Appendix A: Basic Economic and Labour Statistics978-0-333-99272-2/1.pdf · 186 Appendix A: Basic Economic and Labour Statistics Table A-1 Industrial output and GDP growth in Brazil,

186

Appendix A: Basic Economic and Labour Statistics

Table A-1 Industrial output and GDP growth in Brazil, 1939–61 (percentage)

Notes:a Calculated from Zerkowski and Veloso, 1982, pp. 337–8. b Calculated from Maddison, 1995, pp. 188–9. ( ) = negative rate. Sources: as indicated above.

Years Industry a GDP (1)a GDP (2)b

1939 12.1 3.9 3.31940 4.0 1.3 1.61941 8.5 7.9 7.01942 (2.9) (5.5) (3.7)1943 6.4 8.0 6.41944 5.7 4.7 3.71945 6.4 2.8 2.71946 14.4 12.5 10.51947 4.6 4.2 3.51948 12.9 9.1 7.71949 11.5 8.7 6.41950 10.3 7.1 6.11951 7.9 4.3 4.81952 6.5 7.1 6.01953 11.2 5.8 4.81954 6.5 6.5 6.61955 10.1 10.3 7.31956 7.0 2.1 1.41957 5.3 8.1 8.31958 15.7 10.6 9.11959 10.8 9.7 8.41960 11.6 10.3 8.31961 9.9 7.7 7.5

187

Table A-2 Workforce in São Paulo by industry, 1945–60

Notes: SP – São Paulo; ABC – Santo André, São Bernardo do Campo and São Caetano do Sul. Sources: 1945–8: SENAI-SP, 1946 to 1949.

1949–60: SENAI-SP, Levantamento Industrial do Estado de São Paulo (1949–60). SENAI-SP Archives.

Years Textile Metalworking All Industries

SP ABC SP State SP ABC SP State SP ABC SP State

1945 81,442 n.a. n.a. 55,277 n.a. n.a. 335,461 n.a. n.a. 1946 84,901 n.a. 156,754 57,114 n.a. 80,530 326,486 n.a. 552,487 1947 87,893 n.a. 161,022 66,238 n.a. 91,605 352,642 n.a. 597,228 1948 85,735 n.a. 158,715 67,787 n.a. 96,094 353,530 n.a. 610,109 1949 87,933 9,255 158,677 68,903 6,161 99,421 353,479 28,021 619,196 1950 93,472 11,579 169,733 77,579 9,657 111,420 389,202 35,748 672,869 1951 97,425 14,351 177,440 87,785 10,816 125,181 417,461 56,974 735,898 1952 97,346 14,435 176,343 94,535 12,257 135,837 436,850 59,466 769,186 1953 99,133 17,399 184,404 99,080 12,594 142,781 451,086 62,253 802,608 1954 100,294 17,772 188,484 107,463 13,572 154,095 475,850 60,423 840,825 1955 104,857 18,141 193,475 109,402 13,895 159,349 483,373 61,328 856,502 1956 101,929 19,514 195,018 118,028 14,629 171,664 498,322 68,023 888,937 1957 104,678 18,771 198,538 122,898 14,636 182,088 509,901 67,245 904,631 1958 100,787 19,192 191,572 133,080 16,282 198,793 517,113 73,512 909,569 1959 98,683 19,520 185,190 149,728 18,747 231,327 538,759 86,633 945,068 1960 98,138 18,624 181,851 160,950 20,109 249,754 562,213 88,527 969,112

188 Appendix

Table A-3 Metalworkers in Greater São Paulo by occupations and skills, 1949–60

Source: as Table A-2.

Table A-4 Textile workers in Greater São Paulo by occupations and skills, 1949–60

Source: as Table A-2.

Year Labourers Semi-skilled

Skilled Foremen Admin-istrative

Technical Engineers

1949 6,109 33,395 25,456 1,367 8,374 177 187 1950 8,119 38,072 27,042 2,050 9,193 158 209 1951 9,486 48,800 31,260 2,356 11,432 218 326 1952 10,652 51,696 32,564 2,348 13,335 209 356 1953 11,368 54,618 33,879 2,185 13,856 212 384 1954 12,911 59,815 35,439 2,225 15,073 257 412 1955 12,903 61,669 35,833 2,253 15,400 269 451 1956 14,032 66,312 38,506 2,366 16,440 336 508 1957 14,271 70,357 39,810 2,269 16,621 420 537 1958 16,581 76,543 42,295 2,331 19,188 589 677 1959 20,809 91,254 47,170 2,488 23,714 656 808 1960 24,511 97,259 49,586 2,547 25,544 727 909

Year Labourers Semi-skilled

Skilled Foremen Admin-istrative

Technical Engineers

1949 4,371 52,896 32,760 1,348 5,605 147 61 1950 4,767 55,752 36,664 1,389 6,301 157 21 1951 5,209 59,012 38,898 1,429 7,092 172 24 1952 6,173 58,589 38,335 1,467 7,001 185 31 1953 6,593 60,747 40,279 1,477 7,207 199 30 1954 6,842 61,010 41,209 1,374 7,399 205 27 1955 7,108 62,960 43,584 1,422 7,665 230 29 1956 7,036 67,379 37,761 1,443 7,558 232 34 1957 6,996 82,478 24,558 1,454 7,685 243 35 1958 6,059 89,779 14,840 1,431 7,562 263 45 1959 6,490 91,400 10,716 1,423 7,859 272 43 1960 6,424 92,978 7,831 1,404 7,823 263 39

Appendix 189

Table A-5 Share of the state of São Paulo workers in total Brazil, 1940–59(percentage)

Note: Number of workers on 1 Sept. 1940, 1 Jan. 1950 and 3 Dec. 1959. Sources: IBGE, 1950, 1955, 1966.

Table A-6 Share of the state of São Paulo industrial output in total Brazil, 1939–59(percentage)

Sources: IBGE, 1950, 1955, 1966.

Table A-7 Gender and age distribution in industries, state of São Paulo, 1949–59(total workers = 100.0)a

Notes: a Refers to production workers (including foremen). Sources: IBGE, 1955, 1966.

Years Textile Metallurgy Mechanical ElectricalEquipment

TransportEquipment

Manufacturing

1939 43.5 37.1 72.0 68.3 37.9 38.0 1949 46.1 49.2 62.6 75.5 46.9 41.0 1959 49.3 48.4 73.9 78.7 72.5 46.6

Years Textile Metallurgy Mechanical ElectricalEquipment

TransportEquipment

Manufacturing

1939 60.6 41.4 73.0 67.5 87.1 45.3 1949 58.6 51.8 69.5 78.2 74.1 47.8 1959 58.9 48.3 79.3 82.8 88.0 55.7

Industries 1949 1959

Male Female Juveniles Male Female Juveniles

Manufacturing 67.4 32.6 16.0 75.2 24.8 12.7Metallurgy 88.4 11.6 12.4 92.3 7.7 9.2Mechanical 99.2 0.8 11.9 96.7 3.3 9.2Electrical equipment 80.1 19.9 15.2 81.9 18.1 11.4Transport equipment 98.3 1.7 8.3 96.6 3.4 7.6Textile 37.7 62.3 20.8 44.8 55.2 18.1

190 Appendix

Table A-8 Industrial training programmes and conclusions, SENAI-SP, 1943–60

Notes:a Completions in regular apprenticeship programmes. b Completions in all types of rapid courses. c On-the-job training in all industrial segments:

TIM – Training in the Workplace for Minors (14–18 years old). TIA – Training in the Workplace for Adults (supervisory and skilled workers).

d Total gaining certificates. e Refers to youngsters (between 14 and 18 years old) enrolled in on-the-job programmes. Sources: SENAI-SP, 1944 to 1960.

Years Apprenticeshipa Rapid Coursesb On-the-Job c

Textile Metal Totald Textile Metal Totald TIMe TIA

1943 – – – – 534 534 – – 1944 – – – n.a. n.a. 956 – – 1945 – – – n.a. 849 1,210 – – 1946 – 73 73 183 697 1,108 – – 1947 106 229 399 119 503 1,079 – – 1948 160 288 601 n.a. 408 1,087 – – 1949 270 334 n.a. 63 481 n.a. – – 1950 213 413 n.a. 41 611 n.a. – – 1951 53 501 696 350 340 918 – – 1952 210 541 918 20 367 564 – – 1953 341 614 1,204 19 388 572 – – 1954 370 727 1,399 24 461 732 – 211955 181 871 1,430 277 281 894 – 2371956 392 918 1,750 48 387 784 1,300 7051957 189 983 1,565 n.a. 419 733 1,423 3221958 117 1,117 1,624 n.a. 452 807 9,234 4521959 41 1,343 1,748 n.a. 700 1,133 8,444 5251960 25 1,658 2,013 n.a. 866 1,337 13,603 1,137

191

Table A-9 Average real wages1,3 and consumer prices,2 state of São Paulo, 1939–59

Year Manufacturing Metallurgy Mechanical Electrical Equipment Transport Equipment Textile Consumer Prices

1939 1,171 (79) 1,398 (74) 1,659 (86) 1,234 (69) 2,134 (97) 1,073 (84) – 1942 1,375 (92) n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 10.91943 1,362 (92) n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 15.91944 1,274 (86) n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 35.91945 1,213 (82) n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 25.01946 1,337 (90) n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 14.51947 1,190 (80) n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 30.21948 1,225 (82) n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 8.51949 1,409 (100) 1,759 (93) 1,894 (98) 1,690 (95) 2,156 (98) 1,292 (101) –2.21950 1,530 (103) 1,904 (101) 2,024 (105) 1,857 (104) 2,252 (102) 1,371 (108) 5.71951 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 8.71952 1,488 (100) 1,884 (100) 1,936 (100) 1,786 (100) 2,205 (100) 1,274 (100) 23.01953 1,456 (98) 1,762 (94) 1,927 (100) 1,780 (100) 2,034 (92) 1,287 (101) 22.01954 1,610 (108) 1,871 (99) 2,066 (107) 1,766 (99) 2,086 (95) 1,482 (116) 18.01955 1,608 (108) 1,890 (100) 2,001 (103) 1,865 (104) 1,967 (89) 1,426 (112) 19.8

192

Notes:1 Nominal average wages converted to cruzeiros at 1952 rate using the consumer price index of São Paulo Prefecture and divided by the number of

production workers. 2 Annual percentage growth rates. 3 ( ) = All indexes on 1952 basis. Sources:(a) 1942–8: IAPI, state of São Paulo, in IBGE, Anuário, 1941 to 1945, 1947, 1948, 1951. Figures refer to wages paid in July of the year in question. (b) 1950–8: Registro Industrial, state of São Paulo, in IBGE, Anuário, 1952 (for 1950); IBGE, Produção Industrial, 1952 to 1955 and IBGE, Produção

Industrial, 1956 to 1958. Except for 1939, when figures were taken of the workers employed on 1st September 1940, the mean wages of the otheryears refer to the monthly average workers.

(c) 1939, 1949 and 1959: IBGE, 1950, 1955, 1966. (d) Consumer prices for São Paulo (capital), 1944–59: Prefecture of São Paulo, in IBGE, 1990.

Table A-9 (continued)

Year Manufacturing Metallurgy Mechanical Electrical Equipment Transport Equipment Textile Consumer Prices

1956 1,713 (115) 2,002 (106) 2,092 (108) 2,029 (114) 1,870 (85) 1,558 (122) 21.71957 1,730 (116) 1,981 (105) 1,995 (103) 2,054 (115) 2,168 (98) 1,525 (120) 19.41958 1,799 (121) 2,043 (108) 2,066 (107) 2,046 (115) 2,292 (104) 1,578 (124) 15.31959 1,624 (109) 1,797 (95) 1,908 (99) 1,831 (103) 1,966 (89) 1,453 (114) 37.5

193

Appendix B: Factory Conditions in São Paulo

A Note on Sources

The quantitative analysis of factory conditions, presented in Chapter 3, is basedon a survey carried out by the Industrial Hygiene and Safety Service (Serviço deHigiene e Segurança Industrial, or SHSI) of the Social Service of Industry (SESI),São Paulo Regional Department. The study was conducted between September1953 and January 1955 and surveyed 2,137 industrial companies of all sizes andactivities in the city of São Paulo. A complete explanation of the methodologyadopted by the survey can be found in SESI-SP, Inquérito Preliminar de HigieneIndustrial no Município de São Paulo (São Paulo, 1955), introduction. The teamresponsible for the survey was B. Bedrikow, S. F. Redondo, S. Maiberg andH. Pataracchia.

The present study draws on information recorded by the SHSI, on question-naires completed by the researchers during their visits to the factories: including111 textile and 173 metalworking companies. In certain cases, additionalevidence was available on environmental conditions (illumination, noise, tem-perature, protected machinery, and means of controlling environment hazards)in specific departments of the firms investigated. Such data form only a part ofthe original research and therefore do not follow any statistical sampling proced-ure. All companies were visited between September 1953 and December 1954.Following the conditions laid down by the President of SESI-São Paulo for the useof such data in this study, no information regarding individual companies can bereleased to the public.

194

Notes

Preface

1. North, 1990; Olson, 1982; Dobb, 1946. 2. Rodrigues, 1974, p. 134; see also Weffort, 1978. 3. A pioneering work is Maranhão, 1979. More recent works which have

followed this track will be quoted elsewhere in this study. 4. Prado Jr., 1945; Furtado, 1958. 5. ‘Paulista’ denotes someone or something that belongs to the state of São

Paulo.

1. The Structure of the Labour Markets

1. Zerkowski and Veloso, 1982, pp. 337–8; Maddison, 1995, p. 43, appendix b;Abreu and Verner, 1997, pp. 21–4.

2. Reference to workers hereafter will always mean production workers, whiletotal employees will also include administrative and technical personnel.

3. IBGE, 1966. Greater São Paulo retained 58.4 per cent of the textile workers(monthly average) in the state, in 1959.

4. The problem with aggregation is that SENAI did not break down the metal-working sector in its constitutive parts. On SENAI and other sources, CNI,1950, p. 31; Boletim do Dieese, no. 2 (1961), pp. 4–5.

5. Only data for the capital, São Paulo, are available for the entire period1945–60 (Appendix A, Table A-2).

6. The critical period for industrial growth was 1947, which was only laterreflected in SENAI data given the interval June/May. Appendix A, Table A-1for rates of industrial growth in Brazil.

7. Public Records Office [hereafter PRO] Foreign Office [hereafter FO] 371/68167, Labour Report [hereafter LR] no. 36, 21 Apr. 1948, pp. 1–2.

8. Fischlowitz, 1959b, p. 405. 9. Andrade et al., 1954, p. 30, table 3.

10. Tendler, 1968, pp. 9–17. 11. PRO FO 371/61205, LR no. 28, 28 Oct. 1947, pp. 2–3. 12. Fischlowitz, 1959a, p. 46; 1959b, p. 405. 13. On the Targets Plan and the motor vehicle industry, Shapiro, 1994. 14. GEIA, [n.d.], p. 4. 15. Revista da Indústria Automobilística [hereafter RIA], no. 29 (1961), pp. 16–25. 16. Three other important categories in Greater São Paulo – race, regional and

national origins – were not covered by SENAI data. 17. Such a trend would be identical whether foremen were included as part of

the ‘managerial staff’: the ratios would be 7.8 per cent in 1949 and 8.8 percent in 1960. For historical comparisons using the latter ratio, Gospel, 1991.

18. Wells, 1983, p. 161, table 2.

Notes 195

19. Merrick and Graham, ch. 6. 20. Calculated from Krause, 1962, p. 24, table v. 21. Calculated from Table A-2, Appendix A; Krause, 1962, p. 24, table v. 22. SENAI-SP, 1992, p. 140. 23. Ribeiro, 1988, ch. 5. 24. For historical analyses and examples of the elusive nature of skills, as well as

the understanding of employers and male workers of the concept, see Berg,1985, ch. 10; Hudson, 1992, pp. 225–33.

25. Weinstein, 1996, pp. 119, 128–9. 26. According to primary SENAI-SP data, quoted in the sources of Table A-2,

Appendix A. 27. Figures calculated from the sources of Table A-2, Appendix A. 28. In Chile, Uruguay, Argentina, India and Netherlands, for instance, textile

wages were close to or even above average industrial wages, between 1938and 1949. See ILO, 1952, table iv.

29. ILO, 1951; ILO, Metal Trades Committee, 1949c. 30. The following comments are based upon a selection of cases from news-

papers (Hoje, Notícias de Hoje, Voz Operária and Gazeta Sindical) and casesfrom the São Paulo’s Regional Labour Tribunal, totalling 41 for textile firmsand 49 for metalworking companies.

31. SENAI-GEIA, [n.d.], p. 68. This figure includes FNM (which was located inRio de Janeiro).

32. Report by Siqueira Sobrinho, 1949, appendix 1. The firm was Indústria deTecidos Paramount SA.

33. Tribunal Regional do Traballio [hereafter TRT] 542/51, São Paulo [hereafterSP], Acórdão [hereafter Ac.] 1570/51, 3 Sept. 1951.

34. Circular SIFTSP, no. 2,711, 21 Dec. 1945, appendix. 35. Gazeta Sindical [hereafter GS], 15–30 June 1951. All monetary values hereafter

will be presented at 1952 prices. 36. GS, 15–31 Aug. 1951. Average monthly wages are calculated here by multi-

plying the hourly wage by a working month of 225 hours. 37. Leck et al. [n.d.]. 38. SENAI-GEIA [n.d.], p. 5. 39. Conselho Regional do Trabalho [CRT] 611/45, SP, Ac. 227/46, 6 May 1946. 40. Suplemento Bi-mestral da Revista de Estudos Sócio-Econômicos, no. 2 (1962),

pp. 3–9. 41. Boletim do DIEESE, no. 4 (1960), pp. 1–6. 42. Conjuntura Econômica [hereafter CE], no. 9 (1949), p. 38. 43. ILO, 1952, table vii. 44. Circular SIFTSP, no. 3,010, 19 Mar. 1947; Noticias de Hoje [hereafter NH],

26 Apr. 1953. 45. Siqueira Sobrinho, 1949, appendixes 2–3.46. Wells, 1983, p. 163. 47. Absenteeism was partially deducted by taking only workers that earned at

least two-thirds of the attendance bonus. The attendance bonus of 5 percent was introduced by Paramount in Mar. 1946.

48. For a historical and analytical elaboration on this, Thane, 1996. 49. Boletim do DIEESE, no. 4 (1960), p. 3. 50. Inquéritos Econômicos, in IBGE, Anuário, 1960, p. 213.

196 Notes

51. Voz Operária [hereafter VO], 14 Aug. 1952. 52. VO, 10 Mar. 1951. 53. VO, 29 Sept. 1951. 54. VO, 31 Mar. 1951. 55. VO, 31 May 1952.

2. Shaping the Labour Markets

1. Weinstein, 1996, chs 2–3. 2. Antonacci, 1993; SENAI-SP, 1991. 3. Weinstein, 1996, pp. 84–100. 4. SENAI-DN, 1973. 5. See Weinstein, 1996, pp. 84–100, although the author tends to see the tax

rather as a private contribution by industrialists. 6. ILO, Textiles Committee, 1948b, p. 54; ILO, Metal Trades Committee,

1949b, ch. 4. 7. Weinstein, 1996, p. 95. 8. Mazzo, 1991. 9. For a different interpretation, Weinstein, 1996, pp. 91–3.

10. Weinstein, 1996, pp. 194–202. 11. Revista Industrial de São Paulo [hereafter RISP], no. 11 (1945), p. 27. 12. For an analytical and historical discussion on the importance of industrial

training from this point of view, Ashton and Green, 1996. 13. SENAI-SP, 1942–3, pp. 17–18. 14. Data drawn from SENAI-SP, 1942–3, 1961. 15. SENAI-SP, 1946–61. 16. SENAI-SP, 1943. 17. SENAI-SP, 1942–3, pp. 17–18. 18. SENAI-SP, 1944, p. 24. 19. SENAI-SP, 1952, p. 36. 20. SENAI-SP, 1946, pp. 38–9; SENAI-DN, 1946. 21. SENAI-SP, 1992, pp. 72–3; Weinstein, 1996, pp. 251–61. 22. Informativo SENAI [hereafter IS], no. 120 (1956), p. 1. 23. SENAI-SP, 1955, p. 35; IS, no. 115 (1955), pp. 1–2. 24. SENAI-SP, 1956, p. 3; IS, no. 120 (1956), p. 2; 123 (1956), p. 2. 25. SENAI-SP, 1956, p. 25; IS, no. 120 (1956), p. 2. 26. IS, no. 118 (1955), pp. 1–2; E. Sheridan to W. Mauck, Monthly Report for

January, 13 Feb. 1953 (Enclosure: IIAA, Activities and Future Plans of theComissão Brasileira-Americana de Educação Industrial (CBAI), January 3,1946 to Jun. 30, 1952, 5 Aug. 1952), Record Group [hereafter RG] 469, F-BR-2052, National Archives Building, College Park, MD [hereafter NACP].

27. IS, no. 120 (1956), p. 2; Weinstein, 1996, pp. 254–7. 28. Calculated from Appendix A, Tables A-3 and A-4. 29. Weinstein, 1996, p. 201. 30. Ibid., p. 259. 31. Fischlowitz, 1959b, p. 406. 32. Circular SIFTSP, no. 2,556, 30 Apr. 1945. 33. SENAI-SP, 1992, p. 140.

Notes 197

34. Circular SIFTSP, no. 2,556, 30 Apr. 1945. 35. Circular Têxtil [hereafter CT] (Nov. 1949) (special issue), p. 11. 36. Circular SIFTSP, no. 2,580, 13 Jun. 1945. 37. ILO, 1959, p. 46. 38. PRO Ministry of Labour and National Service [hereafter LAB] 13/1016,

Background Report for the Six Months ended 31st December 1955, 9 Feb.1956, p. 8; Background Report for the Seven Months ended 31st Jul. 1956,12 Dec. 1956, p. 4.

39. Fuller, 1956, pp. 64–6. 40. PRO LAB 13/1016, Report on Labour and Social Developments in Brazil

for Six Months ended June 1958, 16 Sept. 1958, p. 5; PRO LAB 13/1339,LR no. 31/59, 10 Sept. 1959, p. 2; IS, no. 164 (1959), p. 4.

41. Latini, 1959, p. 51. 42. Negro, 1994, p. 88. 43. For the low average years of education per person in Brazil, Maddison,

1995, p. 77, table 3–12; Maddison et al., 1992, p. 87. 44. Weinstein, 1996, pp. 128–9. 45. Wolfe, 1993, pp. 120–3; Costa, 1995, pp. 33–43. 46. Wolfe, 1993, pp. 89–92, 101–8; Table A-9, Appendix A. 47. RISP, no. 10 (1945), p. 21. 48. Hoje, 5 Jan. 1946; 10 Feb. 1946; 23 Jan. 1946. 49. Hoje, 8 Mar. 1946. 50. E. Rowell, Monthly Labor Review [hereafter MLR] (February 1 to April 1,

1946), RG 84, 850.4, NACP, p. 14; Hoje, 13 Mar. 1946; 9 Mar. 1946; 20 Mar.1946.

51. Hoje, 4 Mar. 1946; 12 Mar. 1946; 20 Mar. 1946; 4 Jun. 1946; 19 Jun. 1946;22 Jul. 1946.

52. PRO FO 371/61205, LR no. 20, 24 Apr. 1947, p. 5. 53. LaFeber, 1997, pp. 49–58; PRO FO 371/61204, Outlawing of the Communist

Party in Brazil, 4 May 1947, p. 2. 54. Hoje, 29 Nov. 1946; 13 Feb. 1947; 19 Feb. 1947. 55. PRO FO 371/61205, LR no. 23, 18 Jun. 1947, p. 3. 56. E. Rowell, MLR (October 1 to November 1, 1947), RG 84, 850.4, NACP, p. 8. 57. For wage levels, Table A-9, Appendix A. 58. E. Rowell, MLR (January 1 to February 29, 1948), RG 84, 850.4, NACP, pp. 12–14.59. Paes, 1979, p. 168; Wolfe, 1993, pp. 155–6. 60. Almeida, 1981, pp. 134–7; Wolfe, 1993, pp. 154–5; Circular SIFTSP, no. 3,157,

2 Feb. 1949. 61. CT, no. 1 (1948), p. 7; GS, 27 Aug. 1948. 62. Table A-1, Appendix A; Chapter 1, Table 1.2; Vianna, 1990a, pp. 119–22. 63. TRT 549/49, SP, Ac. 814/49, 8 Aug. 1949; TRT 1119/50, SP, Ac. 1269/50,

13 Nov. 1950. 64. CTB Informativo, no. 9 (1951), pp. 6–8; VO, 17 Jan. 1951; CEDEM/UNESP,

ASMOB, Roberto Morena Papers [hereafter CA-RMP], Box no. 17, A 1, 39 (4)(6), Folder 4, ‘Greves de Extensão em 1951’ [n.d.], pp. 2–3; GS, 15–30 Apr.1951; 15–30 June 1951.

65. CA-RMP, Box no. 17, A 1, 39 (4) (6), Folder 4, ‘Greves de Extensão em 1951’[n.d.], pp. 5–6; Wolfe, 1993, pp. 169–71; VO, 12 Jan. 1952; 19 Jan. 1952;26 Jan. 1952.

198 Notes

66. Circular SIFTSP, no. 3,341, 17 Jan. 1952; VO, 1 Feb. 1952; 16 Feb. 1952;23 Feb. 1952.

67. Moisés, 1978; Harding, 1973, pp. 254–6; Wolfe, 1993, pp. 176–83; Costa,1995, ch. 4.

68. PRO FO 371/103253, LR no. 70, 30 Apr. 1953. 69. NH, 9 May 1954; 15 May 1954; 2 Sept. 1954. 70. NH, 29 Apr. 1953; 9 May 1953; 10 May 1953; 14 May 1953. 71. Circular SIFTSP, no. 3,552, 24 Sept. 1953; NH, 2 Sept. 1953; 3 Oct. 1953;

11 Oct. 1953; 13 Oct. 1953. 72. Circular SIFTSP, no. 3,645, 28 Jun. 1954. 73. Circular SIFTSP, no. 3,707, 30 Nov. 1954; 3,831, 7 Dec. 1954; Boletim

Informativo da FIESP [hereafter BI], no. 264 (1954), pp. 181–2; 323 (1955),pp. 154–5.

74. Almeida, 1981, pp. 226–7; Lopes, 1992, p. 66. 75. Fontes,1997, pp. 145–8; Benevides, 1989, p. 104. 76. Rodrigues, 1968, pp. 147–9. 77. For a different view, see Weinstein, 1996, pp. 304–6. 78. VO, 28 Jul. 1956. 79. J. Fishburn and J. Shea, Fourth Quarter Labor Report – October to December

1957, 10 Mar. 1958, RG 59, 832.06/3–1058, NACP, pp. 3–4; Harding, 1973,pp. 379–5; Leite, 1986.

80. Circular SIFTSP, no. 4,060, 26 Nov. 1957; 4,074, 24 Jan. 1958; Brasil Têxtil[hereafter BT], no. 12 (1957), pp. 2–5; BI, no. 428 (1957), pp. 137–8; 433(1958), pp. 91, 95, 106.

81. NH, 14 Jan. 1958; 23 Mar. 1958; VO, 18 Jan. 1958; BI, no. 434 (1958),pp. 113, 119; Lopes, 1992, p. 72.

82. CE, no. 2 (1958), pp. 39–45. 83. Circular SIFTSP, no. 4,163, 13 Nov. 1958; 4,313, 20 Nov. 1959; 4,427,

18 Nov. 60; D. Mann, Monthly Labor Report – November, 1959, 9 Dec.1959, RG 59, 832.06/12–959, NACP, p. 1; BI, no. 518 (1959), pp. 1524–5;519 (1959), p. 8.

84. BT, no. 7 (1959), pp. 13–14; 9 (1959), p. 25; B. Sowell, Official Report onLabor, Year 1958, 16 Mar. 1958, RG 59, 832.06/3–1659, NACP, pp. 3–4.

85. E. Rowell and R. Godfrey, MLR (June 1 to Aug. 1, 1945), RG 84, 850.4,NACP, p. 9.

86. MUT – Boletim de Orientação Sindical, no. 1 (1945); 2 (1945). 87. Hoje, 1 Nov. 1945; 4 Nov. 1945; 29 Dec. 1945; 31 Dec. 1945; 5 Jan. 1946;

23 Jan. 1946; 24 Jan. 1946; E. Hoover to F. Lyon, Federal Bureau of Investi-gation, 4 Apr. 1946, RG 59, 832.00B/4–446, NACP. On the Cominformmeeting, Claudin, 1975, pp. 307–16, 465–79; Zubok and Pleshakov, 1996,pp. 125–33.

88. Henry, 1947, pp. 437–42; PRO LAB 13/498, LR no. 15, 3 Jan. 1947; E. Rowell,MLR (February to Mar. 1, 1947), RG 84, 850.4, NACP, p. 8.

89. On Coligação Sindical, E. Rowell, MLR (February 1 to Apr. 1, 1946), RG 84,850.4, NACP, pp. 4–5.

90. Hoje, 14 Mar. 1946; 8 Mar. 1946; Circular FIESP, no. 45/46, 25 Feb. 1946;RISP, no. 17 (1946), p. 19.

91. Vanguarda Socialista, 1 Mar. 1946; Hoje, 21 Feb. 1946; E. Rowell, MLR(February 1 to Apr. 1, 1946), RG 84, 850.4, NACP, pp. 13–14.

Notes 199

92. These changes in the trade union movement and the communist positionwere strongly connected with international developments in 1947. Seeparticularly Niethammer, 1996, and Sassoon, 1997, ch. 4.

93. PRO FO 371/61205, LR no. 24, 26 Jun. 1947, p. 2; PRO FO 371/61205,LR no. 23, 18 Jun. 1947, p. 3.

94. Costa, 1995, ch. 3; E. Rowell, MLR (January 1 to February 1, 1948), 9 Apr.1948, RG 84, 850.4, NACP, p. 11.

95. Rodrigues, 1968, pp. 130–2; Wolfe, 1993, pp. 155–6; Lopes, 1992, p. 174;Almeida, 1981, pp. 141–3.

96. PRO FO 371/68167, LR no. 37, 26 Jan. 1948, p. 2. 97. Ibid., p. 4; E. Rowell, MLR (May 1 to June 1, 1948), 27 Jul. 1948, RG 84,

850.4, NACP, p. 15. 98. Telles, 1962, pp. 58, 65; CA-RMP, Box no. 20, A 1, 46 (6) – 01, ‘Luta Contra

a Assiduidade Integral’, 1952; GS, 1–15 Aug. 1952; 15–30 Nov. 1952; 15–31Dec. 1952; Anais da Câmara dos Deputados, xxxv (1952), pp. 189–91, 341–3;xlviii (1952), pp. 182–6.

99. VO, 14 Jun. 1955; 25 Jun. 1955; Circular SIFTSP, no. 3,785, 6 Jul. 1955;3,831, 7 Dec. 1955; BI, no. 365 (1956), pp. 210–1.

100. NH, 14 Jan. 1954; 24 Feb. 1954; 2 May 1954; VO, 30 Jan. 1954; 8 May1954.

101. HW. Briggs, The Minimum Wage Decision and its Probable Consequences,20 May 1954, RG 59, 832.06/5–2054, NACP.

102. NH, 24 Aug. 1954; 26 Aug. 1954; 29 Aug. 1954; 31 Aug. 1954; 1 Sept. 1954;2 Sept. 1954; 3 Sept. 1954; PRO LAB 13/503, L. Mitchell to A. Greengough,13 Sept. 1954.

103. BI, no. 260 (1954), pp. 42–3; 261 (1954), pp. 77–8; Jornal Sindical, 15 May1954; NH, 18 May 1954; 22 May 1954.

104. BI, no. 221 (1953), p. 455; 222 (1954), p. 499; 223 (1954), p. 24; 224(1954), pp. 33–43; 238 (1954), pp. 106–7; 240 (1954), pp. 171–2; 241(1954), p. 202; D. Gilsinn, São Paulo Reaction to New Minimum WageDecree, 7 May 1954, RG 59, 832.061/5–754, NACP.

105. BI, no. 248 (1954), p. 53; BT, no. 7 (1954), p. 61; 9 (1954), p. 46; PRO LAB13/1016, LR no. 83, 28 Jan. 1955, p. 5.

106. BI, no. 222 (1954), pp. 492–3; 225 (1954), pp. 76–8; 226 (1954), pp. 122–3;244 (1954), pp. 298–318; 246 (1954), p. 370.

107. PRO LAB 13/503, LR no. 81, 14 Oct. 1954, pp. 1–2. 108. VO, 14 Jul. 1956; 28 Jul. 1956; I. Salert, Quarterly Labor Report – Third

Quarter, 16 Oct. 1956, RG 59, 832.061/10–1656, NACP, p. 1. 109. NH, 27 Mar. 1958; 10 Sept. 1958; 28 Dec. 1958; VO, 22 Nov. 1958;

6 Dec. 1958; PRO LAB 13/1300, R. Morris to A.G. Wallis, 31 Dec. 1958,p. 2; B. Sowell, Official Report on Labor, Year 1958, 16 Mar. 1959, RG 59,832.06/3–1659, NACP, pp. 2–3.

110. For instance, PUI’s conferences in 1957, VO, 30 Mar. 1957, and 1959,Lopes, 1992, p. 81.

111. O Metalúrgico [hereafter OM], Sept./Oct. 1957; Jul. 1959; Chaia, 1992,ch. 1.

112. PRO LAB 13/1339, LR no. 16/59, 10 Jun. 1959, p. 5. 113. OM, Sept. 1958; NH, 1 May 1958; 11 Jan. 1959; PRO LAB 13/1339,

LR no. 16/59, 10 Jun. 1959, p. 3.

200 Notes

114. BI, no. 337 (1956), pp. 82–4; 333 (1956), pp. 198–9; 355 (1956), p. 142;394 (1957), pp. 107–21; 461 (1958), pp. 985–6; 481 (1958), pp. 332–3; 437(1958), appendix; 398 (1957), p. 231; 372 (1956), pp. 174–6; 440 (1958),p. 313; 445 (1958), pp. 609–10.

3. The Factory Environment

1. Dean, 1969, pp. 154–5; Wolfe, 1993, pp. 45–6. 2. Nogueira, 1967, p. 32. 3. OM, Sept. 1958. 4. NH, 20 Mar. 1957. 5. Willys-Overland, 1961; IS, no. 52 (1950), p. 3; RISP, no. 9 (1945), p. 20;

BI, no. 186 (1953), pp. 108–10. 6. Quoted in Nogueira, 1967, p. 37. 7. SESI-SP, 1953–61. 8. VO, 29 Sept. 1951; NH, 28 Aug. 1953. The Consolidated Labour Laws (or

CLT), enacted in 1943, established that factories must have at least onetoilet for each group of 20 workers. See Brasil, 1979, chapter v, section ii,article 173.

9. NH, 20 Mar. 1957; Hoje, 18 Feb. 1946. 10. VO, 29 Feb. 1952; 21 Feb. 1953. 11. RIA, no. 6 (Mar. 1959), p. 13; Willys-Overland, 1961; Vemag, 1963, p. 7. 12. Ribeiro, 1988, ch. 5. 13. Schachter, 1994, pp. 210–4; Kilburn, 1992, p. 36. 14. Bannister et al., 1978, p. 352. 15. Sherertz and Storrs, 1994, pp. 518–24; Scott, 1995, ch. 5. 16. Neefres, 1982, p. 562; Schachter, 1994, p. 210. 17. Scott, 1995, p. 352. 18. VO, 11 Aug. 1951; NH, 5 Mar. 1953. 19. VO, 13 Oct. 1956. 20. Hoje, 22 Mar. 1947; VO, 29 Sept. 1951. 21. ILO, Textiles Committee, 1948a, p. 65. 22. ILO, Textiles Committe, 1946, p. 71; Dunn and Marenberg, 1994, pp. 675–7;

Rees and Duckert, 1994, p. 311; Neefres, 1982, p. 569. 23. Thirty-six companies were examined, all visited in 1953–54. See Appendix B. 24. ILO, Textiles Committe, 1948a, pp. 59–60; Nadel and Cullen, 1994,

pp. 659–63. 25. VO, 30 Jan. 1954; NH, 28 Aug. 1953; 19 Mar. 1957; GS, 1–15 Aug. 1951;

VO, 10 Mar. 1951. 26. McDonald, 1995, pp. 10, table 2.1. 27. Soule, 1984, p. 126. 28. Landrigan, 1994, pp. 746–8; Fischbein, 1992, pp. 742–4. 29. Sprince et al., 1994, pp. 814–17. 30. Barnhart, 1994, pp. 229–30; Beckett, 1994, pp. 841–2, 845. 31. Beckett, 1994, pp. 839–40. 32. Lundberg et al., 1994, pp. 766–79. 33. Wagner, 1994, pp. 829–31; Scott, 1995, pp. 103–4; ILO, Metal Trades

Committe, 1949a, pp. 60–8.

Notes 201

34. VO, 7 Nov. 1952. 35. VO, 11 Jul. 1953; 18 Jul. 1953. 36. SESI-SP, Relatórios de Visitas às Fábricas, 1959. These are reports on industrial

hygiene conditions in specific factories carried out by the staff of SESI’sServiço de Higiene e Segurança Industrial (SHSI).

37. SESI-SP, Relatórios de Visitas às Fábricas, 1959. 38. SESI-SP, Relatórios de Visitas às Fábricas, 1959. 39. Bedrikow and Rugai, 1965; Zaia, 1965. 40. VO, 7 Nov. 1952. These observations were also based on the analysis of

production stages of seven mechanical firms surveyed by SESI in 1954. SeeAppendix B.

41. Six companies were taken into account for the analysis. See Appendix B. 42. Fonseca, 1953. 43. SESI-SP, Relatórios de Visitas às Fábricas, 1958. 44. ILO, Textiles Committee, 1949a, p. 65. 45. SESI-SP, Relatórios de Visitas às Fábricas, 1959, 1960. 46. 65 firms were analysed: six electrical equipment, five transport equipment,

seven mechanical and 47 metallurgical. See Appendix B. 47. VO, 11 Jul. 1953; GS, 1–15 Nov. 1950. 48. SESI-SP, 1955a, table 14. 49. Braga, 1965, pp. 54–5. 50. The frequency coefficient relates the number of accidents occurred in a

given period and the average person-hours of work in a factory or industry.The severity coefficient measures the average time lost due to accidents ina factory or industry. See ILO, 1947; CIPA Jornal, no. 9 (1950), p. 1; 19(1951), p. 1.

51. CIPA Jornal, no. 19 (1951), p. 3. 52. CIPA Jornal, no. 103 (1961); 50 (1954). 53. SENAI-SP, 1943, p. 10. 54. CIPA Jornal, no. 104 (1961), p. 1. 55. ILO, Metal Trades Committe, 1949a, p. 54. 56. SESI-SP, Relatórios de Visitas às Fábricas, 1959. 57. BI, no. 186 (1953), pp. 111–12. 58. IS, no. 52 (1950), p. 2. 59. SESI-SP, Relatórios de Visitas às Fábricas, 1959. 60. CIPA Jornal, no. 19 (1951); 50 (1954). 61. Brasil, 1979, chapter iii, section iv, article 389. 62. Ibid.63. NH, 16 Sept. 1952; GS, 1–15 Nov. 1950. 64. Hoje, 18 Feb. 1946; VO, 11 Aug. 1951. 65. NH, 20 Mar. 1957. 66. Negro, 1994, ch. 3; Willys-Overland, 1961; Vida na GM, no. 9 (1949); IS, no. 52

(1950), p. 3; RIA, no. 7 (1959), p. 13; BI, no. 186 (1953), pp. 111–12, 108–10.67. GS, 15–31 May 1956. 68. VO, 29 Aug. 1953. 69. Blay, 1985, chs 3, 5. 70. RISP, no. 9 (1945), p. 20; Hoje, 26 Oct. 1945; BI, no. 186 (1953), pp. 108–10.

For housing at one metalworking firm, Máquinas Piratininga, BI, no. 139(1952), pp. 17–19.

202 Notes

71. On the relations between hours and productivity in particular historicalcases, Pollard, 1978, pp. 156–9; Lee, 1978, items vi/vii.

72. Fausto, 1976, pp. 146–9. 73. Ribeiro, 1988, pp. 162–9. 74. Costa, 1995, pp. 12–20; Wolfe, 1993, pp. 97–102. 75. OM, Oct. 1953; VO, 25 Jan. 1958. 76. TRT 1571/51, SP, Ac. 674/52, 3 Mar. 1952. 77. VO, 10 Mar. 1951. 78. TRT 228/50, SP, Ac. 358/50, 28 Mar. 1950. 79. VO, 11 Jul. 1953. 80. VO, 7 Jun. 1952. 81. NH, 7 Nov. 1956. 82. NH, 17 Apr. 1958. 83. NH, 31 Jan. 1958. 84. VO, 15 Mar. 1958.

4. Shaping the Factory Environment

1. Rodrigues, 1968, ch. 2; Erickson, 1977, ch. 3. 2. Maier, 1975, ch. 3; Gomes, 1979, chs 3–4; Fausto, 1976, pp. 188–90. 3. Malloy, 1979, pp. 46–8; Gomes, 1979, chs 2, 4. 4. Shotwell, 1934; Weindling, 1995. 5. Malloy, 1979, pp. 37–8; ILO, 1941b, p. 18; Belloch, 1941; Sussekind, 1984. 6. Gomes, 1979, chs 5–6, 8; Gomes, 1994, chs 3–4, 6–7. 7. Ribeiro, 1988, pp. 151–7; Vianna, 1978, ch. 2. 8. Costa, 1995, pp. 12–20; Wolfe, 1993, pp. 117–19; Mazzo, 1991, pp. 81–3;

PRO FO 371/61204, LR no. 12, 20 Dec. 1946, p. 1 9. Circular FIESP, no. 238/45, 26 Dec. 1945.

10. Boletim do Ministério do Trabalho, Indústria e Comércio [hereafter BMTIC],no. 120 (1944), pp. 25–30.

11. ILO, Metal Trades Committee, 1947, pp. 55–7; ILO, 1941a; Costa, 1995,pp. 15–20; French, 1992, p. 135.

12. Gomes, 1994, chs 6–8. 13. Marcondes Filho, 1945. 14. Schmitter, 1971, p. 185. 15. RISP, no. 8 (1945), p. 11; 12 (1945), p. 29. 16. BI, no. 99 (1951), p. 5 17. BT, no. 6 (1960), p. 22. 18. ILO, 1949, p. 157. 19. PRO LAB 13/498, LR no. 19, 6 Mar. 1947, pp. 1–2. 20. RISP, no. 5 (1945), p. 11; 12 (1945), p. 29; 14 (1946), p. 66. 21. BI, no. 319 (1955), pp. 13–17; CT, no. 89 (1949), p. 3; BT, no. 2 (1957),

pp. 6–7. 22. See on working (‘English’) week, BI, no. 98 (1951), p. 31; on the extension

of maternity leave, ibid., 156 (1952), p. 326; on compensation for accidents,ibid., 223 (1954), pp. 26–32; on restrictions to night work, ibid., 452 (1958),pp. 701–2.

23. BI, no. 208 (1953), pp. 55–6

Notes 203

24. Bill no. 1825–1952, Anais da Câmara dos Deputados, ii (1952), pp. 435–6.The bill was later rejected by the Congress’s Social Legislation Commission;see ibid., xxxii (1952), pp. 71–2.

25. BI, no. 372 (1956), pp. 174–6. 26. RISP, no. 2 (1945), p. 11. 27. Circular FIESP, no. 39/45, 21 Feb. 1945. 28. Revista Têxtil [hereafter RT], no. 7 (1945), p. 39. 29. Victor, 1949, pp. 72–4, 78–94. 30. RT, no. 10 (1945), pp. 29–36. 31. Victor, 1949, pp. 87, 94. 32. Ibid., pp. 100–1. 33. RISP, no. 12 (1945), pp. 32–3; 14 (1946), pp. 20, 28. 34. Circular FIESP, no. 54/46, 13 Mar. 1946; Hoje, 14 Mar. 1946, p. 11. 35. ‘Projeto de Estatutos da Fundação de Assistência ao Trabalhador’ (São Paulo,

Apr. 1946), Roberto Simonsen Library. 36. Simonsen, [n.d.]. 37. PRO LAB 13/498, LR no. 32, 29 Dec. 1947; PRO LAB 13/498, LR no. 17,

25 Feb. 1947, p. 2; Simonsen, [n.d.], pp. 9–10. 38. Weinstein, 1996, pp. 112–13. 39. PRO LAB 13/498, LR no. 17, 25 Feb. 1947, p. 2; Simonsen, 1946. 40. Simonsen, 1946, p. 23; Weinstein, 1996, pp. 140–3. 41. PRO LAB 13/498, LR no. 17, 25 Feb. 1947, p. 4. 42. Simonsen, 1946, p. 23. 43. PRO LAB 13/498, LR no. 17, 25 Feb. 1947. 44. Ibid., p. 3. 45. SESI-SP, 1965, p. 9; Simonsen, [n.d.], p. 12. 46. PRO LAB 13/498, LR no. 17, 25 Feb. 1947, pp. 5–6. 47. Ibid., p. 4; Weinstein, 1996, p. 146. 48. Hoje, 24 Oct. 1945; 7 Nov. 1945. 49. SESI-SP, 1954, pp. 9–11. 50. Testimonial by Pedro Zaia (former Director of the SHSI) to the author, on

11 Dec. 1995. 51. Bedrikow and Rugai, 1965; Zaia, 1965. 52. SESI-SP, Relatórios de Visitas às Fábricas.53. PRO LAB 13/1243, Visit to São Paulo, 17th to 21st December 1956, 7 Jan.

1957, p. 2. 54. Hoje, 13 Feb. 1947. 55. Hoje, 13 Apr. 1946. 56. Hoje, 22 Mar. 1947. 57. This was common practice at the metalworking company Fichet & Schwartz

in Santo André, according to interview of Mr Philadelpho Brás by theauthor, 4 Apr. 1996.

58. Almeida, 1981, p. 18. 59. Hoje, 13 Apr. 1946; 23 Aug. 1946. 60. Almeida, 1981, pp. 131–3. 61. Fontes, 1997, pp. 119–20. 62. CA-RMP, Box no. 17, A 1, 39 (4) (6), Folder 5, ‘Programa de Luta da CTB’

[n.d.], p. 1. 63. Almeida, 1981, p. 109.

204 Notes

64. CA-RMP, Box no. 17, A 1, 39 (4) (6), Folder 5, ‘Relatório da União Geral dosTrabalhadores de São Paulo’, 1951, pp. 2–3.

65. GS, 27 Aug. 1948. 66. CTB Informativo, no. 4 (1950), p. 5. 67. NH, 31 Mar. 1951, p. 8. The unsanitary fee was laid down by the CLT to be

added to wages for those workers labouring in unsanitary jobs. 68. GS, 15–30 Apr. 1951. 69. Costa, 1995, pp. 152–9; Wolfe, 1993, ch. 6. 70. NH, 13 Oct. 1953; 19 May 1954. 71. VO, 29 Aug. 1953. 72. GS, 15–30 Nov. 1953. 73. NH, 25 Oct. 1953. 74. Almeida, 1981, pp. 225–7; Lopes, 1992, p. 66; Fontes, 1997, pp. 145–8. 75. GS, 15–31 May 1956. 76. NH, 21 Jan. 1958. 77. NH, 23 Apr. 1958. 78. Negro, 1994, pp. 36–7, 54, ch. 4; IS, no. 52 (1950), pp. 2–3. 79. E. Rowell, Resolutions Approved by Plenary Sessions of the First Workers

Syndical Congress of the State of São Paulo, 16 Jan. 1946, RG 59, 832.5043/1–1646, NACP.

80. Almeida, 1981, pp. 107–8; 110–11. 81. Hoje, 20 Oct. 1945; 23 Oct. 1945. 82. Hoje, 18 Mar. 1947. 83. Henry, 1947, p. 441; CA-RMP, Box no. 17, A 1, 39 (4) (6), Folder 4, ‘Anti-

Projeto [sic] de Programa da CTB’ [n.d.], pp. 1–2. 84. NH, 18 Aug. 1953. 85. CA-RMP, Box no. 20, A 1, 46 (6), ‘la Assembéia Nacional de Mulheres’,

1952, pp. 1–2. 86. GS, 15–31 Oct. 1953. 87. Lopes, 1992, pp. 63–4, 80. 88. Lopes, 1992, p. 66; Pupo Nogueira, 1957. 89. VO, 21 Jan. 1956. 90. Hoje, 24 Jan. 1946. 91. Mazzo, 1991, Part I, chs 23–27; Part II, chs 2–4; French, 1992, ch. 5; Fontes,

1997, ch. 4. 92. CA-RMP, Box no. 17, A 1, 39 (4) (6), Folder 5, ‘Relatório da União Geral dos

Trabalhadores de São Paulo’, 1950, pp. 3–4. 93. Harding, 1973, pp. 339–43. 94. Cavalheiro, 1961, p. 7. 95. VO, 11 Aug. 1951; 18 Jul. 1953; 6 Apr. 1957.

5. Industrial Capabilities

1. Gupta, 1989, chs 3–4; Lago, 1979; Leff, 1968. Brazil’s share in theinternational production of machine tools grew from 0.15 per cent in1955 to 0.95 per cent in 1962. Calculated from United Nations, 1969,annex i, p. 39.

2. ECLA, 1969, p. 75.

Notes 205

3. Gupta, 1989, pp. 49–56. For a theoretical approach to the importance ofuser–producer relationships, Lundvall, 1992.

4. ECLA, 1969, pp. 80–1. 5. Ibid., p. 78. 6. Ibid., pp. 76–84. 7. Sabel and Zeitlin, 1997; Berg, 1994; Freeman and Soete, 1997, ch. 9. 8. United Nations, 1969, pp. 30–1. 9. ECLA, 1969, p. 76, table 2.

10. OECD, 1992, pp. 239–41; Freeman and Soete, 1997, chs 2–7, 12. 11. GM, 1995, p. 63. 12. Ibid., p. 61. 13. Caspari [n.d.], pp. 3–4; Vianna, 1990b, pp. 125–8. 14. RIA, no. 1 (1958), pp. 21–3; Revista Paulista da Indústria [hereafter RPI],

no. 24 (1954), pp. 23–38. 15. Addis, 1993, chs 4–5. 16. RPI, no. 24 (1954), pp. 40–4; Addis, 1993, chs 4–5. 17. RIA, no. 6 (1959), pp. 8–10. 18. Addis, 1993, ch. 2; Nascimento, 1976, p. 65. 19. GEIA [n.d.], p. 33. 20. Addis, 1993, pp. 305–8. 21. E. Plowden to W. Mauck, Monthly Report on the Activities of the CBAI,

13 Mar. 1953 (Enclosure: Visit to Industrial Plants in São Paulo), RG 469, F-BR-2058, NACP.

22. Addis, 1993, chs 2, 5. 23. Ibid., ch. 6 24. Interview with N. V. Simões, 1990, by Ciro Dias Reis, ANFAVEA Archives,

CDHA 670, MPTK 1; Vida na GM, no. 11 (1950), p. 16. 25. Shapiro, 1994, ch. 2; Addis, 1993, pp. 91–130; Gattás, 1981, chs 6–7. 26. Addis, 1993, pp. 130–5; CEPAL, 1963, pp. 13–4, 26–8. 27. CEPAL, 1963, pp. 27–8. 28. Addis, 1993, pp. 133–4. 29. Baranson, 1969, pp. 54–5, 79–80. 30. Shapiro, 1994, ch. 3. 31. For management’s views on investing in developing countries, Sloan,

1986, pp. 315–16; Donner, 1967, pp. 62–3. On lorries’ markets: CNI, 1959,p. 12.

32. RIA, no. 3 (1958), p. 4. 33. GM, 1995, pp. 63–4. 34. Interview with A. Mortara, 4 Jun. 1990, by Ciro Dias Reis, ANFAVEA

Archives, CDHA GG3, MPTK 1. 35. A. Tângari, Relatório de Visitas, 2 Aug. 1957, ANFAVEA Archives, Doc 153,

1.1 corresp. 1957. 36. Vida na GM, no. 13 (1951), p. 3; GM, 1995, pp. 61–2. 37. Interview with A. Mortara, 4 Jun. 1990, by Ciro Dias Reis, ANFAVEA

Archives, CDHA GG3, MPTK 1. 38. Mercedes-Benz do Brasil, 1957; interview with A. Mortara, 4 Jun. 1990, by

Ciro Dias Reis, ANFAVEA Archives, CDHA GG3, MPTK 1. 39. RIA, no. 9 (1959), pp. 16–17; Visão, 22 Nov. 1976; Vemag, 1963, pp. 2–3. 40. Visão, 22 Nov. 1976.

206 Notes

41. RIA, no. 7 (1959), pp. 8–12; A. Tângari, Relatório de Visitas, 2 Aug. 1957,ANFAVEA Archives, Doc 153, 1.1 corresp. 1957.

42. Negro, 1994, ch. 2; Cobbs, 1992, pp. 201–26. 43. RIA, no. 8 (1959), p. 9; Interview with A. Tângari, 1990, by Ciro Dias Reis,

ANFAVEA Archives, CDHA 664, MPTK 1. 44. Shapiro, 1994, ch. 1. 45. Cusumano, 1985. 46. Stein, 1957; Versiani, 1971. 47. CE, no. 2 (1955), pp. 17–18. In 1947, Brazil had been the sixth-largest world

exporter, after the United States, the United Kingdom, India, Japan andFrance. See ILO, Textiles Committee, 1948a, p. 157

48. CETEX, 1946, pp. 81–7; ECLA, 1951a, p. 255; RISP, no. 4 (1945), pp. 24–5. 49. For Brazil, the index was 3.4 per cent, CETEX, Mar. 1950, p. 40. Other coun-

tries’ indexes were (all data are for 1939): United States (68.5 per cent),Japan (12 per cent), Soviet Union (10 per cent), the United Kingdom (3 percent). Brazil’s proportion of automatic looms was estimated at 5.6 per centin 1939, see CETEX, 1946, pp. 87–8.

50. CE, no. 1 (1954), table i, p. 42. 51. ECLA, 1951b, table 6, p. 34. For Brazil, automatic looms amounted 4.8 per cent

in 1951. 52. ECLA, 1963a, table 52, p. 33. The share for Brazil was 25.5 per cent. 53. Banas, 1957. 54. Whewell, 1978, p. 661; ILO, 1960, pp. 528, 530. 55. Oswald, 1951; ECLA, 1951b, p. 17; ECLA, 1963a, p. 83. 56. Whewell, 1978, pp. 649–51, 662, 672; ILO, 1960, pp. 528–9. 57. ECLA, 1951b, p. 23. 58. ECLA, 1963a, p. 54; Araújo Jr. and Pereira, 1976, p. 18. 59. Lazonick, 1990, introduction, ch. 10; Lewchuk, 1987. 60. RISP, no. 11 (1945), pp. 26–7; RPI, no. 20 (1954), pp. 18–23. 61. E. Plowden to W. Mauck, Monthly Report on the Activities of the CBAI,

13 Mar. 1953 (Enclosure: Report of Plant Visit, 13 Feb. 1953), RG 469,F-BR-2058, NACP. Elevadores Atlas employed about 3,000 workers in 1953.

62. ECLA, 1963b, pp. 52–60. 63. Desenvolvimento & Conjuntura, no. 11 (1959), pp. 51–7. 64. BI, no. 124 (1952), p. 11. 65. As shown by a photo taken at General Electric’s electrical motor assembly

department in São Paulo. RPI, no. 29 (1954), p. 57. 66. SESI data, Appendix B. 67. E. Plowden to W. Mauck, Monthly Report on the Activities of the CBAI,

13 Mar. 1953 (Enclosure: Report of Plant Visit, 13 Feb. 1953), RG 469, F-BR-2058, NACP. The radio receiver department employed a static assembly line.

68. Auto & Motor, no. 10 (1958), pp. 6–14. 69. RIA, no. 10 (1958), p. 23. 70. RPI, no. 24 (1954), pp. 37–9. 71. RPI, no. 24 (1954), p. 208. 72. Góes Filho [n.d.]; Barros Jr. [n.d.]. On the origins and principles of the Fordist

approach, Hounshell, 1984, ch. 6. 73. Meyer, 1989. 74. CETEX, 1946, p. 152; Pupo Nogueira, 1945.

Notes 207

75. RISP, no. 25 (1946), pp. 40–1. 76. CE, no. 1 (1952), p. 26; VO, 11 Aug. 1951. 77. VO, 20 Dec. 1952. 78. VO, 21 Jan. 1956; 15 Dec. 1956; NH, 22 Nov. 1956; 17 Apr. 1958. 79. ECLA, 1963a, chs 5–6. 80. Klauser, 1945, pp. 57–62; Kanitz, 1956, pp. 52–4. 81. Van Ark, 1993, pp. 92–3; appendix, table iv.4. Van Ark’s figures refer to labour

productivity measured by industrial value added per (estimated) hour workedfor all manufacturing industries in Brazil. See Van Ark, 1993, appendix iii.

82. For a historical analysis of the relations between productive capabilities,exchange rates and competitiveness, see Dahmén, 1988, pp. 6–7, 12–14.

83. For the concept of total factor productivity and its problems, Link, 1987,pp. 11–13, 15–24.

84. Maddison et al., 1992, pp. 49–52. 85. Link, 1987, pp. 13–15. 86. Wells, 1983, p. 165. 87. ECLA, 1954, table 184, p. 211; CE, no. 1 (1954), p. 27. 88. Maddison et al., 1992, pp. 52–5; Dahlman and Frischtak, 1993. 89. Hikino and Amsden, 1994, pp. 291–2. 90. Macario, 1964, p. 72, note 29. 91. Macario, 1964, annex ii, table A, p. 92.

6. The Political Economy of Productivity Performance

1. Pupo Nogueira, 1945, pp. 17–18. 2. Lanari Jr., 1945, p. 35. 3. Galliez, 1946, pp. 40–3. 4. SIFTSP, 1949, p. vi; SIFTSP, 1948, pp. 2–3, 7. 5. For a contrary view, Bergsman, 1970, pp. 98–101. 6. CE, no. 3 (1953), pp. 49–54; 4 (1958), pp. 57–63. 7. CE, no. 9 (1956), pp. 11–14; no. 2 (1960), pp. 55–63. 8. CE, no. 3 (1955), pp. 49–53. 9. BI, no. 264 (1954), pp. 171–2.

10. BI, no. 303 (1955). 11. BI, no. 270 (1954), pp. 366–7. 12. BI, no. 279 (1955), pp. 267–8. 13. BI, no. 264 (1954), pp. 171–2. 14. F. B., 1946, pp. 40–1. 15. Ibid., p. 41. 16. RT, no. 1 (1955), pp. 24–35; Oswald, 1951. 17. RISP, no. 16 (1946), p. 68; 17 (1946), p. 19. 18. Hoje, 23 Jan. 1946. 19. Hoje, 14 Mar. 1946. 20. Maier, 1987; Carew, 1987. 21. Pollard, 1985, pp. 203–9. 22. Foreign Relations of the United States [hereafter FRUS], 1949, vol. I, part 1,

pp. 776–83, ‘Objectives and Nature of the Point IV Program’. For the(unclear) origins of Point Four, Erb, 1985, pp. 268–9.

208 Notes

23. FRUS, 1951, vol. I, pp. 316–17, ‘Essential Points of Mutual SecurityProgram’; 1951, vol. II, pp. 1041–6, ‘Justification for the Point Four Programin the Other American Republics – FY 1952’.

24. Baldwin, 1966, chs 2–3. 25. FRUS, 1949, vol. II, pp. 574–7, ‘Memorandum of Conversation, by Mr Harold

Midkiff of the Division of Brazilian Affairs’. 26. I. Salert, Embassy Despatch no. 1461, 19 Feb. 1952, RG 59, 832.06.3–552,

NACP. 27. R. Groves and G. Sadler, Report of Industrial Productivity Program (June

1952 – December 1953), RG 469, NACP. 28. PRO LAB 13/1300, LR no. 3/58, 23 Dec. 1958, p. 3; G. Sadler to W. Mauck,

9 Nov. 1953, RG 469, NACP. 29. IDORT – Revista de Organização e Produtividade, no. 299–300 (1956), p. 1;

PRO LAB 13/1300, LR no. 3/58, 23 Dec. 1958, p. 4. 30. PRO LAB 13/1300, LR no. 3/58, 23 Dec. 1958, p. 3. 31. Ibid., p. 4. 32. Ibid.33. PRO LAB 13/1015, Mitchell to Greenhough, 19 Apr. 1955, p. 1. 34. PRO LAB 13/1300, LR no. 3/58, 23 Dec. 1958, p. 5. 35. RISP, no. 1 (1944), p. 53. 36. BMTIC, no. 120 (1944), pp. 25–30. 37. Victor, 1949, pp. 61–5. 38. CETEX, 1946, pp. 186–93. 39. Galliez, 1946, p. 40; Victor, 1949, pp. 61–5. 40. TRT 736/45, SP, Ac. 240/46, 24 May 1946. 41. Hoje, 22 Mar. 1947. 42. TRT 736/45, SP, Ac. 240/46, 24 May 1946. 43. Hoje, 22 Mar. 1947. 44. Hoje, 8 Oct. 1946. 45. Hoje, 27 Sept. 1946. 46. Hoje, 13 Mar. 1947. 47. Hoje, 27 Sept. 1946. 48. TRT 172/45, SP, Ac. 188/45, 28 May 1945. 49. TRT 713/46, SP, Ac. 13/47, 9 Jan. 1947; TRT 54/1947, SP, Ac. 137/47,

6 Feb. 1947. 50. TRT 929/49, SP, Ac. 1277/49, 28 Nov. 1949. 51. VO, 17 Jun. 1950. 52. Vida na GM, no. 10 (1950), p. 13; CA-RMP, Box no. 17, A 1, 39 (4) (6),

Folder 5, ‘Relatório da União Geral dos Trabalhadores do Estado de SãoPaulo’, 1950, p. 11.

53. VO, 11 Aug. 1951; CA-RMP, Box no. 17, A 1, 39 (4) (6), Folder 1, ‘Informedo Secretariado da CTB à reunião da Comissão Executiva’, 1951, p. 8.

54. CA-RMP, Box no. 17, A 1, 39 (4) (6), Folder 1, ‘Informe do Secretariadoda CTB à reunião da Comissão Executiva’, 1951, p. 8.

55. VO, 27 Aug. 1951; NH, 9 May 1954; GS, 1–15 Sept. 1950. 56. TRT 881/49, SA, Ac. 888/50, 6 Jul. 1950. 57. CTB Informativo, no. 2 (1950), p. 4; TRT 1060/48, SP, Ac. 1143/48, 18 Nov.

1948; TRT 766/49, SP, 1042/49, 26 Sept. 1949. 58. TRT 323/47, SP, Ac. 437/50, [n.d.]; TRT 1401/51, SP, Ac. 1447/51, 6 Nov. 1951.

Notes 209

59. TRT 335/49, SP, Ac. 776/49, 28 Jun. 1949; TRT 1041/49, SP, Ac. 1407/50,11 Dec. 1950; PRO LAB 13/498, LR no. 13, 19 Nov. 1946.

60. TRT 1219/50, SP, Ac. 1312/50, 16 Nov. 1950. 61. TRT 1168/48, SP, Ac. 1328/48, 21 Dec. 1948; TRT 12/51, SP, Ac. 173/51,

12 Feb. 1951. 62. CA-RMP, Box no. 17, A 1, 39 (4) (6), Folder 1, ‘Informe do Secretariado da

CTB à reunião da Comissão Executiva’, 1951, p. 9; Folder 5, ‘Relatório daUnião Geral dos Trabalhadores do Estado de São Paulo’, 1951, p. 11.

63. TRT 362/52, SP, Ac. 716/52, 24 Apr. 1952. 64. VO, 16 Oct. 1954. 65. VO, 31 May 1952. 66. VO, 29 Feb. 1952. 67. VO, 21 Feb. 1953. 68. NH, 30 Jul. 1953. 69. NH, 3 Oct. 1953; 3 Sept. 1953. 70. GS, 1–15 Nov. 1953. 71. GS, 15–30 Nov. 1953. 72. VO, 21 Jan. 1956; 6 Apr. 1957; NH, 21 Jan. 1958; 17 Apr. 1958. 73. VO, 21 Jan. 1956. 74. NH, 1 Nov. 1956; 20 Nov. 1956; 21 Nov. 1956; VO, 15 Dec. 1956. 75. BT, no. 12 (1958), p. 6. 76. BT, no. 11 (1959), p. 35. 77. RT, no. 11 (1960). 78. BMTIC, no. 130 (1945), p. 197. 79. Saretta, 1995, pp. 115–19; Vianna, 1990a, pp. 105–14; Eichengreen, 1996,

ch. 4. 80. Hoje, 19 Feb. 1946. 81. Henry, 1947, pp. 441–2. 82. MUT – Boletim de Orientação Sindical, no. 1 (1945). 83. CA-RMP, Box no. 17, A 1, 39 (4) (6), Folder 5, ‘Relatório da União Geral dos

Trabalhadores do Estado de São Paulo’, 1951, p. 4. 84. BT, no. 6 (1954), p. 21. The assiduity clause for dissídios coletivos was banned

in Jul. 1955 by Law no. 2,510. 85. VO, 21 Jan. 1956. 86. OM, Apr. 1959. 87. Ibid.88. OM, Jul.–Aug. 1960. 89. PRO LAB 13/1339, LR no. 16/59, 10 Jun. 1959. On Instrução no. 113,

Bergsman, 1970, pp. 73–5. 90. American Can Company Case, 24 Feb. 1959 and 27 Mar. 1959; Records of

Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs (Roy Rubottom),1957–9; RG 59; NACP.

91. BI, no. 360 (1956), pp. 235–45. 92. OSS/State Department Intelligence and Research Reports, Reel VI – Brazil,

‘Nationalism in Brazil’, Intelligence Report No. 8002, 21 Aug. 1959, pp. 56–9. 93. OM, Sept. 1958. 94. Ação Socialista, Jun. 1959; Sept. 1959. 95. Tribuna Sindical, Mar. 1958. 96. Bielschowsky, 1988.

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222

Index

Australia, 43 Austria, 151

Brazilian-American Commission for Industrial Education (CBAI), 40

Brazilian Labour Party (PTB), 52, 55 British Labour Attaché, 103, 104, 162

Café Filho, João, 60 Canada, 43 CASIT, see Commission of Social

Assistance of the Textile Industry CBAI, see Brazilian-American

Commission for Industrial Education

CETEX, see Executive Commission of the Textile Industry

Cold War, 48, 54, 57, 62, 160, 175, 181 Collective disputes (dissídios coletivos),

47, 54, 55, 58, 165 Commission of Social Assistance of

the Textile Industry (CASIT), 100 Commission of Social Orientation

(COS), 100 Communist Party of Brazil (PCB), 55,

56, 116, 117, 159, 176, 179 Competitiveness, 37, 124, 125, 133,

134, 142, 151, 155, 182 Confederation of Brazilian Workers

(CTB), 51, 55, 56, 114, 116, 176 Consolidated Labour Laws (CLT), 84,

88, 89, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 111, 114, 115, 117

Cooperative of Unionised Workers, 104

Corrêa e Castro, Pedro, 56 Corrêa, Sylvio Brand, 156 CTB, see Confederation of Brazilian

Workers

Denmark, 151 Department for Political and Social

Order (DOPS), 165, 170

Devisate, Antônio, 98 DIEESE, see Inter-Union Department

of Statistics and Socio-economic Studies

DOPS, see Department for Political and Social Order

Dutra, Eurico Gaspar, 7, 20, 47, 48, 49, 55, 56, 58, 89, 101, 102, 104, 114, 116, 160, 169, 174, 176, 177, 180

ECLA, see Economic Commission for Latin America

Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA), 123, 124

Estado Novo, 34, 36, 46, 55, 57, 89, 95 Europe, 35, 42, 43, 94, 95, 97, 151, 161 Executive Commission of the Textile

Industry (CETEX), 88, 89, 90, 155 Executive Group for the Motor Vehicle

Industry (GEIA), 10, 44, 128

Factory commissions, 46, 49, 50, 51, 108, 109, 110, 111, 115

Factory conditions accidents, 65, 71, 80, 81, 82, 83, 87,

92, 100, 105, 106, 107, 112, 114, 115, 116

health hazards, 67, 71, 74, 77, 78, 79, 80, 83, 87, 107, 112, 117, 118, 150

industrial hygiene, 67, 83, 94, 99, 105, 106, 107, 111, 114, 115, 117, 118

occupational diseases, 68, 70, 71, 73, 76, 105, 107, 115

FAT, see Foundation for Worker Assistance

Federation of Industries in the State of São Paulo (FIESP), 8, 35, 53, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 61, 97, 98, 99, 101, 102, 156, 158, 159, 175

Fernandes, Raúl, 161

Index 223

FIESP, see Federation of Industries in the State of São Paulo

Figueiredo, Morvan Dias, 56, 57 Food Supply Division – SESI, 104, 105 Fordist production methods, 138, 139 Foreign workers, 15, 34 Foundation for Worker Assistance

(FAT), 102 France, 28, 42, 95, 142, 151

GEIA, see Executive Group for the Motor Vehicle Industry

Gender, 3, 11, 15, 16, 20, 22, 23, 28 General Union of Workers of São

Paulo, 116 Germany, 28, 131, 142, 151 Gudin, Eugênio, 181

IDORT, see Institute for the Rational Organisation of Work

ILO, see International Labour Organisation

Immigrants, 15, 42, 43 Industrial capabilities

foreign technical assistance, 126, 128, 137, 160, 161

learning process, 122, 123, 124, 126 technical and organisational

conditions, 13, 16, 17, 20, 32, 82, 121, 123, 124, 128, 130, 132, 140, 141, 143, 144, 150, 151, 152, 157, 175, 178

work organisation, 118, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 155, 158, 164, 166

Industrial exports, 133, 155, 156, 157 Industrial Hygiene and Safety Service

(SHSI–SESI), 105 Industrial performance, 65, 118,

121, 124, 127, 135, 143, 150, 152, 153, 159

Industrial training, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37, 39, 41, 45, 127

Institute for the Rational Organisation of Work (IDORT), 34, 163

Institute of Inter-American Affairs (IIAA), 161

Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration (ICEM), 43

International Labour Organisation (ILO), 83, 95, 97

International Refugee Organisation (IRO), 43

Inter-Union Department of Statistics and Socio-economic Studies (DIEESE), 61

Inter-Union Unity Pact (PUI), 51, 59, 60, 61, 111, 115, 178, 179

Italy, 28, 42

Japan, 28, 35, 40, 97, 133

Korean War, 90, 111, 161 Kubitscheck, Juscelino, 60, 61, 171, 178

Labour political groups Coligação Sindical, 55, 57 Coligação Sindical dos

Trabalhadores, 61 communists, 55, 56, 59, 102, 105,

116, 159, 160, 176, 177, 180 independents, 51, 55, 61, 62 Left in general, 36, 51, 54, 56, 59,

96, 153, 179, 180, 181 ministerialistas, 56, 175, 180

Labour Tribunals (TRT and TST), 47, 49, 50, 51, 53, 58, 166

Latin America, 123, 133, 161 Liga Socialista Independente, 180 Lodi, Euvaldo, 97

Mange, Roberto, 35 Marshall Plan, 160, 161 Ministry of Labour, Industry and

Commerce (MTIC), 8, 36, 40, 46, 55, 56, 57, 102, 161, 162, 176

National Centre for Productivity, 162 National Confederation of Industrial

Workers (CNTI), 57, 163, 180 National Confederation of Industry

(CNI), 35, 57, 97, 103, 162 National Service for Industrial

Training (SENAI), 6, 11, 15, 17, 18, 19, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 82, 100, 102, 103, 159, 162, 163, 166

National Steel Company (CSN), 125

224 Index

Nationalism, 179, 180 Norway, 151

Point Four, 160, 161, 162, 163 Pomar, Pedro, 159, 176 Productivity

productivity growth, 88, 142, 143, 148, 150, 154, 158, 159, 160, 162, 163, 167, 171, 173, 174, 175, 176, 181

productivity measures, 88, 91, 163, 164, 167, 170, 171, 177, 178, 181

work effort, 90, 157, 164, 170, 172, 173, 174

Productivity Department – FIERJ, 162 Protectionism, 60, 61, 151, 153,

164, 174, 175, 178, 180 PTB, see Brazilian Labour Party PUI, see Inter-Union Unity Pact Pupo Nogueira, Otávio, 154

Regional Labour Department, 52, 173 Repression, 46, 47, 48, 49, 56, 57,

94, 109, 110, 114, 116, 160, 165, 166, 167, 169

Santo André, 5, 6, 9, 104, 105, 112, 114, 169

São Bernardo do Campo, 5, 6, 10 São Caetano do Sul, 5, 10, 73, 130 São Paulo (capital), 5, 6, 7, 8, 10,

14, 22, 50, 51, 52, 100, 104, 105, 115, 116, 177

Simonsen, Roberto, 34, 35, 36, 37, 99, 102, 103, 165

Skills foremen, 12, 13, 17, 21, 25, 26,

27, 28, 39, 40, 130, 137, 138, 140, 166, 170

semi-skilled labour, 12, 13, 16, 17, 18, 21, 28, 31, 34, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 136, 138

skilled labour, 8, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 24, 25, 28, 31, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 115, 133, 137, 138, 139, 166

unskilled labour, 8, 11, 14, 21, 28, 41, 44, 136, 138

Social Assistance Food Service (SAPS), 102, 104

Social Insurance Institute for Industrial Workers (IAPI), 35, 100

Social Peace Charter, 101 Social Service of Industry (SESI), 66,

70, 71, 73, 74, 76, 79, 81, 82, 83, 87, 99, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 118, 159, 162, 163, 166

Strikes company, 47, 50, 54, 59, 109, 110,

169, 172 sectoral, 47, 48, 49, 50, 53, 54,

55, 56, 59, 60, 95, 96, 99, 101, 111, 159, 165, 166, 170, 175, 176

Sweden, 28, 97, 131 Syndicate of the Spinning and Weaving

Industry in the State of São Paulo (SIFTSP), 99, 101, 157

Targets Plan (Plano de Metas), 9, 128, 129, 130, 131

Taylorist production methods, 139, 157, 159, 165, 174

Trade union delegates, 52, 112, 116 Trade Union Renewal Movement, 117 Training within Industry (TWI), 40 TWI, see Training within Industry

Unemployment, 7, 8, 9, 60, 62, 116 Unifying Movement of Workers

(MUT), 55, 56, 176 United Kingdom, 151 United Nations Relief and

Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA), 95, 165

United States, 28, 35, 95, 130, 132, 139, 142, 151, 160, 161, 168

US foreign policy, 154, 160 US Labor Attaché, 54

UNRRA, see United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration

Unsanitary fee (taxa de insalubridade), 110, 112, 117

Vargas, Getúlio, 34, 36, 43, 49, 50, 59, 60, 102, 110, 161, 169

Viana, Segadas, 161

Index 225

Wages legal minimum wage, 23, 31, 58,

60, 91, 117, 178 low wages, 15, 24, 28, 29,

151, 159, 170, 176, 182

wage bargaining, 22, 33, 45, 46, 52, 54, 55, 61, 181

wage costs, 121, 143, 144, 148, 149

wage levels, 22, 24, 37, 45, 51, 53, 58, 59, 60, 91

wage systems, 25, 26, 164, 168 Women workers, 11, 15, 16, 17, 18,

19, 20, 23, 24, 29, 30, 31, 37, 45, 50, 70, 71, 84, 85, 87, 95, 114, 115, 116, 137, 138, 166, 168

Young workers, 19, 20, 23, 24, 29, 30, 31, 32, 114, 137