

CHAPTER VIII: THE RIGHTS OF CHILDHOOD

I. Speeches, 20-1; Cockburn, I, 374, letter of 16 October 1842. Cf SPeeches, 10, for a similar declaration to an Edinburgh audience. Forster, 262, has a revealing passage about the 'secret' of Dickens's popularity: much depended upon his pathos.

2. Kitton, Dickensiana, 41 1,274,378---9. 3. Fraser's, XLII (1850), 705. 4. 'Dr Marigold', I (CS, 445); TYC, II, xxi, 201; OMF, II, ix, 330. 5. OT, 11,12; XII, 76; II, 5; VII, 49; XVII, -122; LI, 403. 6. Clock, 106. See NN, LVIII, 762-3; LXV, 831; and cf PP, XXI, 295. 7· OCS, XLVI, 348; LV, 410; LXXI, 539; LXXII, 540-3. 8. Ruskin, Works (19°3-12), XXXIV, 275, quoted by Ford, 95; N, 1,284,293, Catter

mole, 22 December 1840, I4JanuarY'1841; 574, T.J. Thompson, 28 February 1844. 9· Lindsay, 131-5. cf the tombstone inscription in N, I, 430, F. H. Deane, 4 April

1842. For Rose Maylie's illness, see OT, XXXIII. On Mary Hogarth, see Clark, 'Rationale of Dickens's Death-rate', 127-8; Ernest Boll, 'Charles Dickens in Oliver Twist', Psychoanalytic Review, XXVII (1940),133; and Sylvere Monod's Introduction to his French translation of OT (Paris, 1957).

10. Forster, 834, 638. I I. GE, XVII, 122. Cf Ada Nisbet, 'The Autobiographical Matrix of Great Expectations,'

Victorian Newsletter, No 15 (1959), 10-13. 12. Reviewer in The Times Literary Supplement, 4 August 1950. 13. Bagehot, 'Charles Dickens', Literary Studies, Everyman edn, 191 I, II, 190. 14. Quoted by Gordon Rupp, 'Evangelicalism of the Nonconformists,' in Ideas and

Beliefs qf the Victorians, Sylvan Press (1949), 107; RSUM, XXI (1869), 160 (cf pp 141-2 for a similar example).

15. 'Reminiscences of Henry Burnett', in Kitton, Pen and Pencil, 136; James Griffin, Memories of the Past (1883),209.

16. Gissing, Immortal Dickens, 199; Ford, 60. 17. Tillotson, Eighteen-j'orties, 49-50; Johnson, I, 323. Mrs Tillotson's discussion of

pathos in early-Victorian fiction is worth consulting. See also Dalziel, 70, 166, and Coveney's chapter, 'Reduction to Absurdity' (on Mrs Henry Wood's East Lynne, and Marie Corelli's Boy and The Mighty Atom).


18. So are Mr Redlaw of The Haunted Man, George Silverman of the 'Explanation', and Scrooge of A Christmas Carol (as discussed by Edmund Wilson in his 'Two Scrooges' essay).

19. DC, xxxv, 504; GE, LIX, 460. The original ending of GE is quoted in Forster, 737 note.

20. In BR, OCS, DC and OMF respectively. Miss Mowcher turns out to have a heart of gold, but only because her 'original' had recognised herself when DC was appearing in instalments, and protested to Dickens with threats of legal action (see Butt and Tillotson, 141-2).

21. NN, XL, 514-15; BH, LXVII, 878; Clock, 7, 113. 22. Forster, 281. On Laura Bridgman, see AN, III, 29-45; on the Lausanne boy, see

Forster, 396-g, 441, 579, and Dickens's signed footnote in HW, 20 May 1854, IX,

320. For various articles on defectives, see my Dickens's Periodicals, 32-3. 23. HT, I, iv, 16; Coveney, 123; OMF, III, ii, 439. Miss Dalziel notes the popularity of

such ministering children, in magazine stories (Popular Fiction, 123-4). 24. OT, xv, 108; Coveney, 92. The imagery through which Dickens projects this OT

vision is well discussed by Miller, Dickens: the World rif his Novels, Chapter II.

25. 27 November 1838, quoted by K. J. Fielding, 'Sir Francis Burdett and Oliver Twist', RES, NS II (1951),157.

26. 'The Young Dickens', The Lost Childhood and other Essays (1951),52-3. 27. OT, IV, 26. 28. D & S, I, 3; XVI, 223; XXIV, 343. 29. VIII, 98, 102; Charles Dickens, by his Eldest Daughter, 64; 'Travelling Abroad',

ATR, 7 April 1860 (UT, 67). 30. DC, IV, 46-g, 56-7. CfMark Spilka, 'David Copperfield as Psychological Fiction',

Critical Quarterly, 1(1959),292-301. 31. IV, 55; Dalziel, 125-6; Butler, Wayrif all Flesh (1903), XXII.

32. 'Lying Awake', HW, 30 October 1852 (RP, 437). See my Dickens and Crime for full discussion.

33. I here borrow some phrases from a fuller treatment of this topic, my article 'Queen Mab's Chariot among the Steam-engines'.

34. 'The Formal Couple', SB, 561; 'Report of the First Meeting .. .', Bentley's Miscellany, October 1837, SB, 640-1, 627. The Smallweed family never played at anything - 'Hence the gratifying fact, that it has had no child born to it, and that the complete little men and women whom it has produced, have been observed to bear a likeness to old monkeys with something depressing on their minds' (BH, XXI,

288). See Dickens's defence of play, in a speech to the Playground Society, I June 1858 (SPeeches, 272-4).

35· 0T,IV,28;SB, 263· 36. See The History rif'The Times' 1785-1841 (1935),293-4, and Martineau, Auto-

biography, I, 222-5. 37. NN, L, 653; Coveney, 75. 38. Coutts, 328; HT, I, vi, 41 ; I, V, 24-5. 39. HT, II, iii, 132; I, viii, 52; I, i, 2; I, i i, 8; Chesterton, Introduction to Everyman edn

of HT, xii. Dr Monroe Engel expands on this theme (Maturity rif Dickens, 172-5). 40. HT, I, ix, 59; III, ix, 298-g; 'Frauds on the Fairies', HW, I October 1853 (MP,

406-12). Dickens's pride in this article appears in letters to Wills and Miss Coutts - 'I think [it] ADMIRABLE. Both merry and wise' (N, II, 487, 14 September 1853; Coutts, 235). See George Cruikshank's Fairy Library - e.g., his Cinderella and the Glass Slipper, in which Cinderella's stepmother ruins the family through card-playing, and the King cancels the 'fountains of wine' he had ordered for the wedding celebrations, having been convinced by a two-page lecture on the evils of drink, delivered by Cinderella's good friend the Dwarf. Instead, there is a wedding bonfire, of 'all the wine, beer, and spirits, in the place'.

41. HT, II, ix, 197 (my italics); LD, I, ii, 20, and efI, xiii, 164-5. See also a speech of


this period, on the imaginative function of the theatre and drama, Speeches, 229-30. Cf the UT essay 'Mr Barlow', on the deadening of Fancy and Fun by that 'irrepressible, instructive monomaniac', who 'knew everything and didactically improved all sorts of occasions .. .'.

42. See my essay 'KEEP HOUSEHOLD WORDS IMAGINATIVE!', Dick, LII (1956), 119-23. 43. See Leslie Stephen, Life of Sir JaTrUls Fit;:;jaTrUls Stephen (1895), 155-60. 44. Woolf, 'David Copperfield', The Moment and other Essays (1947), 66; OMF, IV, ii, 646. 45. House, Dickens World, 39; Orwell, 52, 41-3. 46. Cf OT, XXXII, 237; OCS, IX, 71; XII, 97; XV, 114-16; XLII, 311; and see Miller,

Dickens, 94-6. 47. BR, LXXXII, 634; XLV, 340; XLVII, 355· 48. X, 81-2; xxv, 188; LXXIII, 563; XXIX, 217. 49. Aldous Huxley, Vulgarity in Literature (193°),55. 50. BH, XII, 160. Some of his comments on the arts are collected in Chapter I of Engel's

Maturity of Dickens. 51. Forster, 526. 52. 'Mrs Lirriper's Legacy', Y, and 'Somebody's Luggage', III, CS, 417, 349. 53. DC, XVI, 237; XVIII, 266; XXVI, 386; XXXVIII, 545. 54. Caroline Fox, Memories of Old Friends: Journals and Letters (1883 edn), 107; Spectator,

II June 1870, quoted by Kitton, Dickensiana, 139. 55. Santayana, 65-6· 56. OT,IX,61. 57. D & S, VIII, 91-2. 58. Forster, 404; Butt and Tillotson, 100; Westminster Review, XLVII (1847),6; Tillotson,

Eighteen-forties, 192-3. 59. Westminster Review, NS XXVI (1864),429. 60. DC, II, 13,21. 61. DC, II, 13-16; IX, 125, 130; x, 150. Two of his Christmas-season essays in HW,

'Where we stopped growing' and 'New Year's Day', contain some excellent nostalgic detail of this kind, from his own childhood (MP, 358-64, 651-62).

62. GE, VII, 48; VIII, 49. 63. GE, IV, 22; DC, II, 15. 64. GE, I, I; VII, 39. 65. DC, IX, 123-4; GE, IV, 20. 66. GE, 11,12; IX, 61-3; XV, 108.

CHAPTER IX: CONCLUSION

I. Ford's Dickens and his Readers traces these developments in detail. 2. Quoted by Ford, 81. 3. Chesterton, 91-2. 4. Dick, xv (1919), 115. Mr Forster's offence to true believers was increased by the fact

that he published this heresy in the Dairy News, the newspaper of which Dickens had been the first Editor.

5. See Meigs, History of Children's Literature. Most of the main forms of children's books and magazines made their first appearance between 1840 and 1870.

6. 'Chesterfield Junior', ATR, 17 February 1866, XV, 128; 'Fathers' [by Andrew Halliday], ATR, 2 September 1865, XIV, 135.

7. 'William Blake', Selected Essays (1934 edn) , 321. 8. See Ayledotte, 53. Cf his taste for Gothic architecture - e.g., HT, I, iii, II; 'The

Haunted House', CS, 228.

9. Coveney, 52-3, 70,83. 10. Lionel Trilling, A Gathering of Fugitives (1957), 44. 'The lost solitary fugitive,

hemmed in by dark powers, is (along with his fantastic humour) Dickens's main contribution to the mythology of literature' (Cockshut, 130).

NOTES TO PAGES ~:U3-221 247

II. Ruskin, letter of 19 June 1870; Dickens to Henry Cole, 17 June 1854 (Pierpont Morgan MSS); both quoted by Fielding, 'Dickens and the Department of Practical Art', 277,274.

12. Essays of Elia, and Last Essays of Elia, World's Classics edn (lgOI), Ig, 21 I, go, 340, 123, 68, 223·

13. Mrs Trimmer, quoted by Meigs, 76-il; Letters of lAmb, 23 October 1802, Everyman edn (I gog,) I, 209. Coleridge expresses similar beliefs about children's reading in, e.g., his letter to Poole, 16 October 1797. See Walsh, Use of Imaginatwn, Chapters I and III, for this and other such passages from Coleridge. Cf Thackeray, in similar vein (G. N. Ray, Thackeray: the rears of Wisdom (1958), 232).

14. Fitzgerald, Afternoon Lectures on Literature and Art, 2nd Series (1864) ; N, III, 459, Fitzgerald,2 February 1866. Mario Praz has also traced the affinities between Dickens and Lamb (Hero in Eclipse, 120-1, 165).

15. Henry Dickens, 'A Chat about Charles Dickens', Harper's Magazine, July 1914, 18g; Journal of Caroline Fox, 18 February 1841, Memories of Old Friends, 145; Forster, 227·

16. N, 11,567, 13July 1854. 17. Mildred G. Christian, 'Carlyle's Influence upon the Social Theory of Dickens',

The Trollopian (later NCF) , II (1947), 21-2. 18. Chartism, x; Past and Present, IV, iii. Cf Sartor Resartus, III, iv. 19. Chartism, II; 'Characteristics', Critical Essays, IV, 3-6. 20. Sartor, I, x; 'Signs of the Times', Critical Essays, 11,247,240-1,234. 21. Sartor, II, iii. On Carlyle's educational thought, see Mack, 199-203. Raymond

Williams's analysis of 'Signs of the Times' suggests further parallels to Dickens (Culture and Society, 71-86).

22. N, III, 348, 13 April 1863. 23. Cazamian, I, 216 note. 24. Mill on the Floss, II, i; Middlemarch, I, xi; Daniel Deronda, I, iv, and II, xvi; Middle-

march, II, xv. 25. W. B. Yeats, Autobwgraphies (1926), loB. 26. C. B. Cox, 'In Defense of Dickens', E & S, NSXI (1958), 86-7, 97-8. 27. This and the following quotations are from Westminster Review, NS XXVI (1864),430,

438-41. 28. History of the Thirty rears' Peace, I849, VI, xvi, quoted by House, Dickens World,

74-5. House notes that Miss Martineau, rather than Mill or McCulloch, represents the form of Utilitarianism that Dickens attacks - 'Necessity and Blessedness. In the linking of those two words is seen the grim alliance between Malthusianism and Nonconformity, against which so much of Dickens's social benevolence was a protest.'

29. Mr & Mrs, 227, 5 December 1853. 30. Meers, 30, 76, 144, where Dr Meers traces the influence of Dickens on the educa

tional passages inJ. A. Froude's Shadows of the Clouds (1847). D & S and DC clearly influence such novels as James Payn's The Foster Brothers (1859) and George Griffith's Life and Adventures of George Wilson, a Foundatwn Scholar (1854), while HT is often recalled in Kingsley's Water Babies (1863).

31. Gissing,lmmortaIDickens, 103, 152. 32. Dickens World, 42, 222-3. Cf the useful chapter, 'Reform and Indignation', in

Cockshut's The Imagination of Charles Dickens. 33. Quoted by Forster, 855 note.

R

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Place of publication London, unless stated otherwise

I have tried to resist the recent tendency to list in the Bibliography all the books and articles one has ever read, or meant to read. I have listed only the sources which are cited more than casually in the text, or which, though not quoted, are of particular interest. Other sources are fully cited in the Notes.

Adrian, Arthur A., Georgina Hogarth and the Dickens Circle, 1957 Altick, Richard D., The English Common Reader: the Mass Reading Public

1800-19 00, Chicago, 1957 Arnold, Matthew, Reports on Elementary Schools 1852-1882, ed Francis

Sandford, 1889 Ayledotte, William 0., 'The England of Marx and Mill as reflected in

Fiction', The Tasks of Economic History, Supplement VII, 1948, 42-58

Bartley, George C. T., The Schoolsfor the People, 1871 Bowen, W. H., Charles Dickens and his Famif;y, Cambridge, 1956 Bredsdorff, Elias, Hans Andersen and Charles Dickens, Copenhagen, 1956 Butt,John, and Tillotson, Kathleen, Dickens at Work, 1957 Carlyle, Thomas, Works, The Shilling Edition, 37 vols, 1889 Carter, John Arthur, Dickens and Education: the Novelist as Reformer,

University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, 1956 Cazamian, Louis, Le roman social en Angleterre 1830-1850, nouvelle

edition, 2 vols, Paris, 1934 Chesterton, G. K., Charles Dickens, 1906 Clinton-Baddeley, V. C., 'Benevolent Teachers of Youth', Comhill,

Autumn 1957,361-82 Cockburn, Lord Henry, Life of Lord Jeffrey, 2 vols, Edinburgh, 1852 Cockshut, A. O.J., The Imagination of Charles Dickens, 1961 Collins, Philip A. W., Dickens's Periodicals: Articles on Education, Leicester,

1957 Dickens and Adult Education, Leicester, 1962 Dickens and Crime, 1962 'A Note on Dickens and Froebel', National Froebel Foundation

Bulletin, No 94 (1955),15-18 'Bruce Castle: a school Dickens admired', Dickensian, LI

(1955),174-81 'Dickens and Ragged Schools', ibid, LV (1959), 94-109

248

BIBLIOGRAPHY 249

'Queen Mab's Chariot among the Steam Engines: Dickens and "Fancy",' English Studies, XLII (1961),1-13

'The Significance of Dickens's Periodicals', Review of English Literature, II (1961),55-64

Coveney, Peter, Poor Monkey: the Child in Literature, 1957 Dalziel, Margaret, Popular Fiction roo Tears Ago, 1957 Dickens, Alfred T., 'My Father and his Friends', Nash's Magazine,

September 191 1,627-41 Dickens, Charles, Jr., 'Glimpses of Charles Dickens', North American

Review, May and June 1895,525-37,677-84 'Reminiscences of my Father', The Windsor Magazine,

Christmas Supplement 1934, 1-32 Dickens, Henry F., Memories of my Father, 1928

The Recollections of Sir Henry Dickens, KC, 1934 Dickens, Kate [Perugini], 'My Father's Love for Children', Dickensian,

VII (19I1), I17-19 Dickens, Mary [Mamie], Charles Dickens: by his Eldest Daughter, 1885

'Charles Dickens at Home', Cornhill,January 1885, 32-51 My Father as I recall Him, ND [1897]

Dolby, George, Charles Dickens as I knew Him (1885),1912 edn Engel, Monroe, The Maturity of Dickens, Harvard and Oxford, 1959 Field, Kate, Pen Photographs of Charles Dickens's Readings, 1871 Fielding, K. J., Charles Dickens: a Critical Introduction, 1958

'Charles Dickens and the Department of Practical Art', Modern Language Review, XLVII (1953),270-7

Fitzgerald, Percy, Memories of Charles Dickens, 1913 The Life of Charles Dickens, 2 vols, 1905

Ford, George H., Dickens and his Readers: Aspects of Novel-Criticism since r836, Princeton and Oxford, 1955

Forster,John, The Life of Charles Dickens (1872-4), edJ. W. T. Ley, 1928 Gissing, George, Charles Dickens: a Critical Study, revised edn, 1903

The Immortal Dickens, 1925 Hodder, Edwin, The Life and Work of the Seventh Earl of Shqftesbury, 3

vols, 1886-7 Houghton, Walter E., The Victorian Frame of Mind r 83D-r 870, New

Haven, 1957 House, Humphry, All in Due Time, 1955

The Dickens World, 1941 Hughes,James L., Dickens as an Educator (1900), 1914 edn Humphreys, Arthur L., Charles Dickens and his First Schoolmaster, Man

chester, 1926 Johnson, Edgar, Charles Dickens: his Tragedy and Triumph, 2 vols, 1953 Kay-Shuttleworth, James, Four Periods of Public Education, as reviewed in

r832-r839-r846-r862, 1862 Kent, Charles, Charles Dickens as a Reader, 1872


Kent, W., Dickens and Religion, 1930 Kettle, Arnold, 'Oliver Twist', An Introduction to the English Novel,

Volume I, 1951 Kitton, Frederic G., Charles Dickens: his Life, Writings, and Personality, 1902

Charles Dickens by Pen and Pencil, with Supplement, 1890 Dickensiana, 1886 The Novels if Charles Dickens, 1897

Knight, Charles, Passages if a Working Life (1864),3 vols, 1873 Langton, Robert, The Childhood and Youth of Charles Dickens, 1912 edn Leavis, F. R., The Great Tradition, 1948

'Dombey and Son', Sewanee Review, LXX (1962),177-201 Lehmann, R. C., edr, Charles Dickens as Editor, 1912 Ley,j. W. T., The Dickens Circle, 1918 Lindsay, jack, Charles Dickens: a Biographical and Critical Study, 1950 MacGregor, John, Ragged Schools: their Rise, Progress and Results, ND [1852] Mack, Edward C., Public Schools and British Opinion I78o-I860, 1938 Mann, Horace, Report if an Educational Tour in Germany and parts if Great

Britain (1844), ed W. B. Hodgson, 1846 Manning, john, 'Charles Dickens and the Oswego System', Journal if

the History if Ideas, XVIII (1957),580-6 Dickens on Education, Toronto and Oxford, 1959

Martineau, Harriet, Autobiography, 3 vols, 1877 edn Meers, Geneva Mae, Victorian Schoolteachers in Fiction, University Micro

films, Ann Arbor, 1953 Miller, J. Hillis, Charles Dickens: the World if his Novels, 1958 [Minutes], Minutes if the Committee if Council on Education, annually from

1840

Monad, Sylvere, Dickens romancier, Paris, 1953 Montague, C. J., Sixty Years in Waifdom,. or, the Ragged School Movement in

English History, 1904 [Newcastle Commission], Report if the Commissioners appointed to inquire into

the State of Popular Education in England, with evidence, etc, 6 vols, 1861

Nisbet, Ada, Dickens and Ellen Ternan, Cambridge, 1952 Orwell, George, 'Charles Dickens', Critical Essays, 1946 Percival, Alicia C., The English Miss Today and Yesterday, 1939 Perugini, Kate Dickens, 'My Father's Love for Children', Dickensian,

VII (1911), II7-19 Pope-Hennessy, Una, Charles Dickens I8a-I870, 1945 Praz, Mario, The Hero in Eclipse in Victorian Fiction, translated by Angus

Davidson, 1956 Rich, R. W., The Training of Teachers in England and Wales during the

Nineteenth Century, Cambridge, 1933 Sackville-West, Edward, 'Dickens and the World of Childhood',

Inclinations, 1949

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Sala, George Augustus, Things I have seen and People I have known, 2 vols, 1894

Santayana, George, 'Dickens', Soliloquies in England, 1922 Senior, Nassau, Suggestions on Popular Education, 1861 Shaw, G. B., Introduction to Great Expectations, Novel Library edn, 1947 Simon, Brian, Studies in the History if Education [780-[870, 1960 Smith, Frank, The Life and Work if Sir James Kqy-Shuttleworth, 1923 Solly, Henry Shaen, The Life if Henry Morley, 1898 Stonehouse, J. H., edr, Catalogue if the Libraries of Charles Dickens and

William Thackeray, 1935 Storey, Gladys, Dickens and Daughter, 1939 Stow, David, The Training System, Moral Training School and Normal

Seminary, 10th edn, enlarged, 1854 Symons,Julian, Charles Dickens, 1951 Thomson, Patricia, The Victorian Heroine: a Changing Ideal [837-[873,

1956 Tillotson, Kathleen, Novels if the Eighteen-Forties, Oxford, 1954

'Oliver Twist', Essays and Studies, NS XII (1959), 87-105 Tropp, Asher, The School Teachers: the Growth if the Teaching Prifession in

England and Walesfrom [800 to the Present Day, 1957 Walsh, William, The Use of Imagination: Educational Thought and the

Literary Mind, 1959 Weise, Leopold, German Letters on English Education, translated by W. D.

Arnold, 1854 Williams, Raymond, Culture and Society [780-[950, 1958 Wilson, Edmund, 'Dickens: the Two Scrooges', The Wound and the Bow

(1941), revised edn, 1952 Wright, Thomas, The Life if Charles Dickens, 1935 Yates, Edmund, Recollections and Experiences, 2 vols, 1884 Young, G. M., edr, Early Victorian England [830-[865,2 vols, 1934

INDEX Works, including Dickens's, are indexed under the name of their author. Periodicals edited by Dickens are also indexed under his name. Schools, colleges, educational practices and problems, etc, are indexed together under ED UCA TION.

Abernethy,james 104-5 Adrian, Arthur A. 42, 53 Ainger, Rev. Alfred 30 America, United States of: education in

24, 79, 80, 181 Andersen, Hans 5, 16,232 Arnold, Matthew 2, 13, 151,240 Arnold, Thomas 117, II9, 123 Ashley, Lord: see Shaftesbury Australia: CD's sons in 27, 28, 38, 43,

51

Bagehot, Walter 178-g Band of Hope 90,238 Benthamites 189, 193, 199,213 Bewsher, Rev james 35 Blackwood's Magazine 22 Brackenbury, Rev j. M. 27, 28, 34,

23 1

Brougham, Henry (Baron Brougham and \Taux) 70,97,229

Brown, E. K. I 19 Browne, Hablot K. (,Phiz') 139,239 Bulwer, Edward: see Lytton Burdett, Sir Francis 184 Burrow, Rev Ashton 28, 39, 23 I Butler, Samuel 7, 188 Butt,john 146,235

Carlisle, Bishop of (Waldegrave) 4 Carlyle, Thomas: on CD 20; CD's

friendship and admiration 16, 19, 60, 66; influence on CD 191, 193, 214-16, 218; educational ideas 71, 74, 21 4-15,247

Carpenter, Mary 88, 237 Cattermole, Leonardo 232 Cazamian, Louis 2 I 6 Chadwick, Edwin 236 Chesterton, G. K. 2,67--8, 191,210,233,

242 Clarke, Mary Cowden 46 Clinton-Baddeley, \T. C. 104, 107 Cobbett, William 218,229

253

Cobden, Richard 105, 108 Cockshut, A. O.j. 76, 116,246 Cole, Sir Henry 157--8 Colenso, Bishopj. W. 4 Coleridge, S. T. 71, 97, 193, 212, 213,

247 Cookesley, Rev W. G. 32-3 Coutts, Angela Burdett (Baroness Bur

dett-Coutts): interest in CD's sons 32, 33, 38, 41, 42; CD's charitable activities for 3, 20, 87, 129, 130-1; 137, 146, 148,241

Coveney, Peter 182,184,190,212 Cox, C. B. 217 Cruikshank, George 192,213,245

Dairy News, The 87,90 Dalziel, Margaret 136-7,244,245 Day, Thomas: Samiford and Merton 213,

246 Delane,j. T. 20,35 Dickens, Alfred D'Orsay Tennyson 26,

27, 33,35,38,43,45,48,49 Dickens, Mrs Catherine Hogarth ('Kate')

26-7,45-7,232 Dickens, Charles Culliford Boz ('Char

ley') 27-33,38-50 passim, 53, 60

DICKENS, CHARLES JOHN HUFFAM

BIOGRAPHICAL EVENTS

Early childhood 4-5, 7; Chatham 8-II; schooling 7-14, II 8, 227; blacking-warehouse 4, 8, I I, 14, 206; self-education 8, 13, 15-18; courting Maria Beadnell 52, 177; marriage 5, 44-6; residence abroad 31, 63, 234; visited institutions 3-4; religious adherence 54-5,233; as a parent 5, 14, 15, 16, 26-52, 53, 55, 186, 198; christenings 55; separation from his wife 46, 177; Public Readings 3, 73, 109, IIO; speeches 2,7, 12, 15,63,75; Will 54


DICKENS: PERSONAL QUALITIES

An ordinary man 21,62; conversation 1!}-20; emotional extremist 4, 50, 218-lg; friendships Ig-20; intellectual limitations 17-18, 21, 59, 68, 218; middle-class outlook 153, 159-60; musical tastes 13, 41, 227--8; philanthropic activities 3,20,22, 75, 78, 182; Philistinism 123, Ig3-4, 199; practicality 20, 74,89, 182; prejudices 68; punctuality and tidiness 33, 44, 48, 49-50, 82; reticence 52; unselfcritical 42

OPINIONS

Charity Schools 77-g; classics-teaching 32, 143, 198; corporal punishment 187--8, 211 ; crime caused by ignorance v, 6, Ig, 72-3, 89; education to be practical 34, 81, 130, Ig8, 213 ; 'Fancy' 6, 143, 144, 147, 158, 18B-g3, 211,215,246; girls' schools 124-37; history 53-4, 6o-g; hothouse methods 31, 77, 141-2, 190; individuality to be respected 82, 141, 144, 188, 200, 211; Jews 68, 244; juvenile delinquency 6, 72-3, 235; local government 62, 75; Mechanics' Institutes 92-3; national education system 6,43,67, 7o-g7, 211, 214; Nonconformists 65-6, 247; political economy 153,158, 189,213,215; politics and Parliament 53,60,63,66, 72, 75-6, 214; prisons 80; public schools 4, 24-5, 42, Ig8; Ragged Schools 71-2, 73, 86-g3, 21 I; religion 18,23,53-60,74,86,88, 114, 187, 197, 2 I I, 233; Roman Catholic Church 18, 62-5, 68; sanitation 62, 67; sectarian controversies 72-4, 76; training colleges 93, 148-53; universities 4, !}-IO, 23-4; workhouses and the New Poor Law 3,7g-83, 184,236

LITERARY QUALITIES

Children as subjects 1,5, 70, 172-208; comedy 22, 108-g, 199,210,217,239; cripples and defective children 4, 72, 181;deathbeds 1,83,85,122,172--80; descriptions 139-40, 212; disjunction between the novels and the journalism 76, 92-3, 218; heightening and exaggeration 12, 106, 10B-g, 113, 200; heroines 127--8,134,164,244; imagery 139, 140, 147, 158, 174, 189, 202; influence on public opinion I, 22, 97,

DICKENS: LITERARY QUALITIES

173, 210-11, 219-21; instrusive comments and harangues 65, 73-4, 190; literary conventions 29, 41, 118, II 9, 120, 136-7, 244; mythologist 2, 184; negatives stronger than positives II, 31,79,119,133; pathos 1,84,98,122, 173--84, 20g, 244; prayer-writing 59; propriety 134; reformism 75-6, 99, 209-10; Romantic affinities 175, 187,190,193,195-7,199,211-16,218; satire 76--7, 92-3, 97, 149; thematic unity 110-11, 133; ventriloquism 6, 73, 78, 85, 202

WORKS

American Notes 18,24,79,80, 181 'Barlow, Mr' 213,246 Barnaby Rudge: Barnaby 194-6, 200;

228 Bleak House: Esther Summerson 86,

125, 127--8, 134; Mrs Jellyby 127, 237; Jo 83-4, 172-4, 182, 183,202; Richard Carstone 24-5, 188; Smallweed 77, 189, 245; 17,35,58, 181, 183,218,228,237

Child's History of England, A 53-4, 6o-g Chimes, The 189 Christmas Carol, A: Tiny Tim I, 181,

182; 73,245 David Copperfield: Agnes 125; Creakle

and Salem House Academy 2, 7, 11-13, 94, I I I, 112-16, 239; David 1,15,19,46,115,173,178,180,182, 183, 186--7, 194, 199, 202-6; Mell 13, 114, 143; Murdstone 57--8, 186--7; Steerforth 23-4, 114, 115; Dr Strong and his school 13,31,77, 116--19, 127, 138,217,219,24°; 125, 127, 164,181,223,228,245,247

'December Vision, A' 72-3 'Doctor Marigold' 174 Dombey and Son: Cornelia Blimber 30,

142-3; Dr Blimber 22, 2!}-3 1, 77, II I, 138-45, 2 I 5, 241; Charitable Grinders' School 78-g, 94, 145, 188, 233; Florence Dombey 178, 182, 183, 185-6; Paul Dombey 5, 13!}-145, 172-4, 176, 179, 180, 185-6, 188, 20<>-2; Mrs Pipchin 7, II,

13!}-41, 145, 186; Toots 142, 243-244; 22, 61-2, 71, 141, 148, 183,242, 247

'Dullborough Town' 92

INDEX 255

DICKENS: WORKS

Edwin Drood: Canon Crisparkle 23, 119; Miss Twinkleton 22-3, 134-6; 228,229,233

'Finishing Schoolmaster, The' 73 'George Silverman's Explanation' 24,

229 Great Expectations: Pip 1,172,178,180,

182, 183,202-8; Mr Wopsle's greataunt 94-6; 35, 73, 172, 210, 217, 21 9,243

Hard Times: title 146-7; Bitzer 145, 154, 158; 'Fancy' I89-g3; Government officer 148, 154, 156-8; Gradgrind and his children 144-5, 147, 154, 158, 161, 180-1, 182, 185, 190-2, 213; M' Choakumchild 2, 77, II I, 133, 144-59, 185, 188, 191; Sissy Jupe 128, 133, 145, 148, 153-4, 156, 191-2, 202; Sleary 144, 145, 147, 158, 183, 190; 138,214-15,242, 247

Haunted Man, The: Redlaw 24, 245; 73-4

'Holiday Romance, A' 225 Lift of Our Lord, The 53-60, 233 Little Dorrit: Arthur Clennam 58, 180,

192-3; Mrs Clennam 58; Cripples's Academy 23; Little Dorrit 0133, 161,175,178,182,185; Mrs General 40,132-4;224

Martin Chuzzlewit: Ruth Pinch 40, 125, 127, 131, 133-4; 23, 113, 141, 228,235

Master Humphrey's Clock 175,181 'Mudfog Papers, The' 188-g 'Mugby Junction' 180,225 'New Year's Day' 246 Nicholas Nickleby: influence of 98, 103-

104; Prefaces 94,99; Smike 1,102, 103, 172-5, 182, 200; Squeers and Dotheboys Hall 1,2,23,76,94,98-113, 115, 141, 156, 185; Yorkshire schools' reputation 7, 94, 100, 21 I, 238;73,124-5,181,189,190

Old Curiosity Shop, The: Little Nell I,

41, 120, 121, 122, 172-6, 178, ISo, 182, 185, 200, 202; Marton 120-3, 138, 159, 172, 174, 179; Miss Monflathers 125, 126-7, 144; Mrs Whackles 126; 73, 181, 182, 183, 185

Oliver Twist: Little Dick 122, 174, 177; Oliver I, 77, 79-80, 81, 85, 172-4,

DICKENS: WORKS

180, 182, 183-5, 189, 200, 201; Rose Maylie 134,177; 6,17,73,87, III, 112

Our Mutual Friend: Headstone 23, 92-3, I28-g, 149-50, 159-71, 188; Charley Hexam 23,71,90,92,159-170, 182; Miss Peecher I28-g, 159; Ragged School 90-2, 98, 238; Wrayburn 14,24,49,161-7;35,64, 125,128,134,174,181,182,194

'Our School' 10, 12-13 Pickwick Papers: Westgate House 23,

126; I I 1,210,228 Pictures from Italy 18, 63 'Short-Timers, The' 81-3 Sketches by Boz 83, 120, 126, 189, 222 Sketches of Young Couples 124, 128, 188-

189 'Sleep to Startle Us, A' 88,237 Tale of Two Cities, A 174,214,228,229,

235 'Travelling Abroad' 186 'Walk in a Workhouse, A' 80 'Where we stopped growing' 192,

246 PERIODICALS EDITED BY DICKENS

All the Year Round: CD's sons worked for 27; items on education 81-3, 121,21 I

DailyNews, The 87,90 Household Narrative 236 Household Words: CD as editor 21, 75,

229; items on education 3,35,71-2, 81, 88, 89, 130, 131-2, 234; other items 30,53, 157, 181

Dickens, Edward Bulwer Lytton ('Plom') 28,34,36-8,43,45,49,51,58

Dickens, Elizabeth (Mrs John Dickens) 8-g, 10, 125

Dickens, Fanny (Mrs Henry Burnett) 8, 10, 179

Dickens, FrancisJeffrey ('Frank') 27,38, 40,43,49

Dickens, Henry Fielding ('Harry') 24, 28,33, 34-52 passim, 59, 214, 232

Dickens,John 8-g, 13, 14,44 Dickens, Kate Macready ('Katey': Mrs

Perugini) 26,27,40,45-g Dickens, Laetitia (Mrs Henry Austin)

131 Dickens, Mary ('Mamie') 27, 40-1, 47,

48,53,186


Dickens, Sydney Smith Haldimand 28, 33,35,37,39-40,43,45

Dickens, Walter Landor 27, 29, 31, 38, 43

Dickens Fellowship 146,20g-10 Disraeli, Benjamin (Earl of Beaconsfield)

5,20,237 Drouet: Tooting scandal 236

Edinburgh Review: CD's promise to write for 21,87,89,237; 209

EDUCATION GENERAL

Children's reading 57, 60-1, 64, 91, 189, 21 I, 213-14; classics, teaching of 2g-3 1, 32, 33, 143, 19B, 215, 216, 229; domestic economy, teaching of 128-30, 240; hothouse methods 31, 77, 141- 2, 190 ; Inspectorate 37, 70, 130, 150-2; juvenile delinquency 6, 72-3, 235; Parliamentary activity 43, 67, 70, 74, 79, 88, 97, 160, 2II, 214, 220; payment of teachers 12, 76, 87--8, 121-2, 160; object-lessons 154-156; School Societies 70, 96, 2 15; sectarian difficulties 72-4, 76, 85, 88

TYPES OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

Charity schools 77"""!}, 2II, 236; Continental schools 35-6, 230, 235; dame schools 10, 94-7; District Schools 3, 81-3; girls' schools 124"""!}, 134-7,216; grammar schools 36, 77, II7; governesses 40, 124-5, 131-4; half-time, or short-time, schools 81-3; kindergartens 3, 4 1 ; Mechanics' Institutes 3, 92-3; military and naval crammers 38"""!}, 23 1; National Schools 4,71, 159, 160; parish schools 95, 97, 120-2; private-adventure schools 10-13, 25, 29-40 passim, 76, 94-6, 98-119, 124"""!}, 134-7, 138-44; progressive schools 41, II7; Public Schools 4,24-5,31-3,42, II 7, II 9, 123, 138, 143, 198, 229; Ragged Schools 3,71-2,73, 86-!}3, 98, 120, 179, 2II, 237; Training Colleges 70, 93, 121, 130, 137, 148-53, 16g; universities 4, g-1O, 23-4, 28, 40; workhouses and their schools 3, 7g--83, 130, 184, 236; Yorkshire schools, see Dickens, Niclwlas Nickleby

SCHOOLS, COLLEGES, ETC.

Bedford College, London 27,40, 137; Boston (Mass.), Blind School 79, 181:

House of Industry 80; Boulogne, schools at 27, 28, 35-6, 230; Bowes Academy 98, 100-3, 107, 118, 239; Bruce Castle School, Tottenham 41, 119; Cambridge University 9, 24, 28, 34; Canterbury, King's School I 17-118; Chatham, dame-school 10: Rev Giles's school 8, 9, 10-1 I : Mechanics' Institute 92; Cirencester, Royal Agricultural College 28,37--8; Commercial Travellers' Schools, Pinner 79; Department of Practical Art 148, 157--8; Eton College 27, 28, 31-3, 42, II9; Field Lane Ragged School 73, 87--8, 90; King's College School, London 27, 31, 41; Mr King's school, St John's Wood 27, 2g-31; Limehouse, District Schools 3, 81-3; Oxford University 10, 23-4; Rochester Grammar School 28, 36; Royal Academy schools 137; Royal College of Music 8; Southsea, North Grove School 28, 39; Stepney Charity Schools 79; Tunbridge Wells, Cambridge House School 28, 37; Warehousemen and Clerks' Schools 77; Wellington House Academy 7,10, 11-14, 114; Wimbled0J1, Brackenbury and Wynne's School 27, 38-!}, 23 I; Winchester College 24-5, 229; Woolwich Academy 27,38,39

Eliot, George 5, 7, 19,21, 164, 178, 182, 216-17

Exeter Hall 87,237

Family Herald, The II3, 136 Fielding, K.J. 131, 148, 157--8,239,242,

243 FitzGerald, Edward 22, 143 Fitzgerald, Percy 19, 20, 214, 229,

243 Ford, George H. 180,239,246 Forster, E. M. 210 Forster, John: on CD 4, 16, 17, 20, 54,

60, 75, 99, 198, 214; as biographer 45, 235, 237; 8, 12, 13, 14, 19, 55, 146, 177,202

Fraser's Magazine 97,124,173 Froebel, Friedrich: CD's relation to 3,

18,41,228; II 7, 139, 2II

Gad's Hill Gazette 37,231 Gaskell, Mrs Elizabeth 5,21,41,97, 164,

232

INDEX 257

Gibson, Rev M. 27,35 Giles, Rev William 9,lo-II Gissing, George 78, 108--g, 15!)-60, 179-

180, 219 Gladstone, William Ewart 15,20,32 Goldsmith, Oliver 16,131 Graves, Robert 54 Greene, Graham 184

Harrison, Frederic 30-1 Hawtrey, Dr E. C. 32 Hogarth, Georgina: relations with CD

and family 40, 45, 51, 60, 233; 34, 35,44,46, 227--S

Hogarth, Mary 55, 176-7 Houghton, Walter E. 193 House, Humphry 3,59,63,194,219-20,

247 Hudson, Derek 60 Hughes, James L. vi, 6, 17-18, II 7, 228 Hughes, Thomas 119; Tom Brown's

Schooldays 119, 123, 198 Hunt, Leigh 16,213 Huxley, Aldous 197

James, Henry 5, 166-7,217 Jeffrey, Francis (Lord Jeffrey) 16, 26,

44,172 Jerrold, Douglas 15, 19, 35 Johnson, Edgar 7,177 Johnson, Samuel v, 76, 210 Jones, William 7, 10, 11-14, 114

Kay-Shuttleworth, Sir James: CD on 17, 129; CD's contact with 20,87; 74, 81,97,121, 130, 148, 155-6, 169

King, Joseph Charles 27,29-31 King, Louisa 30 Kingsley, Canon Charles 127, 153, 193,

247 Knight, Charles 19,60

Lamb, Charles 16,213-14 Leavis, F. R. 2, 146, 147, 148,242 Leavis, Q.D. I

Lewes, G. H. 16-17,178 Lindsay,Jack 26 London Library: CD's borrowings 17 Lovett, William 71,211,238 Lytton, Edward Lytton-Bulwer (Lord

Lytton) 16,19.21,71

Macaulay, Thomas Babington (Baron Macaulay) 67

Mack, Edward C. 42, 117

Macready, William Charles: sons of 14. 19,30,47

Malthus, Thomas 26,158,213,247 Manning, John vi, 22, 71-2, 93, 120,

155,227,228,231,237,238,240 'Markham, Mrs' (Mrs Elizabeth Penrose)

60-1 Martineau, Harriet 46, 218, 229, 234,

240,247 Meers, Geneva Mae 122,219,227,240 Melbourne, Viscount (William Lamb)

112 Mill, John Stuart 20, 71, 76, 158, 193,

199-200,247 Miller,J. Hillis 171,245 Moore, George (philanthropist) 20, 236 Morley, Henry 46, 228, 229, 235, 236,

237,241,243

Napier, Lady 2 Napier, Macvey 237 Newcastle Commission (1858--g) 81, 96,

124, 151

Orwell, George 28,54,194 Oxford Movement 10,17,62,74

Perugini, Mrs: see Dickens, Kate Mac-ready

Pestalozzi,Johann 155,21 I Pope-Hennessy, Dame Una 41,46,51 Praz,Mario 194,247 Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood 62 Price, R. G. G. 76 Punch 76,236,237

QuarteT!» Review 104

Ragged School Union Magazine 88,91,237 Rich, R. W. 152 Roylance, Mrs Elizabeth I I

Ruskin,John 138, 146, 176,212-13 Russell, LordJohn 20,97

Santayana, George 200 Sawyer, Rev W. C. 37,230 Sclwolandthe Teacher, The 150,154-5,169 Senior, Nassau 236, 242-3 Shaftesbury, 7th Earl of (Lord Ashley)

20,87,88,90,177,179 Shakespeare, William 195,201,202 Shaw, G. B. 54,96, 146,218 Shaw, William ga, 100-3, 107, 118,239 Smith, Rev Sydney 16,25


Snow, C. P. 97 Stanley, Dean Arthur I, 20 Starey, S. R. 88--g,237 Stephen, Sir james Fitzjames 193 Storey, Gladys 45-6 Stow, David 2II,238 Symons,julian 84

Tagart, Rev Edward 55 Taine, Hippolyte 145 Taylor, Rev john 37 Tennyson, Alfred (Lord Tennyson) 16,

19,97, 127, 179 Ternan, Ellen Lawless 46 Thackeray, William Makepeace 45,172,

247; daughters 47,232 Tillotson, Mrs Kathleen 141,202 Times, The 130, 169, 189,221 Tolstoy, Count Leo 54 Tra&tsjor the Times 17 Trilling, Lionel 212

Tropp,Asher 153,160-1

Unitarianism: CD and 54-5

Victoria, Queen 6, II 2

Walsh, William 1,193 Watson, Hon Mrs Richard 39, 98 Weise, Leopold 138,143 Weller, Christina 176 Westminster Review 150, 2og, 2 I 7-1 8 Whiston, Rev Robert 36 Wills, W. H., sub-editor on CD's period-

icals 19,49, 148,235, 241 Wilson, Edmund 4B, 245 Woolf, Virginia I, 193 Wordsworth, William 16, 19,70,97, 192,

194-5,208,212,213

Yates, Edmund I, 229 Young, G. M. 128,131

APPENDIX A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF …978-1-349-81702-3/1.pdf · A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF DICKENS'S MAIN EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES AND WRITINGS 1824 1824-7 ... American Notes ... HW,

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