Appendix 1: Law Reports and Journals (Some Frequently ...978-1-349-13153-2/1.pdf · 285 Appendix 1: Law Reports and Journals (Some Frequently Encountered References) (A comprehensive

285

Appendix 1: Law Reports and Journals (Some Frequently Encountered References)

(A comprehensive listing of current references is included in each monthly part of Current Law.)

AC (formerly App.Cas.) = Appeal Cases (Law Reports) Admin.LR = Administrative Law Reports All ER = All England Law Reports Anglo-Am.= Anglo-American Law Review

BLR = Building Law Reports

CJQ = Civil Justice Quarterly CL Y = Current Law Yearbook CMLR = Common Market Law Reports CMLRev. =Common Market Law Review COD = Crown Office Digest Ch. (formerly Ch.D.) = Chancery (Law Reports) Co.Law = Company Lawyer Con.LR = Construction Law Reports Conv.(n.s.) (or Conv. or Conveyancer)= Conveyancer and Property Lawyer (New Series) Cox CC = Cox's Criminal Cases Cr.App.R. (or CAR)= Criminal Appeal Reports Cr.App.R.(S) (or CAR(S)) =Criminal Appeal Reports (Sentencing) Crim.LR = Criminal Law Review

DLR =Dominion Law Reports (a Canadian series)

EBL Rev. = European Business Law Review EG = Estates Gazette EGLR = Estates Gazette Law Reports EHRR = European Human Rights Reports ELRev. = European Law Review ER = English Reports

FCR = Family Court Reporter FLR = Family Law Reports FSR =Fleet Street Reports

286 Appendix 1

FfLR = Financial Times Law Reports Fam. =Family Division (Law Reports) Fam.Law = Family Law

HLR = Housing Law Reports

ICLQ = International and Comparative Law Quarterly ICR =Industrial Cases Reports IU = Industrial Law Journal Imm.AR = Immigration Appeals Reports IRLR = Industrial Relations Law Reports ITR = Industrial Tribunal Reports

JBL = Journal of Business Law JP = Justice of the Peace Reports JPL = Journal of Planning and Environment Law (formerly Journal of Planning Law) JPN =Justice of the Peace Journal. Abbreviating 'Journal' to 'N' may seem rather odd. The explanation is that this periodical was originally known as 'Justice of the Peace Newspaper', and the 'J.P.N.' abbreviation has survived even though it is now commonly referred to as 'Justice of the Peace Journal' by way of contradistinction to Justice of the Peace Reports: see 'J.P.' (above). JR = Juridical Review JSPTL = Journal of the Society of Public Teachers of Law JSWL =Journal of Social Welfare Law

KB =King's Bench (Law Reports) KIR = Knight's Industrial Reports

LGR = Local Government Reports LG Rev. = Local Government Review U =Law Journal LI.Rep. (formerly Lloyd's Rep.)= Lloyd's List Reports LQR = Law Quarterly Review LS = Legal Studies LSGaz. =Law Society's Gazette LT =Law Times

MLR = Modem Law Review Med.LR = Medical Law Reports

NILQ = Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly NZLR = New Zealand Law Reports New U =New Law Journal

OJ = Official Journal of the European Communities OJLS = Oxford Journal of Legal Studies

Law Reports and Journals 281

P (formerly PO) =Probate (Law Reports) P & CR = Property and Compensation Reports (formerly Planning and Compensation Reports) PL = Public Law

QB (formerly QBD) =Queen's Bench (Law Reports)

RPC = Reports of Patent, Design and Trade Mark Cases RTR = Road Traffic Reports

SJ = Solicitors' Journal SLT = Scots Law Times STC =Simon's Tax Cases Stat.LR = Statute Law Review

TLR = Times Law Reports

US = United States Reports

WLR =Weekly Law Reports

Yale U =Yale Law Journal

288

Appendix 2: Extracts from the Interpretation Act 1978

This material is copyright and is reproduced with the permission of Her Majesty's Stationery Office.

The words appearing in bold type immediately after the section numbers are the marginal notes of the Queen's Printer's text.

EXTRACTS FROM THE INTERPRETATION ACf 1978

General provisions as to enactment and operation

3 Judicial notice Every Act is a public Act to be judicially noticed as such, unless the contrary is expressly provided by the Act. 4 Time of commencement An Act or provision of an Act comes into force­

(a) where provision is made for it to come into force on a particular day, at the beginning of that day;

(b) where no provision is made for its coming into force, at the beginning of the day on which the Act receives the Royal Assent.

Interpretation and construction

5 Definitions In any Act, unless the contrary intention appears, words and expressions listed in Schedule I to this Act are to be construed according to that Schedule. 6 Gender and number In any Act, unless the contrary intention appears -(a) words importing the masculine gender include the feminine; (b) words importing the feminine gender include the masculine; (c) words in the singular include the plural and words in the plural include the singular. 7 References to service by post Where an Act authorises or requires any document to be served by post (whether the expression 'serve' or the expression 'give' or 'send' or any other expression is used) then, unless the contrary intention appears, the service is deemed to be effected by properly addressing, pre-paying and posting a letter containing the document and, unless the contrary is proved, to have been effected at the time at which the letter would be delivered in the ordinary course of post.

Interpretation Act 1978 289

8 References to distance In the measurement of any distance for the purposes of an Act, that distance shall, unless the contrary intention appears, be measured in a straight line on a horizontal plane. 9 References to time of day Subject to section 3 of the Summer Time Act 1972 (construction of references to points of time during the period of summer time), whenever an expression of time occurs in an Act, the time referred to shall, unless it is otherwise specifically stated, be held to be Greenwich mean time. II Construction of subordinate legislation Where an Act confers power to make subordinate legislation, expressions used in that legislation have, unless the contrary intention appears, the meaning which they bear in the Act.

Statutory powers and duties

12 Continuity of powers and duties (I) Where an Act confers a power or imposes a duty it is implied, unless the contrary intention appears, that the power may be exercised, or the duty is to be performed, from time to time as occasion requires. (2) Where an Act confers a power or imposes a duty on the holder of an office as such, it is implied, unless the contrary intention appears, that the power may be exercised, or the duty is to be performed, by the holder for the time being of the office. 13 Anticipatory exercise of powers Where an Act which (or any provision of which) does not come into force immediately on its passing confers powers to make subordinate legislation, or to make appointments, give notices, prescribe forms or do any other thing for the purposes of the Act, then, unless the contrary intention appears, the power may be exercised, and any instrument made thereunder may be made so as to come into force, at any time after the passing of the Act so far as may be necessary or expedient for the purpose -(a) of bringing the Act or any provision of the Act into force; or (b) of giving full effect to the Act or any such provision at or after the time when it comes into force. 14 Implied power to amend Where an Act confers power to make -(a) rules, regulations or byelaws; or (b) Orders in Council, orders or other subordinate legislation to be made by statutory instrument,

it implies, unless the contrary intention appears, a power, exercisable in the same manner and subject to the same conditions or limitations, to revoke, amend or re-enact any instrument made under the power.

Repealing enactments

15 Repeal of repeal Where an Act repeals a repealing enactment, the repeal does not revive any enactment previously repealed unless words are added reviving it.

290 Appendix 2

16 General savings (1) Without prejudice to section 15, where an Act re­peals an enactment, the repeal does not, unless the contrary intention appears -(a) revive anything not in force or existing at the time at which the repeal takes effect; (b) affect the previous operation of the enactment repealed or anything duly done or suffered under that enactment; (c) affect any right, privilege, obligation or liability acquired, accrued or incurred under that enactment; (d) affect any penalty, forfeiture or punishment incurred in respect of any offence committed against that enactment; (e) affect any investigation, legal proceeding or remedy in respect of any such right, privilege, obligation, liability, penalty, forfeiture or punishment;

and any such investigation, legal proceeding or remedy may be instituted, continued or enforced, and any such penalty, forfeiture or punishment may be imposed, as if the repealing Act had not been passed. (2) This section applies to the expiry of a temporary enactment as if it were repealed by an Act. 17 Repeal and re-enactment ( 1) Where an Act repeals a previous enactment and substitutes provisions for the enactment repealed, the repealed enactment remains in force until the substituted provisions come into force. (2) Where an Act repeals and re-enacts, with or without modification, a previous enactment then, unless the contrary intention appears -(a) any reference in any other enactment to the enactment so repealed shall be construed as a reference to the provision re-enacted; (b) in so far as any subordinate legislation made or other thing done under the enactment so repealed, or having effect as if so made or done, could have been made or done under the provision re-enacted, it shall have effect as if made or done under that provision.

Miscellaneous

18 Duplicated offences Where an act or omission constitutes an offence under two or more Acts, or both under an Act and at common law, the offender shall, unless the contrary intention appears, be liable to be prosecuted and punished under either or any of those Acts or at common law, but shall not be liable to be punished more than once for the same offence.

Supplementary

21 Interpretation etc (1) In this Act 'Act' includes a local and personal or private Act; and 'subordinate legislation' means Orders in Council, orders, rules, regulations, schemes, warrants, byelaws and other instruments made or to be made under any Act.

(2) This Act binds the Crown.

Schedule I (extracts)

Interpretation Act 1978 291

'Commencement', in relation to an Act or enactment, means the time when the Act or enactment comes into force.

'The Communities', 'the Treaties' or 'the Community Treaties' and other expressions defined by section I of and Schedule I to the European Communities Act 1972 have the meanings prescribed by that Act.

'Month' means calendar month.

'Person' includes a body of persons corporate or unincorporate.

'Secretary of State' means one of Her Majesty's Principal Secretaries of State.

'Writing' includes typing, printing, lithography, photography and other modes of representing or reproducing words in a visible form, and expressions referring to writing are to be construed accordingly.

292

Appendix 3: Extracts from the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms

Article 1

The High Contracting Parties shall secure to everyone within their jurisdiction the rights and freedoms defined in section I of this Convention.

SECTION 1

Article 2

1. Everyone's right to life shall be protected by law. No one shall be deprived of his life intentionally save in the execution of a sentence of a court following his conviction of a crime for which this penalty is provided by law. 2. Deprivation of life shall not be regarded as inflicted in contravention of this Article when it results from the use of force which is no more than absolutely necessary:

(a) in defence of any person from unlawful violence; (b) in order to effect a lawful arrest or to prevent the escape of a person lawfully detained; (c) in action lawfully taken for the purpose of quelling a riot or insurrection.

Article 3

No one shall be subjected to torture or to inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.

Article 4

1. No one shall be held in slavery or servitude. 2. No one shall be required to perform forced or compulsory labour. 3. For the purpose of this Article the term 'forced or compulsory labour' shall not include:

(a) any work required to be done in the ordinary course of detention imposed according to the provisions of Article 5 of this Convention or during conditional release from such detention; (b) any service of a military character or, in case of conscientious objectors in countries where they are recognized, service exacted instead of compulsory military service;

European Convention on Rights and Freedoms 293

(c) any service exacted in case of an emergency or calamity threatening the life or well-being of the community; (d) any work or service which forms part of normal civic obligations.

Article 5

I. Everyone has the right to liberty and security of person. No one shall be deprived of his liberty save in the following cases and in accordance with a procedure prescribed by law:

(a) the lawful detention of a person after conviction by a competent court; (b) the lawful arrest or detention of a person for non-compliance with the lawful order of a court or in order to secure the fulfilment of any obligation prescribed by law; (c) the lawful arrest or detention of a person effected for the purpose of bringing him before the competent legal authority on reasonable suspicion of having committed an offence or when it is reasonably considered necessary to prevent his committing an offence or fleeing after having done so; (d) the detention of a minor by lawful order for the purpose of educational supervision or his lawful detention for the purpose of bringing him before the competent legal authority; (e) the lawful detention of persons for the prevention of the spreading of infectious diseases, of persons of unsound mind, alcoholics or drug addicts, or vagrants; (f) the lawful arrest or detention of a person to prevent his effecting an unauthorized entry into the country or of a person against whom action is being taken with a view to deportation or extradition.

2. Everyone who is arrested shall be informed promptly, in a language which he understands, of the reasons for his arrest and of any charge against him. 3. Everyone arrested or detained in accordance with the provisions of paragraph l(c) of this Article shall be brought promptly before a judge or other officer authorized by law to exercise judicial power and shall be entitled to trial within a reasonable time or to release pending trial. Release may be conditioned by guarantees to appear for trial. 4. Everyone who is deprived of his liberty by arrest or detention shall be entitled to take proceedings by which the lawfulness of his detention shall be decided speedily by a court and his release ordered if the detention is not lawful. 5. Everyone who has been the victim of arrest or detention in contravention of the provisions of this Article shall have an enforceable right to compensation.

Article 6

1. In the determination of his civil rights and obligations or of any criminal charge against him, everyone is entitled to a fair and public hearing within a reasonable time by an independent and impartial tribunal established by law.

294 Appendix 3

Judgement shall be pronounced publicly but the press and public may be excluded from all or part of the trial in the interest of morals, public order or national security in a democratic society, where the interest of juveniles or the protection of the private life of the parties so require, or to the extent strictly necessary in the opinion of the court in special circumstances where publicity would prejudice the interests of justice. 2. Everyone charged with a criminal offence shall be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law. 3. Everyone charged with a criminal offence has the following minimum rights:

(a) to be informed promptly, in a language which he understands and in detail, of the nature and cause of the accusation against him; (b) to have adequate time and facilities for the preparation of his defence; (c) to defend himself in person or through legal assistance of his own choosing or, if he has not sufficient means to pay for legal assistance, to be given it free when the interests of justice so require; (d) to examine or have examined witnesses against him and to obtain the attendance and examination of witnesses on his behalf under the same conditions as witnesses against him; (e) to have the free assistance of an interpreter if he cannot understand or speak the language used in court.

Article 7

1. No one shall be held guilty of any criminal offence on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a criminal offence under national or international law at the time when it was committed. Nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed than the one that was applicable at the time the criminal offence was committed. 2. This Article shall not prejudice the trial and punishment of any person for any act or omission which, at the time when it was committed, was criminal according to the general principles of law recognized by civilized nations.

Article 8

1. Everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life, his home and his correspondence. 2. There shall be no interference by a public authority with the exercise of this right except such as is in accordance with the law and is necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security, public safety or the economic well-being of the country, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others.

Article 9

1. Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either

European Convention on Rights and Freedoms 295

alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief, in worship, teaching, practice and observance. 2. Freedom to manifest one's religion or beliefs shall be subject only to such limitations as are prescribed by law and are necessary in a democratic society in the interests of public safety, for the protection of public order, health or morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others.

Article 10

I. Everyone has the right to freedom of expression. This right shall include freedom to hold opinions and to receive and impart information and ideas without interference by public authority and regardless of frontiers. This Article shall not prevent States from requiring the licensing of broadcasting, television or cinema enterprises. 2. The exercise of these freedoms, since it carries with it duties and responsibilities, may be subject to such formalities, conditions, restrictions or penalties as are prescribed by law and are necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security, territorial integrity or public safety, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, for the protection of the reputation or rights of others, for preventing the disclosure of information received in confidence, or for maintaining the authority and impartiality of the judiciary.

Article II

I. Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and to freedom of association with others, including the right to form and to join trade unions for the protection of his interests. 2. No restrictions shall be placed on the exercise of these rights other than such as are prescribed by law and are necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security or public safety, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others. This Article shall not prevent the imposition of lawful restrictions on the exercise of these rights by members of the armed forces, of the police or of the administration of the State.

Article 12

Men and women of marriageable age have the right to marry and to found a family, according to the national laws governing the exercise of this right.

Article 13

Everyone whose rights and freedoms as set forth in this Convention are violated shall have an effective remedy before a national authority notwithstanding that the violation has been committed by persons acting in an official capacity.

296 Appendix 3

Article 14

The enjoyment of the rights and freedoms set forth in this Convention shall be secured without discrimination on any ground such as sex, race, colour, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, association with a national minority, property, birth or other status.

Article 15

I. In time of war or other public emergency threatening the life of the nation any High Contracting Party may take measures derogating from its obligations under this Convention to the extent strictly required by the exigencies of the situation, provided that such measures are not inconsistent with its other obligations under international law. 2. No derogation from Article 2, except in respect of deaths resulting from lawful acts of war, or from Articles 3, 4 (paragraph 1) and 7 shall be made under this provision. 3. Any High Contracting Party availing itself of this right of derogation shall keep the Secretary-General of the Council of Europe fully informed of the measures which it has taken and the reasons therefore. It shall also inform the Secretary-General of the Council of Europe when such measures have ceased to operate and the provisions of the Convention are again being fully executed.

Article 16

Nothing in Articles 10, 11, and 14 shall be regarded as preventing the High Contracting Parties from imposing restrictions on the political activity of aliens.

Article 17

Nothing in this Convention may be interpreted as implying for any State, group or person any right to engage in any activity or perform any act aimed at the destruction of any of the rights and freedoms set forth herein or at their limitation to a greater extent than is provided for in the Convention.

Article 18

The restrictions permitted under this Convention to the said rights and freedoms shall not be applied for any purpose other than those for which they have been prescribed.

PROTOCOL 1 - ENFORCEMENT OF CERTAIN RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS NOT INCLUDED IN SECTION 1 OF THE CONVENTION

Article 1

Every natural or legal person is entitled to the peaceful enjoyment of his possessions. No one shall be deprived of his possessions except in the public interest and subject to the conditions provided for by law and by the general principles of international law.

European Convention on Rights and Freedoms 297

The preceding provisions shall not, however, in any way impair the right of a State to enforce such laws as it deems necessary to control the use of property in accordance with the general interest or to secure the payment of taxes or other contributions or penalties.

Article 2

No person shall be denied the right to education. In the exercise of any functions which it assumes in relation to education and to teaching, the State shall respect the right of parents to ensure such education and teaching in conformity with their own religious and philosophical convictions.

Article 3

The High Contracting Parties undertake to hold free elections at reasonable intervals by secret ballot, under conditions which will ensure the free expression of the opinion of the people in the choice of the legislature.

PROTOCOL 4- PROTECTING CERTAIN ADDITIONAL RIGHTS

Article I

No one shall be deprived of his liberty merely on the ground of inability to fulfil a contractual obligation.

Article 2

I. Everyone lawfully within the territory of a State shall, within that territory, have the right to liberty of movement and freedom to choose his residence. 2. Everyone shall be free to leave any country, including his own. 3. No restrictions shall be placed on the exercise of these rights other than such as are in accordance with law and are necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security or public safety, for the maintenance of 'ordre public', for the prevention of crime or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others. 4. The rights set forth in paragraph 1 may also be subject, in particular areas, to restrictions imposed in accordance with law and justified by the public interest in a democratic society.

Article 3

I. No one shall be expelled, by means either of an individual or of a collective measure, from the territory of the State of which he is a national. 2. No one shall be deprived of the right to enter the territory of the State of which he is a national.

Article 4

Collective expulsion of aliens is prohibited.

298

Selected Further Reading

The task of selecting further reading raises two problems. First. this book covers a very wide range of material, and therefore the range of potential further reading is so vast that it would be both impossible and unhelpful to try to list it all. Second, much of the material which I have tried to make accessible in this book is often discussed in a very abstruse and theoretical manner, which can be more than a little intimidating for readers approach­ing the study of Law for the first time.

It follows that the suggestions set out below do not claim to be exhaust­ive, and the selection is more than usually subjective. In particular I have omitted many of the older, classic works, along with many modern titles. It should go without saying that any readers using this book in connection with formal courses of study should pay careful attention to the recom­mendations of their teachers. Some people may have a high regard for certain titles which I have omitted.

Within each category I have tried to list the titles in ascending order of difficulty, complexity or length.

Part 1: Ideas and Institutions

For a basic primer on thinking logically in any context, see

Thinking About Thinking, by Antony Flew, 1989, Fontana.

For a description of the structure of the English legal system, see:

The English Legal Process, by Terence Ingman, 4th edn, 1992, Blackstone Press.

For the constitutional background, see:

Constitutional and Administrative Law, J. Alder, 1989, Macmillan. Wade and Bradley's Constitutional and Administrative Law, 11th edn, 1993, A.W. Bradley and K.D. Ewing, Longman.

For material specifically on the European Community dimension, see:

European Community Law. J. Shaw, 1993, Macmillan. Textbook on EEC Law, J. Steiner, 3rd edn, 1992, Blackstone Press.

For material on jurisprudence, legal theory, and legal reasoning, see:

Learning Legal Skills, S. Lee and M. Fox, 1991, Blackstone Press. The Law Making Process, M. Zander, 3rd edn. 1989, Weidenfeld & Nicolson. Legal Philosophies, J.W. Harris, 1980, Butterworths. Jurisprudence, J.G. Riddall, Butterworths, 1991.

Selected Further Reading 299

How To Do Things With Rules, W. Twining and D. Miers, 3rd edn, 1991, Weidenfeld & Nicolson. Jurisprudence: Texts and Commentary, H. Davies and D. Holdcroft, 1991, Butterworths. Lloyd's Introduction to Jurisprudence, Lord Lloyd of Hampstead and M.D.A. Freeman, 5th edn, 1985, Stevens.

Part II: Case-Law and Precedent

In addition to the books already cited on jurisprudence, legal theory, and legal reasoning, see:

Precedent In English Law, Sir Rupert Cross, 4th edn, J.W. Harris, 1991, Oxford University Press. Precedent and Law, J. Stone, 1985, Butterworths. Precedent in Law, L. Goldstein (ed.), 1987, Oxford University Press.

Part III: Statute Law and Statutory Interpretation

In addition to the books already cited on jurisprudence, legal theory, and legal reasoning, see:

Legislation, D. Miers and A. Page, 2nd edn, 1990, Sweet & Maxwell. Cross: Statutory Interpretation, 2nd edn, J. Bell and Sir George Engle, 1987, Butterworths. Statutory Interpretation, J. Evans, 1988, Oxford University Press. Bennion on Statute Law, F. Bennion, 3rd edn, 1990, Longman. Statutory Interpretation, F. Bennion, 2nd edn, 1992, Butterworths.

For a standard text on legislative drafting, see:

Legislative Drafting, G.C. Thornton, 3rd edn, 1987, Butterworths.

And for a more radical approach, see:

Legislative Drafting: A New Approach, Sir William Dale, 1977, Butterworths.

The Lighter Side

For two books in which a vast amount of learning is not only carried lightly but also deployed deftly in the simultaneous achievement of entertain­ment and instruction, see:

Miscellany-at-Law, R.E. Megarry, 1955, revised impression 1958, Stevens. A Second Miscellany-at-Law, R.E. Megarry, 1973, Stevens.

300

Index

A academic questions, non-justiciability of

21 Acts of Parliament see statutes adjectival law see procedural law administrative tribunals 52 american Realism 7 analogy, reasoning by 15 appeal

8

distinguished from judicial review 48 leave to 53 rights of 53

Bill of Rights 1689 58 Brandeis briefs 175

c changed circumstances see precedent civil law, meaning of 30 common law

meaning of 24 remedies at 26

computer databases 98 County Courts, jurisdiction of 49 Court of Appeal

D

jurisdiction of 49 leapfrog over 161 precedent in !55

damages 26 deduction, reasoning by 14 delegated legislation 61

E equity

origins and nature of 24 remedies in 26

European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms 10 I, 292

European Communities 66 Commission of 68 Council of 70

Council of Ministers of 69 Court of Justice of see European Court

of Justice Parliament of 67

European Community law 73 direct applicability of 7 4 direct effect of 7 4 directives 76 decisions 78 indirect effect of 79 national sovereignty and 80 principles of 177 regulations 76

European Court of Justice Article 177 references to 42, 71, 75 composition, structure and jurisdiction of

70 precedent in 176 principles of interpretation in 280

F fact

H

distinguished from law 33 meaning of ordinary word as a question

of 34 proofof 39

High Court jurisdiction of 46 precedent in 163

House of Lords, judicial committee of jurisdiction of 51 precedent in I 3 7

I induction, reasoning by 14 injunction 28

J journals

citation of 88, 285 status of 88

judges, whether politically neutral 4 judicial notice 38

judicial review challenging delegated legislation by 61 distinguished from appeal 48

justice generally 18 relationship with law 19

L law

distinguished from: fact 33; other rules 3

reform of through precedent 166; perceived strengths of 166; perceived weaknesses of 168

law reports citation of 93, 285 delay in publication of 97 editorial discretion in compilation of 97 status of 94

legal practice and legal scholarship 17 locus standi 32, 75

M Magistrates' Courts, jurisdiction of 43

N naturallaw 6

compared with positivism I 0

0 obiter dictum, distinguished from ratio

decidendi 127

p Parliament

intention of 225; direct and indirect 226; particular and general 226

legislative supremacy of 55,213 Parliamentary Counsel 194 per incuriam see precedent political integrity 230 positivism 6

compared with natural law I 0 precedent, doctrine of I 07

cessante ratione cessat ipsa lex see changed circumstances below

changed circumstances 126 horizontal dimension of 134 immediate bindingness of II 0 per incuriam 125 res judicata, distinguished from 109 vertical dimension of 131 whether law or evidence of law 112 see also County Courts; Court of Appeal;

Crown court; European Court of Justice; High Court; House of Lords; obiter dictum; ratio decidendi

Index 301

private law 31 Privy Council, judicial committee of 52 procedurallaw 32 public law 31 processes, validity of 13 proof, varying standards of 39 propositions, truth of 13

R ratio decidendi 116

descriptive and prescriptive ratios 118 identification of 119 techniques used in handling 123;

distinguishing 124; following, approving, applying 123; not following, doubting, disapproving, overruling 124

royal prerogative 57 rule oflaw 55,213

s separation of powers 63,213 specific performance 28 statutes

citation of 99 codifying 264 commencement of 245, 291 consolidating 206, 207, 264 drafting of 193, 199, 205; Dale's New

Approach to 277; Renton Report on 274, 275; Tilling's Rules for 207

interpretation of: contextualism 234; definition sections 245; dictionaries 235; ejusdem generis principle 236; enlightened literalism see contextualism above; expressio unius exc/usio alterius 238; extrinsic materials, reference to 246; Parliamentary materials 250; post-Parliamentary materials 254; pre-Parliamentary materials 246

Hansard, use of see Parliamentary materials above; Interpretation Act 1978 276, 288; linguistic register, importance of 217; Law Commissions' report on 274, 275; mischief rule of 216; noscitur a sociis 236; plain meanings and 211; presumptions of 255; purposive approach to 218; rank principle 239; simple literalism, inadequacy of 212; social change, problem of 267; statutory nonsense, interpretation of 222; technological change, problem of 268

public and private 188 schedules, status of 244

302 Index

statutory inqumes 43, 52 substantive law 32, 64 syllogistic reasoning 12

T textbooks, status of 88 treaties, status of 73