1 1 Energy & Utilities Cooling Production (316) APPA Institute for Facilities Management Mark St. Onge, EFP 2 Purpose of Today’s Presentation To provide a broad understanding of central cooling production systems 3 Agenda Introduction • Central energy systems • Advantages and disadvantages of central energy systems Chilled water system components Ways to reduce energy consumption
Welcome message from author
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
1
1
Energy & Utilities
Cooling Production (316)
APPA Institute for Facilities Management
Mark St. Onge, EFP
2
Purpose of Today’s PresentationTo provide a broad understanding of central cooling production systems
3
Agenda
Introduction• Central energy systems
• Advantages and disadvantages of central energy systems
Chilled water system components
Ways to reduce energy consumption
2
4
Central (District) Energy
Classrooms
Hospital
LibraryLabs
Dormitories
Central Energy Plant
5
Central Energy Systems
• Less equipment
• Lower service cost
• Better space utilization
• Alternate technological option
Advantages
• Integrated solutions
6
Central Energy Systems
• Lower operating costs
• Better management and energy control
• Higher overall efficiency
• Multiple fuel capabilities
Advantages (cont.)
• Aesthetic options
3
Central Energy System
Disadvantages
• High first cost
• Inflexible once constructed
• Distribution losses
• Need for specialized technicians
7
Why is this important?
As noted by Pérez-Lombard (2008):
• Nearly 50% of the energy consumed in a building can be attributed to the HVAC system.
• In the U.S., HVAC systems are estimated to account for 20% of the total energy used.
8
Source: Pérez-Lombard, L., Ortiz, J., & Pout, C. (2008). A review on buildings energy consumption information. Energy and Buildings, 40(3), 394-398.
9
Chilled Water System Components
• Chillers• Cooling Towers / Condensers• Pumps & Piping• Air Handlers
IT IS ALL ABOUT MOVING BTU’S!
4
10
Chilled Water System
Cooling Tower
Chillers
Air Handler
Pumps & Piping
It’s All About BTUs
11
Chillers
12
5
13
Water - Ideal Heat Transfer Fluid
75ºF 76ºF
Specific Heat 1 BTU/lb
Heat of Fusion 144 BTU/lb
Heat of Vaporization 970 BTU/lb
32ºF 212ºF
MSO1
Refrigeration Cycle
Primary Components:
• Compressor
• Condenser
• Evaporator
• Throttling device
14
Refrigeration Cycle
15
Slide 13
MSO1 Evaporation effectMark St Onge, 8/19/2017
6
Refrigeration Cycle
16
17
Refrigerants
• Increasing cost of refrigerants
• Global warming vs. ozone depletion
• Alternative refrigerants
• Regulatory
Issues
18
Chilled Water System Components
Chillers
• Centrifugal
• Rotary
• Absorption
3 Types:
7
Types of Prime Movers Used for Modern “Pumps”
19
• Electric motor
• Gas turbine
• Steam turbine
• Combustion engine (diesel or gasoline)
Horsepower, Voltage, Tons of Refrigeration Correlation
20
Source: www.kylesconverter.com
Horsepower Range
Voltage Tons of Refrigeration
100 - 500 480 - 2,400 21 - 106
500 - 5,000 2,400 - 5,000 106 - 1,060
5,000 - 10,000 5,000 - 12,000 1,060 - 2,120
Horsepower Required for Common Chiller Sizes
2121
Common Chiller Sizes in Tons of Refrigeration
Horsepower Required
5,000 23,580
2,000 9,432
1,200 5,659
600 2,830
Source: http://www.kylesconverter.com
8
22
Chilled Water System Components: Chillers
Centrifugal Chiller, Electric Motor-Driven
Source: www.douglasbowker-motiongraphics.com
23
Source: www.maintenancetechnology.com
Chilled Water System Components: Chillers
24
Chiller Barrel (heat exchanger)
Source: www.acr-news.com/masterclass-shell-tube-evaporators-part-15
9
Chilled Water System Components: Chillers
25
Chiller Barrels (heat exchangers)
Condenser Evaporator
26
27
10
Chilled Water System Components: Chillers
28Centrifugal Chiller, Steam-Driven
29
Chilled Water System Components: Chillers
Screw Chiller, Electric Motor-Driven
Chilled Water System Components: Chillers
30Screw compressor cut-away
11
Screw Compressor
31
32
Chilled Water System Components: Chillers
Absorption Chiller, Steam Driven
33
Chilled Water System Components: Chillers
Single Stage Steam-Fired Absorption Chiller
12
34
Chilled Water System
Cooling Tower
Chillers
Air Handler
Pumps & Piping
35
Chilled Water System Components
Condensers• Air Cooled
• Water Cooled
Cooling Towers
Refrigeration Condensers
36
Water Cooled
Air Cooled
13
Chilled Water System Components: Cooling Towers
37
Rejects unwanted heat from campus
What Makes a Cooling Tower Work?
FILLFILL
WET BULBWET BULB RANGERANGE
APPROACHAPPROACH
AIR FLOWAIR FLOW
L/G RATIOL/G RATIO
TRANSFER UNITSTRANSFER UNITS
38
Induced Draft Crossflow (Double Air Entry)
39
14
Cooling Tower
40
Cooling Tower
41
Cooling Tower
42
15
Cooling Tower
43
Chilled Water System Components: Cooling Towers
44
Chilled Water System Components: Cooling Towers
45
16
University of Illinois
46
University of Arizona
47
Pumps & Piping
48
17
Air Handlers
49
Source: www.douglasbowker-motiongraphics.com
Control / Reduce Energy Costs• Chillers
– Variable speed drive
– Mechanical unloading
• Towers– Variable speed drives on fans and pumps
• Distribution Pumps– Variable speed drives
• Metering / Analytics
• Thermal Energy Storage
• Free Cooling50
Free Cooling?
51
18
Free Cooling
52
Thermal Energy Storage
53
Chilled water storage tank
Thermal Energy Storage
54
Ice Storage Tanks
19
Benefits
• Shifting system load demand
• Stability of cooling capacity
• Dual-duty operation
• Managing energy costs
• Reduction in demand charges
Thermal Energy Storage
55
Cooling Load ProfileShaving the Peak with TES
56Summer “On-Peak” Electrical Rate 2:00 pm – 8:00 pm
Questions / Comments
57
Mark St. Onge
Sign-in Sheet / Evaluation Form
Related Documents
![University of Tennessee Knoxville Facilities Exposed - The Story Behind the Facilities Organization [APPA 2014]](https://static.cupdf.com/doc/110x72/557c8401d8b42ab0788b4afe/university-of-tennessee-knoxville-facilities-exposed-the-story-behind-the-facilities-organization-appa-2014.jpg)
