Unit 01 Estratégias de leitura 1.1. Brainstorming Estratégia que consiste na associação de ideias a partir de uma ou mais palavras. Nós a utilizamos consciente ou inconscientemente, quando tentamos descobrir novos significados através do conhecimento que possuímos do mundo. Isso pode ser feito, por exemplo, através da leitura do título. Um bom título resume geralmente a ideia central do texto. 1.2 Cognatos Existem palavras na língua estrangeira que, além de parecidas na forma, são parecidas também no significado com palavras em português. Tais palavras, são chamadas de cognatas.Exemplos: human (humano), television (televisão). 1.3 Skimming Significa “desnatar”, tirar o leite da superfície. Assim, a técnica do skimming é a leitura rápida do texto para captar os conceitos e idéias principais sem se ater a um ponto específico. Busca-se a ideia geral do texto. Quando fazemos isso passamos os olhos no título, lemos os parágrafos, nome do autor, fonte, etc. A leitura rápida do jornal para decidir que informações serão de interesse também pode ser um exemplo de skimming. 1.4 Scanning Embora, seja também uma leitura rápida, o scanning é utilizado quando queremos encontrar algo específico no texto. Exemplo: consulta a uma enciclopédia, catálogo ou lista telefônica. 1.5 Referência Contextual Segundo CRUZ (2003): “A referência contextual também representa um recurso auxiliar na compreensão de idéias de um texto”. As chamadas palavras de
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
A systematic approach to farming intended to reduce agricultural pollution, enhance sustainability, and improve efficiency and profitability. Overall, alternative agriculture emphasizes management practices that take advantage of natural processes (such as nutrient cycles, nitrogen fixation, and pest-predator relationships), improve the match between cropping patterns and agronomic practices on the one hand and the productive potential and physical characteristics of the land on the other, and make selective use of commercial fertilizer and pesticides to ensure production efficiency and conservation of soil, water, energy, and biological resources. Examples of alternative agricultural practices include use of crop rotation, animal and green manures, soil and water conserving tillage systems, such as no-till planting methods, integrated pest management, and use of genetically improved crops and animals. Consonant with sustainable agriculture, alternative agriculture focuses on those farming practices that go beyond traditional or conventional agriculture, though it does not exclude conventional practices that are consistent with the overall system.
Source:www.superglossary.com
TEXT 03
World Development book case study: Agribusiness
The term ‘agribusiness’ emerged in the 1970s and was used to describe the increasing number of inputs to farming in the developed world. It includes farming, seed supply, agricultural chemicals, wholesaling, processing, distribution and retail sales. The term has come to represent different things to different people. For people within the food-supply industry, it is a convenient way to describe the wide range of business and agriculture activities involved in modern food production. For many others, the term has a negative connotation because it is associated with corporate farming. From this point of view, agribusiness is all about large, vertically integrated food-production businesses with profit as their main motive that damage the environment, reduce food quality and cause social dislocation in rural areas in particular.
Agribusiness grew rapidly following the Green Revolution in the 1960s. Almost all farms in the developed world use the products and technology sold by agribusiness and increasingly farming in the developing world is becoming just as dependent.
(about 2 cups, packed) 1 teaspoon corn starch 2 teaspoons flour 1 cup milk 1/2 teaspoon lemon juice 1/4 cup ham, chopped into 1/4
inch cubes Freshly grated black pepper
FOR SALEBEAUTIFUL HOUSE with garage, 03 bedrooms, 01 kitchen, a dining-room, a living-room, 2 bathroms and the laundry. US$ 350,000. Code: 617459.
Rome, Sep. 11th, 2003
Dear Susan,My trip was perfect. I´ve just arrived here and I´ve already met lots of friends of yours.As soon as I have time, I´ll send you the pictures.
Love, John.
Unit 022.1 Pronomes (pronouns)
A) Personal Pronouns
(Pronomes Pessoais ou Subjetivos)
São utilizados como sujeito.
Exemplos: I am an agribusiness
engineer.
(Sou um engenheiro de agronegócios.)
São os seguintes:
Singular Plural
I We
You You
He
She They
It
B) Object pronouns (pronomes objetos)
Vêm antecedidos por verbo ou
preposição. Têm função de objeto.
Exemplos:
Take Susan home. (Leve Susan para
casa).
Take her home. (Leve-a para casa.)
Look at John. (Olhe para o John.)
Look at him. (Olhe-o.)
São os seguintes:
Singular Plural
Me Us
You You
Him
Her Them
It
C) Possessive Adjectives
(Adjetivos Possessivos)
São utilizados para indicar posse.
Exemplo:This is my farm.
(Esta é minha fazenda.)
São os seguintes:
Singular Plural
My Our
Your Your
His
Her Their
It
D) Possessive Pronouns (Pronomes
Possessivos)
Também indicam posse, mas
substituem o substantivo.
Exemplo: This is my tractor.
(Este é meu trator).
Where is yours? (Onde está o seu?) -
substitui a palavra “car”).
São os seguintes:
Mine Ours
Yours Yours
His
Hers Theirs
Its
E) Reflexive Pronouns (Pronomes
Reflexivos).
O Pronome Reflexivo usado em função
reflexiva indica que a ação do verbo
recai sobre o próprio sujeito que a
praticou. Desse modo, o pronome vem
imediatamente após o verbo e
concorda com o sujeito.
Exemplo: She cut herself. (Ela se
cortou).
Myself OurselvesYourself YourselvesHimself
Herself ThemselvesItself
F) Demonstrative Pronouns (Pronomes
Demonstrativos)
This These
(este, esta, isto) (estes, estas)
That Those
(aquele, aquela, aquilo) (aqueles(as))
G) Relative Pronouns (Pronomes
Relativos)
Quando o pronome relativo for seguido
por um verbo, ele exerce função de
sujeito. Caso o pronome relativo seja
seguido por um substantivo, artigo,
pronome ou outra classe de palavra,
ele exerce função de objeto.
Use Who ou that antes de pessoa.
Use Which ou that antes de coisa ou
animal.
São os seguintes:
Which (o qual, a qual, os quais, as
quais)
Whom (quem, de quem)
Whose (de quem)
Who (quem, de quem)
That (que)
H) Indefinite Pronouns
Any, qualquer, quaisquer, algum,
alguns, alguma(s).
Some, algum, alguns, alguma(s),
cerca de, cert(s), certa(s).
No, nenhum, nenhuma.
None, nenhum, nenhuma.
Much, muito, muita.
Many, muitos, muitas.
Little, pouco, pouca.
Few, poucos, poucas.
All, todo(s), toda(s), tudo.
One, a gente, certo, um certo,
algum, alguma.
Each, cada.
Every, todo(s), toda(s), cada.
Other, outro(s), outra(s).
Another, um outro, uma outra.
Either, um ou outro, uma ou
outra, cada.
Neither, nem um(a) nem outro(a),
nenhum dos(das) dois(duas).
Both, ambos, ambas.
Enough, bastante.
Several, vários, várias.
Anybody, anyone, alguém.
Anything, alguma coisa.
Somebody, someone, alguém.
Something, alguma coisa.
Nobody, no one, ninguém.
Nothing, nada.
Every, everyone, todos (todas as
pessoas).
Everything, tudo.
EXERCISES
1.Substitute the words in bold type. Use
PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
Example: Mr. and Mrs. Taylor are in
front of the barn. THEY are in front of
IT.
a) This seed is on the bench.
b) The engineer is talking to the farmer.c) Exporters are sending the commoditiesd) Mary and I are agriculturists.
e) This is my document. Give it to Mr. Green.
2. Complete the sentences using
PERSONAL PRONOUNS:
Example: This is Mr. Brown. I know
HIM.
a) This is a combine. You can use
………………..
b) Those are interesting subjects. He
can read …………………
c) Peter and I are here. You can talk to
…………………..
d) Those are my horses. …………….
belong to …………….. .
3. Rewrite the sentences using
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES.
Example: This is Mr. Anderson´s
agribusiness company.
It´s HIS company.
a) Those are the girl´s tools.
b) These samples belong to us.
c) This is Peter´s acre of land
4. Use POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES.
Example: You write YOUR application.
a) Jim can send ………………….
curriculum vitae.
b) I have ………………… equipments
here in ……………. farm.
c) Lisa and I are teachers;
………………. students are doing
…………. tests.
d) John and Jean work in
……………….. new research.
5. Complete the sentences using
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS:
Example: This greenhouse belongs to
me. It´s MINE.
a) This is your vegetable garden.
b) The equipment belongs to the
agronomist.
c) We prepared this soil analysis.
d) This truck belongs to my parents.
6. Fill in the blanks with reflexive,
emphasizing or idiomatic pronouns:
Example: Agribusiness industry ITSELF
is very complex.
a) I hurt ……………………… with a
plow.
b) My children grow vegetables by
………………………
c) The agronomist ……………………….
answers the phone.
d) We always enjoy
……………………… with horticulture.
Unit 033.1 Present Simple (Presente Simples)
Usamos o Presente Simples para
expressar fatos, rotina em geral, ou
para coisas que acontecem com certa
freqüência.
Exemplo: Susan lives in Canada.
My father has a small spray.
AfirmativaSingular PluralI speak We speakYou speak You speakHe speaksShe speaks They speakIt speaks
a) Regra geral: use “S” nos verbos (3a.
pessoa do singular).
Exemplo: I worl – she works
b) Verbos terminados em: S, SS, SH,
CH, X, Z, O adicione “ES” (3a. pessoa
do singular).
Exemplo: I publish reports. – She
publishes reports.
c) Verbos terminados em “Y”: a) se
precedidos by consoante: elimine the Y
e adicione “IES”.
Exemplo: I study – she studiesb) se precedidos por vogal: adicione
somente “s”.
Exemplo: I play - she plays
Interrogativa
Use: Do or Does.
I, you, we, you, they = DO
He, she, it = DOES
Exemplo: Do you have a harvester?
Does she sell pesticides?
Negativa
Use: Don’t ou Doesn’t.I, you, we, you, they = DON´T
He, she, it = DOESN´T
Exemplo: I don´t have a harvester.
She doesn´t sell pesticides.
Importante! Não use “S”, “ES” ou
“IES” nas formas interrogativa ou
negativa! Ex: She sells seeds.
Does she sell seeds?
She doesn´t sell seeds.
Verb Have
I , you, we, you, they = have
He, she, it = hasEXERCISES
1. Fill in the blanks with the SIMPLE
PRESENT. Give the Interrogative and
Negative forms:
Ex:
EMATER provides technical assistance
to farmers. (provide)
Does EMATER provide technical
assistance to farmers?
EMATER doesn´t provide technical
assistance to farmers.
a. CONAB (Companhia Nacional de
Abastecimento) ensures the production and
supply of agricultural products.
.
Int: ……………………………………..
Neg:………………………………………..
b. They ……………………(produce) ethanol from grain and excess crops.
Int:……………………………………........
Neg:………………………………………..
c. We …………………….. (support) the
rural development.
Int: ……………………………………..
Neg:………………………………………..
d. He …………………. (have) an
excellent productivity.
Int: ……………………………………..
Neg:………………………………………..
2. Follow the example:
Do you work for a logistic company?
(an agribusiness company )
No. I work for an agribusiness
company.
a) Do you test specifications?
(programs)
……………………………………………
……………………………………………
b) Do you solve scientific problems?
(commercial problems)
……………………………………………
……………………………………………
c) Do you sell the farm machines?
(seedling plant)
……………………………………………
……………………………………………
d) Do you have a good fertilizer?
(fungicide)
……………………………………………
……………………………………………
3. Complete using the verbs below:
a) Robert never …………….. (prune)
the orange trees.
b) This book ……………….(contain) ten
units.
c) It …………………(depend) on the
system in use.
d) Many scientists …………………
(work) in agribusiness industries
3.2 Present Continuous
O presente contínuo é formado pelo
Verb To be (am, is, are) + um verbo
principal e a partícula ING.
Exemplo: She is driving. ↓ ↓ Verb to be Verb+ing
É utilizado nas ações que acontecem
no momento em que o interlocutor está
falando.
Obs: 1) Verbos monossílabos
terminados em
consoante+vogal+consoante (CVC)
têm a última letra dobrada antes do
acréscimo do ING.
Ex: Run – Running
2) verbos terminados em “e”, retira-se o
“e” e acrescenta-se ING.
Ex: Dance – dancingObservar que nem todos os verbos
podem ser utilizados no Presente
Contínuo. Ex: like, need, want, etc.
3.3 Simple Past - Regular Verbs
(Passado dos Verbos Regulares)
A) Regular verbs: infinitive + ED
Exemplo: check – checked (regra
geral)
a) verbos terminados em “Y” – a) se
precedidos por consoante: elimine o “Y”
e adicione “IED”
Exemplo: study – studiedb) se precedido por uma vogal:
adicione “ED”.
Exemplo: play – playedb) palavras terminadas por consonante
+ vogal + consoante, dobramos a
última letra antes de adicionar ED.
Exemplo: plan – planned
Afirmativa: The truck carried the crops.
Interrogativa: DID the truck CARRY the
crops?
Negativa: The truck DIDN´T CARRY the crops. (= did not)
Importante! Não use “D”, “ED” ou “IED”
nas formas interrogativa ou negativa!
Simple Past - Irregular Verbs
(Passado dos Verbos Irregulares)Exemplo: Write – wrote
Memorize the list of irregular verbs
given before.
Affirmative: Mr. Johnson BOUGHT his
first barn
Interrogative: DID Mr. Johnson BUY his
first barn?
Negative: Mr. Johnson DIDN´T BUY his
first barn.
EXERCISES
1. Write the verbs below in the Past
Tense:
a) She …………………….(study)
Agribusiness at PIAU.
b) The boys …………………..(play) a
lot of video game last night.
c) They …………………(store) the
production in the barn.
d) He ……………………(multiply) the
number by two.
e) I …………………….(not carry) the
free-range egg.
f) ………… you ………….. (irrigate) the
soil?
g) Sarah …………………..(not check)
the weeds yesterday.
h) We …………………..(plan) to plow
all the field last Sunday.
i) John ……………………..(receive)
new herbicides.
j) The company …………………..
(import) a lot of Brazilian commodities.
k)The agronomist……………(execute)
an illegal procedure.
l) The farmers………………(complain)
about the agrotoxin.
m) My boss ……………………… (use)
high technology.
n) We ……………….. (erase) all the
confidential information.
o) She ……………………. (solve) the
problem easily.
2. Give the Interrogative and Negative
forms:
a) She analysed the problem.
Int:
Neg:
b) The technician prepared a lot of
tests.
Int:
Neg:
c) The protected agency copied all the
files.
Int:
Neg:
d) He carried his equipment in the
truck.
Int:
Neg:
3.4 Future (will) – Futuro (will)
Afirmativa: She will buy a harvester
next week.
Interrogativa: Will she buy a harverster
next week?
Negativa: She won´t buy a harvester
next week. (= will not)Importante: É utilizado para todos os