Appendix 1: Heat Transfer Literature The following is a list of journals, proceedings, and bibliography which may be consulted in order to keep abreast of the most recently published work in heat transfer. The International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Pergamon Press, monthly The Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, The Institution of Mechnical Engineers, bi-monthly. Journal of Heat Transfer, Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Series C, quarterly. Proceedings of the International Heat Transfer Conferences, e.g., 4th 1970 5th 1974(Tokyo), Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam. Progress in Heat and Mass Transfer, Monograph Series of the International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Pergamon Press. Advances in Heat Transfer, Academic Press, New York. Proceedings of the Heat Transfer and Fluid Mechanics Institute, Stanford University Press, California. Heat Bibliography, HMSO London, annual. Reports of the National Engineering Laboratory, East Kilbride, (available on request). The Engineering Index, Engineering Index, Inc., New York. Applied Science and Technology Index, The H. W. Wilson Company, New York. The British Technology Index, The Library Association, London. ISMEC Bulletin, Information Service in Mechanical Engineering. The Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Science Abstracts A, Physics Abstracts, The Institution of Electrical Engineers. Science Abstracts B, Electrical and Electronic Abstracts, The Institution of Electrical Engineers and The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, Inc. 236
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Appendix 1: Heat Transfer Literature The following is a list of journals, proceedings, and bibliography which may be consulted in order to keep abreast of the most recently published work in heat transfer.
The International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Pergamon Press, monthly
The Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, The Institution of Mechnical Engineers, bi-monthly.
Journal of Heat Transfer, Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Series C, quarterly.
Proceedings of the International Heat Transfer Conferences, e.g., 4th 1970 (Paris~ 5th 1974(Tokyo), Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam.
Progress in Heat and Mass Transfer, Monograph Series of the International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Pergamon Press.
Advances in Heat Transfer, Academic Press, New York. Proceedings of the Heat Transfer and Fluid Mechanics Institute,
Stanford University Press, California. Heat Bibliography, HMSO London, annual. Reports of the National Engineering Laboratory, East Kilbride,
(available on request). The Engineering Index, Engineering Index, Inc., New York. Applied Science and Technology Index, The H. W. Wilson Company,
New York. The British Technology Index, The Library Association, London. ISMEC Bulletin, Information Service in Mechanical Engineering.
The Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Science Abstracts A, Physics Abstracts, The Institution of Electrical
Engineers. Science Abstracts B, Electrical and Electronic Abstracts, The
Institution of Electrical Engineers and The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, Inc.
236
Appendix 2: Units and Conversion Factors
SI units are used exclusively in this book. However, much of the existing heat transfer literature is in British units, and SI-British conversion factors are therefore included. The kJ and kW are accepted alternatives to the J and W in the use of SI units. They are the units of energy and power generally used in the teaching of engineering thermodynamics and are the preferred units used in this book. For a complete discussion see The UseofSI Units, published by the British Standards Institution, PD 5686: 1972.
The Basic SI units are:
Mass Length Time Temperature
1 kg = 2·2046lb 1m = 3·2808 ft 1 s = 2·778 x 1o- 4 h 1 K = 1·8 aRankine
Adapted from A. J. Chapman, Heat Transfer, The Macmillan Company, New York (1960); L. S. Marks, Mechanical Engineers' Handbook, 5th ed., McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York (1951); W. H. McAdams, Heat Transmission. 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York (1954); and E. R. G. Eckert and R. M. Drake, Jr., Heat and Mass Transfer, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York (1959).
APPENDIX 3 243
Table A3. Thermal Conductivity of Some Building Materials
U values for Building structures, based on the dift'eren~ between inside and outside environment temperatures, and for sheltered, normal and severe external exposure, in W /(m2 K).
Sheltered Normal Severe
260 mm cavity wall, lOS mm inner and outer leaves, plus 16 mm lightplaster on inner face H H H
220 mm solid wall, with 16 mm light plaster 1·8 1·9 2·0
335 mm solid wan, with 16 m light plaster 1·4 1·5 1·6
Pitched roof, tiles on battens with roofing felt, roof space, foil backed plasterboard ceiling 1·4 H 1-6
As above, plus SO mm glass fibre loft insulation ()-49 o-s ()-51
Window, single glazing, 30% area due to wood frame 3·8 4·3 s-o
As above, double glazing 2-3 2·5 2·7
From the CIBS Guide Book A, The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers, London. The above U values and thermal conductivities are a brief extract only (used by permission of the Institution).
Tab
le A
.4.
Phys
ical
Pro
pert
ies
of so
me
Com
mon
Low
Mel
ting
Poi
nt M
etal
s
Mel
ting
Boi
ling
p Jl
cP x
10
3 k
X
103
poin
t po
int
Tem
p.
(~~)
(k:K)
(~~)
(oC
) (o
C)
(OC
) P
as
Bis
mut
h 27
2 14
80
315
10,0
10
1·62
x
10-3
14
4 16
·4
760
9467
0·
79
164
15·6
L
ead
328
1738
37
1 10
.540
2·
40
159
16·1
70
4 10
,140
1·
37
155
14·9
L
ithi
um
179
1318
20
4 50
6 0·
59
4187
38
·1
983
442
0·42
41
87
Mer
cury
-3
9
357
10
13.5
70
1·59
13
8 8·
14
315
12,8
50
0·87
13
4 14
·0
Pot
assi
um
64
760
149
807
0·37
79
6 45
-()
704
674
0·13
75
4 33
·1
Sod
ium
97
88
4 20
4 90
2 0·
43
1340
80
·3
704
779
0·18
12
56
59·7
S
od
ium
-Po
tass
ium
, 22
% N
a 19
82
6 93
·5
849
0·49
94
6 24
·4
760
690
0·16
88
3 S
od
ium
-Po
tass
ium
, 56
% N
a -II
795
93·5
88
7 0·
58
1130
25
·6
760
740
0·16
10
42
28·9
L
ead-
Bis
mut
h, 4
4·5%
Pb
12
5 16
70
288
10,3
50
1·76
14
7 1(
}7
649
9835
1·
15
Pr
0·01
4 0·
0084
0·
024
0·01
6 0·
065
0·02
7 0·
0084
0·
0066
0·
0031
0·
0072
0·
0038
0·
019
0·02
6 0·
058
0·02
4
>
"t::
"t:: til z 0 ><
w
N
Ada
pted
fro
m T
able
' 1&
-1, J
. G.
Knu
dsen
and
D.
L.
Kat
z, F
luid
Dyn
amic
s an
d H
eat
Tran
sfer
, M
cGra
w-H
ill
Boo
k C
ompa
ny,
Inc.
, N
ew Y
ork
t; (1
958)
.
t p
cP x
t(
)l
(OC
) (k
gfm
31
kJ/(
kgK
)
0 10
02
4218
20
10
01
4182
40
99
4·6
4178
60
98
5-4
4184
80
97
4·1
4196
10
0 96
()-6
4216
12
0 94
5·3
4250
14
0 92
8·3
4283
16
0 90
9·7
4342
18
0 88
9·0
4417
20
0 86
6·7
4505
22
0 84
2-4
4610
24
0 81
5·7
4756
26
0 78
5-9
4949
28
0 75
2·5
5208
30
0 71
4·3
5728
Tab
le A
.S.
The
rmal
Pro
pert
ies
of S
atur
ated
Liq
uids
v I
kxW
(%
P
r
(m2 /
s)
I kW
/(m
K)
(m2 /
s)
Wat
er (H
20
)
0·17
9 X
10
-S
()-55
2 13
-1 X
10
-8
13-6
()-
101
()-59
7 14
·3
7-()2
()-
0658
()-
628
15·1
4·
34
0047
7 ()-
651
15·5
3-
()2
0036
4 0·
668
16·4
2·
22
0029
4 ()-
680
16·8
1·
74
0024
7 ()-
685
1H
1·
446
0021
4 0·
684
17·2
1·
241
0018
9 ()-
680
17-3
I -
o99
0017
3 ()-
675
17·2
1-
()04
0016
0 ()-
665
17·1
()-
937
0014
9 ()-
653
16·8
()-
891
0014
3 ()-
635
16·4
()-
871
0013
7 ()-
611
15·6
()-
874
0013
5 ()-
580
14·8
o-
910
0013
5 ()
-540
13
-2
1-()1
9
{J
(1/K
)
I ()-
18 X
10
-3
N
-1>-
0\ m
z C'l z tT1 m
:;e z C'l =
m
> ....,
....,
:;e > z V
>
'Tj m
:;e
-50
10
53
1476
-4
0
1033
14
83
-30
10
17
1492
-2
0
999·
4 15
04
-10
98
1·4
1519
0
962-
4 15
38
10
942·
4 15
60
20
923·
3 15
86
30
903-
1 16
16
40
883·
1 16
50
50
861·
2 16
89
-50
15
47
875·
0 -4
0
1519
88
4·7
-30
14
90
895·
6 -2
0
1461
90
7·3
-10
14
30
920·
3 0
1397
93
4·5
10
1364
94
9·6
20
1330
96
5·9
30
1295
98
3·5
40
1257
10
02
50
1216
10
22
Met
hyl
Chl
orid
e (C
H3C
l)
0·03
2o x
to
-s
0·21
5 13
·9 x
10-
8
0·03
18
0·20
9 13
-7
0·03
14
0·20
2 13
-4
Q-0
309
0·19
6 n
o
0·03
06
0·18
7 12
·6
0·03
02
0·17
8 12
·1
D-0
297
0·17
1 11
·7
Q-0
292
0·16
3 Il
-l
0·02
87
Q-1
54
10·6
0·
0281
D
-144
9·
96
Q-0
274
0·13
3 9·
21
Fre
on (C
CI 2
F 2
)
o-o3
10 x
10-
s Q
-067
5 5·
01
x 10
-8
D-0
279
0-06
92
5·13
0·
0253
0·
0692
5·
26
0·02
35
0.07
10
5·39
D
-022
1 0.
0727
5·
50
Q-0
214
0.07
27
5·57
Q
-020
3 0·
0727
5·
60
Q-0
198
0·07
27
5·60
0·
0194
0·
0710
5·
60
Q-0
191
0·06
92
5·55
0·
0189
0·
0675
5·
44
2·31
2·
32
2·35
2·
38
2·43
2·
49
2·55
2·
63
2·72
2·
83
2·97
6·2
5-4
4·8
4·4
4·0
3·8
3·6
3·5
3·5
3·5
3·5
2·63
x 1
0-3
>
'"t:l
'"t:l ttl z t:i >< w
w ~
-.J
t p
c, X
J(
)l
("C
) (k
l/m
3)
kJ/(
kg K
)
0 12
76
2261
10
12
70
2320
20
12
64
2387
30
12
58
2445
40
12
52
2512
50
12
45
2583
0 11
30
2294
20
11
17
2382
40
11
01
2474
60
10
88
2562
80
10
78
2650
10
0 10
59
2742
Tab
le A
.5.
Con
tinu
ed
v k
X
103
IX
(m1/s
) kW
/(m
K)
(m2 /
s)
Gly
ceri
n (C
3H
5(0
Hh
) 8·
31
x w
-3
0·28
2 9·
83 x
to
-s
3-()(
) Q
-284
9·
65
H7
Q
-286
9·
47
()-50
Q
-286
9·
29
Q-22
0·
286
9·13
Q-
15
0·28
7 8·
93
Eth
ylen
e gl
ycol
(C
2H
4(0
Hh
)
5-75
x w-
5 Q
-242
9·
34 X
JO
-S
1·92
Q
-249
9·
39
Q-8
69
Q-2
56
9·39
Q
-475
Q
-260
9·
31
Q-2
98
Q-2
61
9·21
Q
-203
Q
-263
9-
()8
Pr
84·7
X
103
31·0
12
·5
5·38
2-
45
1·63
615
204 93
51
32-4
22
-4
p
(1/K
)
I 0·
504
x w
-3
1 o-
648
x w-
3
t0 """ 00 tT1 z C1 z tT1
tT1 ::e z C1
::I:
tT1 >
....,
...., ::e > z ~ 'T
l tT1
::e
Eng
ine
oil (
unus
ed)
0 89
9 17
96
4·28
X J
O-l
()-
147
9·11
x l
O-a
47
,100
20
88
8 18
80
()-9
()
()-14
5 8·
72
10,4
00
I o-1
02 x
w
-3
40
876
1964
()
-24
()-14
4 8·
33
2870
60
86
4 20
47
0083
9 ()-
140
8-()(
) lO
SO
80
852
2131
00
375
()-13
8 7·
69
490
100
840
2219
00
203
()-13
7 7-
38
276
120
829
2307
00
123
()-13
5 H
O
175
140
817
2395
00
080
0·13
3 6·
86
116
160
806
2483
00
056
()-13
2 6·
63
84
Mer
cwy(
Hg)
0
13.6
30
140-
3 00
124
x 10
-s
8·21
43
0 X
lO
-a
0028
8 20
13
.580
13
9-4
0011
4 8-
69
461
0024
9 )·8
2 X
10
-4
so
13,5
10
138-
6 00
104
9·40
S0
2 00
207
100
13,3
90
137-
3 00
0928
1o
-5
571
0016
2 IS
O 13
,260
13
6·5
0-()(
)853
11
·5
635
()-01
34
200
13,1
50
136·
1 00
0802
12
·3
691
()-01
16
2SO
13,0
30
135-
7 00
0764
13
-l 74
0 ()-
0103
31
6 12
.8SO
13
4.()
0006
73
14.()
81
5 0-
()()8
3
Ada
pted
from
Tab
le A
-3, E
. R. G
. Eck
ert a
nd R
. M. D
rake
, Jr.,
Hea
t and
Mas
s Tr
ansfe
r, M
cGra
w-H
ill B
ook
Com
pany
, Inc
., N
ew Y
ork
(195
9).
> :g tr1 z t1 x w
N ~
\0
T p
(oK
) (k
g/m
3)
250
1·41
3 .3
00
H7
7
350
()-99
8 40
0 Q
-883
45
0 ()-
783
500
()-70
5 55
0 ()-
642
600
()-58
8 65
0 ()-
543
700
()-50
3 75
0 ()-
471
800
o-44
1 85
0 o-
415
900
Q-3
92
950
()-37
2 10
00
()-35
2 11
00
Q-3
20
1200
()-
295
1.30
0 ()-
271
Tab
le A
.6.
The
rmal
Pro
pert
ies
of G
ases
at
Atm
osph
eric
Pre
ssur
e
C0
X
1()3
v
k X
J(
)l
Q(
Jl kJ
/(kg
K)
(m2 /
s)
kW
/(m
K)
(m2 /
s)
Pa
s
Air
10
05
()-94
9 X
10
-S
()-02
23
1·32
X
10-S
1·
60 X
w-
s 10
06
1·57
()-
0262
2·
22
1·85
10
09
2-()8
()-
0300
2·
98
2·08
10
14
2·59
0·
0337
3-
76
2·29
10
21
2·89
()-
0371
4·
22
2·48
10
30
3-79
()-
0404
5·
57
2·67
10
39
4·43
()-
0436
6·
53
2·85
10
55
5·13
0·
0466
7·
51
3·02
10
63
5·85
()-
0495
8·
58
3·18
10
75
6-63
()-
0523
9·
67
3-33
10
86
7-39
()-
0551
10
·8
3-48
10
98
8·23
()-
0578
12
-()
3·63
1
ll0
9-
()7
()-06
03
IH
3·77
ll
21
9·93
()-
0628
14
·3
3·90
ll
32
1(
)-8
()-06
53
15·5
4·
02
1142
11
·8
()-06
75
16·8
4·
15
ll61
13
·7
()-07
23
19·5
4·
40
ll7
9
15·7
()-
0763
22
-()
4·63
11
97
17·9
()-
0803
24
·8
4·85
Pr
0·72
2 ()-
708
0·69
7 0·
689
()-68
3 0·
680
0·68
0 0·
680
0·68
2 0·
684
0·68
6 ()-
689
()-69
2 ()-
696
0·69
9 ()-
702
0·70
6 0·
714
0·72
2
N
Vl
0 tr1 z 0 z tr1
tr1
:;tl - z 0 ::I:
tr1 > o-l
o-l
:;tl > z en
'TI
tr1
:;tl
Hyd
roge
n 25
0 Q
-098
1 14
,060
8·
06 X
lO
-S
0·15
6 30
0 0·
0819
14
,320
10
·9
0·18
2 35
0 0·
0702
14
.440
14
·2
Q-2
06
400
O-o
614
14.4
90
17-7
0·
229
450
0·05
46
14,5
00
21·6
0·
251
500
0·04
92
14.5
10
25·7
0·
272
550
0·04
47
14.3
30
30·2
0·
293
600
0·04
08
14,5
40
35·0
0·
315
650
0·03
49
14,5
70
45·5
0·
351
700
0·03
06
14,6
80
56·9
0·
384
750
0·02
72
14,8
20
69·0
0·
412
800
0·02
45
14.9
70
82·2
0·
440
850
0-()2
23
15.1
70
96·5
0·
464
Oxy
gen
200
1·95
6 91
3·1
Q-7
95 X
lO
-S
0-()1
82
250
1·56
2 91
5·6
1·14
4 Q
-022
6 30
0 1·
301
920·
3 1·
586
Q-0
267
350
1-11
3 92
9·0
2·08
0 Q
-030
7 40
0 Q
-976
94
2-Q
2·
618
Q-0
346
450
0·86
8 95
6·7
3·19
9 Q
-038
3 50
0 Q
-780
97
2-2
3·83
4 Q
-041
7 55
0 0·
710
988·
1 4·
505
Q-0
452
600
Q-6
50
1004
5·
214
Q-0
483
11·3
x w
- s
15·5
20
·3
25·7
31
·6
38·2
45
·2
53·1
69
·0
85·6
10
2 12
0 13
7 1·0?
X
JO-S
1·58
2·
24
2·97
3-
77
4·61
5·
50
6"·44
7-
40
7·92
x w
-6
8·96
9·
95
1Q-9
11
·8
12·6
13
·5
14·3
15
·9
17-4
18
·8
20·2
21
·5
14·9
x w-
6
17·9
2Q
-6
23·2
25
·5
27·8
29
·9
32·0
33
·9
G-7
13
Q-7
06
0·69
7 0·
690
0·68
2 0·
675
0·66
8 0·
664
0·65
9 0·
664
0·67
6 0·
686
0·70
3
0·74
5 0·
725
0·70
9 0·
702
0·69
5 Q
-694
0·
697
0·70
0 0·
704
>
"'C
"'C
tr.l z 0 - >< w
N
01
Tab
le A
.6.
Con
tinu
ed
T
p c,
X
1()3
v
k X
10
3
("K
) (k
l/m
3)
k.J/
(kg
K)
(m2 /
s)
kW/(
m K
)
--
Nit
roge
n 20
0 1·
711
1043
o-
757
x w
-5
0018
2 30
0 1-
142
1041
1·
563
0026
2 40
0 0·
854
1046
2·
574
0033
3 50
0 0·
682
1056
3-
766
0039
8 60
0 0·
569
1076
5·
119
(}04
58
700
0·49
3 10
97
6·51
2 00
512
800
(}42
8 11
23
8·14
5 00
561
900
(}38
0 11
46
9·10
6 Q
-060
7 10
00
0·34
1 11
68
11·7
2 00
648
1100
(}
311
1186
13
·60
(}06
85
1200
(}
285
1204
15
·61
0071
9 C
arbo
n di
oxid
e 25
0 2·
166
803-
9 Q-
581
x w-
5 00
129
300
1·79
7 87
(}9
(}83
2 00
166
350
1·53
6 90
02
1-11
9 00
205
400
1·34
2 94
2-()
1·43
9 00
246
450
H9
2
979·
7 1·
790
0029
0 so
o 1-
()73
1013
2-
167
(}03
35
sso
(}97
4 10
47
2·57
4 00
382
600
(}89
4 10
76
3002
00
431
IX
(m1/s
)
1-o2
x w
-5
2·21
3-
74
5·53
7-
49
9·47
11
·7
13-9
16
·3
18·6
20
·9
0·74
0 x
w-5
1-()6
1·
48
1-95
2-
48
3-()8
3-
75
4·48
IJ
Pa
s
12·9
x w
-6
17·8
22
·0
25·7
29
·1
32·1
34
·8
37·5
4(
}0
42-3
44
·5
12·6
x w
-"
15·0
17
·2
19·3
21
·3
23-3
25
-1
26·8
Pr
(}74
7 (}
713
0·69
1 0·
684
(}68
6 0·
691
(}70
0 (}
711
(}72
4 (}
736
(}74
8
(}79
3 0·
770
(}75
5 (}
738
(}72
1 (}
702
(}68
5 (}
668
IV
...,.
IV
ttl z 0 - z ttl
ttl ~ - z 0 ::: ttl >
o-,l
o-,l ~ > z til
"!1
ttl ~
Car
bon
mon
oxid
e 25
0 ()-
841
1043
1-
128
X
10-5
(){
)214
30
0 1-
139
1042
1·
567
(){)2
53
350
()-97
4 10
43
2-()6
2 (){
)288
40
0 ()-
854
1048
2·
599
()-03
23
450
()-76
2 10
55
3-18
8 ()-
()436
50
0 ()-
682
1063
3·
819
(){)3
86
550
0·62
0 10
76
4·49
6 ()-
0416
60
0 ()-
568
1088
5·
206
()-04
45
Wat
er v
apou
r 38
0 ()-
586
2060
()-
216
X
10-4
(){
)246
40
0 ()-
554
2014
()-
242
(){)2
61
450
()-49
0 19
80
()-31
1 ()
{)29
9 50
0 ()-
441
1985
()-
386
(){)3
39
550
0·40
0 19
97
()-47
0 (){
)379
60
0 0·
365
2026
()-
566
()-()4
22
650
()-33
8 20
56
()-66
4 (H
)46
4
700
0·31
4 20
85
0·77
2 (){
)505
75
0 ()-
293
2119
()-
888
(){)5
49
800
()-27
4 21
52
1-()2
0 (){
)592
85
0 Q
-258
21
86
H5
2
()-06
37
1·51
X
10-5
15
·4 X
10
-6
2-13
17
·8
2·84
2(
)-1
3·61
22
·2
4·44
24
·2
5-33
26
·1
6·24
27
·9
7-19
29
·6
2·04
X
10
-5
12·7
X
10-6
2·24
13
-4
3·07
15
-3
3·87
17
·0
4·75
18
·8
5·73
2(
)-7
6·66
22
·5
7-12
24
·3
8·83
26
·0
1(){
) 27
·9
11·3
29
·7
Q-7
50
()-73
7 ()-
728
()-72
2 ()-
718
()-71
8 ()-
721
()-72
4
1-()6
0 1·
040
1·01
0 ()-
996
()-99
1 ()-
986
()-99
5 H
XlO
1·
005
1-()1
0 1-
()19
> :g tt
l z t)
>< w
Ada
pted
fro
m T
able
A-4
, E. R
. G. E
cker
t and
R. M
. Dra
ke, J
r., H
eat a
nd M
ass
Tran
sfer
, McG
raw
-Hil
l Boo
k C
ompa
ny, I
nc.,
New
Yor
k (1
959)
. (N
ote:
A
t pr
essu
res
othe
r th
an a
tmos
pher
ic, t
he d
ensi
ty c
an b
e de
term
ined
fro
m t
he id
eal g
as e
quat
ion,
p =
= p/
RT
. H
ence
at
any
give
n te
m
pera
ture
p =
p0(
pjp
0)
whe
re P
o is
atm
osph
eric
pre
ssur
e an
d P
o is
giv
en i
n th
e ta
ble.
k, p
, an
d c
• m
ay b
e as
sum
ed i
ndep
ende
nt o
f pr
essu
re.
tv
v an
d 11
are
inve
rsel
y pr
opor
tion
al t
o th
e de
nsit
y; h
ence
at
a gi
ven
tem
pera
ture
are
inve
rsel
y pr
opor
tion
al t
o th
e pr
essu
re.)
~
254 ENGINEERING HEAT TRANSFER
Table A.7. Normal Total Emissivity of Various Surfaces
(Note: When temperatures and emissivities appear in pairs separated by dashes, they correspond; and linear interpolation is permissible.) By courtesy of H. C. Hottel, from Heat Transmission, 3rd ed., by W. H. McAdams, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York (1954).
REFERENCES
I. Barnes, B. T., Forsythe, W. E., and Adams, E. Q. J. Opt. Soc. Amer., Vol. 37, 804 (1947).
2. Binkley, E. R., private communication (1933). 3. Burgess, G. K. Nat/. Bur. Stand., Bull. 6, Sci. paper 121, Ill (1909). 4. Davisson, C., and Weeks, J. R. Jr. J. OpL Soc. Amer., Vol. 8, 581 (1924). 5. Heilman, R. H. Trans. ASME, FSP 51,287 (1929). 6. Hoffman, K. Z. Physik, Vol. 14, 310 (1923). 7. Knowles, D., and Sarjant, R. J. J. Iron and Steel Inst. (London), Vol. 155,
577 (1947). 8. Pirani, M. J. Sci. Instrum., Vol. 16, 12 (1939). 9. Randolf, C. F., and Overhaltzer, M. J. Phys. Rev., Vol. 2, 144 (1913).
10. Schmidt, E. Gesundh-Ing., Beiheft 20, Reihe 1, 1-23 (1927).
256 ENGINEERING HEAT TRANSFER
11. Schmidt, H., and Furthman, E. Mitt. Kaiser-Kilhelm-Inst. Eisenforsch. Dusseldorf, Abhandle., Vol. 109, 225 (1928).
12. Snell, F. D. Ind. Eng. Chem., Vol. 29, 89 (1937). 13. Standard Oil Development Company, personal communication (1928). 14. Thring, M. W. The Science.of Flames and Furnaces, Chapman and Hall,
London (1952). 15. Thwing, C. B. Phys. Rev., Vol. 26, 190 (1908). 16. Wamsler, F. Z. Ver. deut.lng., Vol. 55, 599 (1911); Mitt. Forsch., Vol. 98,
1 (1911). 17. Wenzl, M., and Morawe, F. Stahl u. Eisen, Vol. 47, 867 (1927). 18. Zwikker, C. Arch. neerland. sci., Vol. 9, 207 (1925).
Appendix 4 Gas Emissivities The curves in Figs. Al and A2 give respectively emissivities of carbon dioxide and water vapour. In each case there are separate curves for constant values of the product of partial pressure and mean beam length. As the total pressure is increased, the lines of the C02
spectrum broaden, and a correction factor from Fig. A3 is applied for pressures other than 1 atmosphere. In the case of water vapour, the emissivity depends on the actual partial pressure and the total pressure as well as on the product of partial pressure and beam length.
()o02
()oOl
()o008
()o006
2500K
Fig. Al. Emissivity of carbon dioxide; adapted from W. H. McAdams Heat Transfer, McGraw·Hill Book Company, 3rd ed., New York (1954);
by permission of the publishers.
257
ENGINEERING HEAT TRANSFER
()o()l
<roo! ~~K~~~K~~~~--~~~--~~-
()-8 ()-6 ()-5 ()-4 o-3
Fig. Al. Emiuillity ofwtlterNpO.,.; tulllpt«lfrom W. H. McAtlturu, Hetlt Tr11111mislio11, 3nl ed. McGNw-Hi/1 Book Co111JH111y, New York (1954);
by permislio11 of tM pdlUMrr.
Hence Fig. A2 is for actual partial pressures extrapolated to zero, and the emissivity is multiplied by a correction factor from Fig. A4. When carbon dioxide and water vapour are both present the sum of emissivities is reduced by a value & obtained from Fig. AS, to allow for mutual absorption. Thus e1 = Ba1o + Bco1 - lie. To estimate absorptivities to radiation from enclosing surfaces, which depend on the gas temperature as well as the surface temperature, Hottel recommends an emissivity figure (e) is first determined at the surface temperature and at (pL)(T./T.~ Then
!Xcoz = e(T"./1'.)0·65
IXnzo = e(T"./T.)0·45
APPENDIX 4 259
2·0 3·0 5·0 total pressure, atm
Fig. A3. Adllptetl from W. H. McAtlams, Hut Trtu~smissioll, 3rtl etl., McGraw-Hill Book Co~~~pt~11y, New York (1954); by permissi011 of tu
p•blh,ers.
(total pressure + PH2o) /2, atm
Fig. A4. Adllptetl from W. H. McAtlams, Hetlt Tr1U1smissio11, 3rtl etl., McGraw-Hill Book Comptu~y, New York (1954); by permissioll of tu
pllblisurs.
810K >HOOK
0 PH20 PH.p PHil
Pco2 + PH20 Pco2 + PHp Pco2 + 1 JH20
Fig. AS. Adllptetlfrom W. H. McAtlams, Heat Tra11smissioll, McGraw-Hill Book ColllfHIIIy, New York (1954); by permusio11 of the p•blisurs. For Iiiia ofcouttutt P002 L + P820 L, ilf m btu, 1-1·5 m btu, :Z-HJ m btu, 3-0·6
m btu, 4-0·5 m btu, 6-0•:Z m hr, 7-0·1 m btu.
260 ENGINEERING HEAT TRANSFER
Then the correction factors are applied as in the case of emissivity determination, and finally the mutual absorption correction is similarly made.
ExAMPLE
A 1·5 m cubic chamber contains a gas mixture at a total pressure of 2·0 bar and a temperature of 1000 K. The gas contains 5 per cent by volume of carbon dioxide and 10 per cent water vapour. Determine the emissivity of the gas mixture.
Solution. The beam length is (2/3) x 1· 5 m = 1·0 m.
pL(C02) = 0·1 m bar, e = Q-112
pL(H20) = 0·2 m bar, e = 0·18.
The correction factor for C02 at 1·97 atm = H5 from Fig. A3, and for H 20 at (0·197 + 1·97)/2 = 1·083 atm, is 1·5, from Fig. A4
ec02 = 0·112 x H5 = Q-129
f:H 20 = (}18 X 1·5 = 0·270
The correction for mutual absorption is at PH2o/(p002 + PH2o) = 0·66, and pL(C02) + pL(H20) = 0·3 m bar. From the set of curves at 1100 K, lle = Q-035, at 810 K, = 0·016. Hence & may be taken as 0·023.
e = 0·129 + 0·270- Q-023 = 0·376 II
Index
absorptivity definition of 209 of black body 210 of grey body 213
Akers, W. W. 149 algebra, configuration factor, in
radiation 222-4 analogy, Reynolds 101-11, see
also Reynolds analogy analogy in complex flow 137 analogy of conduction 52-5 analogy of radiation 224-8,
230-1 anisotropic materials 1 0
Bagley,R. 153 BASIC listings 23, 30, 45, 51, 65,
116, 172, 198 batch heat exchangers 202-3 Bayley, F. J. 47, 68, 80 beam length in gas radiation 229 bibliography, heat transfer 236 Binder, L. 67 Biot, J. B. 3 black body 6, 210
artificial 21 0 emission 211 radiation 210-24
boiling coefficients 1 5 1-3 general discussion of 149-54 mechanisms of 149-50 vertical tube, in a 152-3
Boltzmann, L. 6, 211 boundary condition in transient
conduction 6 2-3, 68-9 boundary layer
equations of 80-7 growth in a tube entrance 79 integral equations of 84-7
laminar 78 separation of 136 sub-layer 78, 107 thermal 80
thickness of 90 thickness of 8 7-8 turbulent 78-9
velocity distribution in 79 velocity distribution in 79-87
boundary mesh points 47-9 British Nuclear Fuels, plc 158 Buckingham's pi theorem 111 building materials, thermal con-
ductivities of 243
capacity ratio in heat exchangers definition of 1 79 limiting values of 180
Carslaw, H. S. 10 Chapman, A. J. 118 Chato,J.C.J. 149 Churchill, S. W. 139 Clapp, R. M. 152 Colburn, A. P. 109, 139 ColburnJ-factor 109, 137 Collins,M.W. 115 condensation
general discussion of 144-5 inside a tube 149 on a horizontal tube 148 on a vertical surface 145-8
conducting film, equivalent 91 conduction
definition of 3 differential equation of
in cylindrical coordinates 13-15
in rectangular coordinates 10-13
in fins 157-60
261
262 INDEX
conduction cont'd in multiple plane slabs 170-3 one-dimensional
in cylindrical layers 25-9 in parallel systems 20 in plane slabs 16-20 in spherical layers 29 steady state 16-3 5 transient 61 -7 with heat sources 31-5
two-dimensional steady state 39-52 with heat sources 42-3
conductivity of metals 9 of non-metals 9
conductivity, thermal definition of 3 temperature dependent 10
in a plane slab 24-5 configuration factor
algebra 222-4 in radiation 218-24, see also
radiation configuration factor
convection at boundary
in transient conduction 63-7 in two-dimensional con
duction 48-52 coefficient 5, 18, see also
Nusselt number discussion of treatment 78 forced see forced convection in cross flow 139-42 in separated flow 136-42 in tube bundles 139-42 natural see natural convection with phase change 144-54
conversion factors 23 7-8 counter flow in heat exchangers
176 critical radius in insulation 28-30
program list 30 cross flow heat exchange 191-4 Crosser, 0. K. 149
Deans, H. A. 149
diffusivity eddy, definition of 101 thermal, definition of 12 thermal eddy, definition of
103 dimensional analysis
of forced convection 111-15 of natural convection 125-6
dimensionless groups 111 Donohue, D. A. 140 double glazed window
analysis 21-4 program list 23
Douglas, M. J. M. 139 drag loss coefficient 13 7 Drake, R. M. Jnr 10
Eckert, E. R. G. 10,87 eddy diffusivity 101 effectiveness of heat exchangers
180 electrolytic tanks 55 emission 21 0
of black body 211 of grey body 213
emissivities of various surfaces 254-55
emissivity, monochromatic 211 of black body 214 ofgreybody 214
Jaeger, J. C. 10 Jakob, M. 153,211 /-factor 109, 137-8 joule, definition of 237
Karmam, T. von 85 Kays, W. M. 141, 186 Kirchhoff's law 213-15
Lam bert's law 215 laminar boundary layer 78
equations of 80-7 laminar convection
in tubes 92-7 on flat plates 87-92
laminar sub-layer 78 velocity at limit of
in tubes 103 on a flat plate 1 02
Langhaar, H. L. 112 Liebmann method 52 liquid metals
heattransferin 118-19 thermal properties of 245
liquids, saturated, thermal properties of 246-9
London, A. L. 141,186 lumped capacity systems 58-61,
202-3
MacLaurin's series 40 McAdams,W.H. 117,127,131 metals, liquid
heat transfer in 118-19 thermal properties of 245
metals, thermal properties of 239-40
mixed fluid in heat exchangers 187
models, testing of 114 modes of heat transfer, discussion
of 3-7 momentum diffusivity, definition
of 83 monochromatic emissivity 211
natural convection 4, 124-32 approximate results, in air
130-2 buoyancy force 125 definition of 4 dimensional analysis of 125-6 empirical results of 126-32 in laminar flow 127-32 in tubulent flow 127-32
newton, definition of 237 Newton's equation of convection
5, 18,78 Newton's second law 81 number of transfer units, defini
tion of 186 numerical relationships in fins
170-3 in steady state conduction 41-
3,47-9 in transient conduction 61-8
numerical solution of cross-flow heat exchange 191-4
of transient conduction 62-8 of two-dimensional steady state
conduction 40-52 Nusselt, W. 145 Nusselt number
definition of 91 for laminar flow on flat plates
91 average value of 92
in pipes 96, 97 of condensation 148 of finned surfaces 157
Ohm's law 17, 52, 224 one-dimensional steady state
conduction 16-35
INDEX 265
program list 23-4 one-dimensional transient con
duction 61-7 program list 65
overall heat transfer coefficient 19,28
finned surfaces 165-8 heat exchangers 181
Owen, J. M. 47,80
parallel flow in heat exchangers 179, 182, 189
parallel plates, natural convection 129
pi theorem 111 Planck, M. 211 plate heat exchangers 200-2 Pohlhausen, K. 88 Prandtl number, definition of 83 pressure loss
in a complex flow system 137-9
in pipe flow 103 properties, thermal
of building materials 243 of gases 250-3 of liquid metals 245 of metals 239-40 of non-metals 241-2 of radiating surfaces 254-5 of saturated liquids 246-9
radiation 208-32 definition of 6 electrical analogy of 2 24-8,
230-1 general discussion of 208-9 intensityof 215-17 real surface 212 solar 231-2