API 571 Exam

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In order to safely and reliably manage equipment a key first step by the owner -user would be :(RP 571, Forward-December-2003)

Contractorplant inspection personnel

Completing nondestructive examinations.Identifying and understanding damage mechanisms.Completing the required destructive examinationsHiring properly qualified welders.

Recommended Practice 571 reflects industry information , but also it ____________ a mandatorystandard or code: (RP 571, Forward-December-2003)

Is

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API publications may be _______________________________________:(RP 571, Forward-December-2003)

Revised by the owner-user as required.Purchased and resold to other owner-users.Used to obviate the need for applying sound engineering judgment.Used by anyone desiring to do so.

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An API 571 publication will no longer be in effect _________ years after its publication date as anoperative API standard or where an extension has been granted , upon republication .(RP 571, Special Notes-December-2003: Pg. iii)

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Is notMaybeShould be

The guidelines provided in RP 571 can be used by ____________ to assist in identifying likelycauses of damage and are intended to introduce the concepts of service -induced deterioration andfailure modes: (RP 571, Scope 1.2)

DAMAGE MECHANISMS AFFECTING FIXED EQUIPMENT in the REFINERY INDUSTRY

RECOMMENDED PRACTICE API 571

CLOSED BOOK QUESTIONS

Generally, API standards are reviewed and revised , reaffirmed or withdrawn at least every_________ years: (RP 571, Special Notes-December, 2003-Pg. iii)

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The welderThe welding supervisor

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111213141516171819202122232425

Authorized inspectorConstruction organization

Pressure vessels only.Piping only.Tanks only.

It may be necessary to consult with a _____________ familiar with applicable degradation modesand failure mechanisms. (RP 571, Scope 1.2)

EngineerWelding Superintendent

RP 941

Risk-Based-Inspection in covered in which Recommended Practice?

Fitness-For-Service in covered in which Recommended Practice? (RP 571, Section 2.1-Standards)

RP 530

Pressure vessels, piping and tanks.

The damage mechanisms covered in RP 571 cover situations encountered in the refining andpetrochemical industry and is specifically intended to address the damage mechanisms relating to____________: (RP 571, Scope 1.2)

RP 934RP 579

High pressure = _____Intermediate pressure = _____

RP 580RP 934RP 579RP 941

Water = ______Hydrogen Sulfide = _____

Assign the appropriate Symbol and Abbreviation to each of the following:

Symbols and Abbreviations (RP 571, Section 3.2)

Alternating current magnetic flux leakage testing = ______

Low pressure = _____Knock out = _____

Heat affected zone = _____Brinnell hardness number = _____

Acoustic emission = ______Acoustic emission testing = ______Boiler feed water = ______Cooling water = ______Eddy current = ______Hydrogen = ______

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Not commonly observedfound on the bottom side of piping or lower portions of vessels and tanksfound on the top side of piping or upper portions of vessels and tanks

1.03.00.7

Some grades of Carbon Steel and 0.5Mo Metals

ChemistryStressTemperatureChemistry, stress, temperature and time of exposure

Observed visually

Creep

Aluminum and SteelBrass and AluminumLow alloy steels containing chromium and Copper

Recommended Practice 571, Section 4.2.1

Mechanical and Metallurgical Failure Mechanisms (RP 571, Section 4.2)

Temper embrittlementGraphitization

250 F to 1100 F

Graphitization is a change in the microstructure of certain carbon steels and 0.5Mo steels after a long -term operations in the _________ F to _________ F range which may cause a loss of strength ,ductility and/or creep resistance. (RP 571, Section 4.2.1.1-a)

200 F to 600 F

Spheroidization

100 F to 600 F800 F to 1100 F

At elevated temperatures, the carbide phases in certain carbon steels and 0.5Mo steels are unstable and may decompose into graphite nodules. This decomposition is known as __________________: (RP 571, Section 4.2.1.1-b)

Materials most effected by graphitization are ____________ and ____________:(RP 571, Section 4.2.1.2)

The most important factors that effect graphitization are: (RP 571, Section 4.2.1.3-a)

In general graphitization is normally: (RP 571, Section 4.2.1.3-b)

The addition of _______________ % chromium has been found to eliminate graphitization :(RP 571, Section 4.2.1.3-c)

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1100 F

Eyebrow graphitization

Chain and Local plane

Heat zone graphitization

RandomGeneralLocal

Black-eyed graphitization

Random and General

Closed eye graphitization

Weld heat affect zone and Non-weldSimple and Concentrated

800 F500 F

250 F

Concentrated

Another more damaging type of graphitization results in chains or local planes of concentratedgraphite nodules which can result in a significant reduction in load bearing capacity while increasingthe potential for brittle fracture . The two forms of this type of graphitization are know as___________________ graphitization and ____________________ graphitization:(RP 571, Section 4.2.1.3-f )

Weld heat affected zone graphitization is most frequently found in the heat -effected zone adjacent towelds in a narrow band , corresponding to the low temperature edge of the heat effect zone . Graphitenodules can form at the low temperature edge of the heat effected zones , resulting a band of weakgraphite cross section which because of its appearance is often referred to as ________________graphitization: (RP 571, Section 4.2.1.3-i)

Non-weld graphitization is a form of localized graphitization that sometime occurs along planes oflocalized yielding in steel . It also occurs in a chain -like manner in regions that have experiencedsignificant plastic deformation as a result of __________________ or ___________________:(RP 571, Section 4.2.1.3 ii)

Bending or heating

Pre-heating or weldingQuenching or temperingCold working operations or bending

Below _______________ F the rate of graphitization is very slow: (RP 571, Section 4.2.1.3-d)

In one general type of graphitization , the graphite nodules are distributed randomly throughout thesteel. This type does not usually lower the creep resistance and is referred to as ________________graphitization? (RP 571, Section 4.2.1.3-e)

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Evidence of graphitization is most effectively evaluated through removal of full thickness samples forexamination using __________________: (RP 571, Section 4.2.1.7)

Ultrasonic testing Radiographic testing Eddy current testing Metallographic techniques

2 and 10 to 205 and 30 to 40

The rate at which graphitization forms is difficult to predict , but when service temperatures are above1000 F (538 C) severe heat affect zone graphitization can develop in as little as __________ years.Very slight graphitization would not be uncommon after ___________ to __________ years ofoperation at 850F (454C). (RP 571, Section 4.2.1.3-g)

Low alloy steels with less chromium

OnlyUnlikelyPrimarilyLikely

Chromium containing low alloy steelsThicker materials

NeverMoreProbably

1.5 and 3 to 510 and 2 to 5

Less

Economizer tubing , steam piping and other equipment that operated in a range of temperaturesbetween 850F to 1025F (441C and 552C) are ______________ likely to suffer graphitization .(RP 571, Section 4.2.1.2-e)

Hot wall piping, equipment in the fluid catalytic cracker (FCC), catalytic reforming and coker units are______________ places to look for graphitization: (RP 571, Section 4.2.1.3-a)

Graphitization can be prevented for long -term operations above 800F (427C) by using______________________. (RP 571, Section 4.2.1.6)

Material with a higher carbon content

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HeatLow pressureTemperature

Recommended Practice 571, Section 4.2.2

A change in the microstructure of steels , where the carbide phases in the carbon steels becomesunstable and may agglomerate from their normal plate -like form to a spheroidal form , or from smallfinely dispersed carbides in low alloy steels to large agglomerated carbides is known as__________________: (RP 571, Section 4.2.2.1)

GraphitizationMetallographic change Spheroidization Carbide Phase change

Spheroidization may cause a loss of strength and/or _________ resistance. (RP 571, Section 4.2.2.1)

Creep

Copper

Critical factors affecting Spheroidization are _________________: (RP 571, Section 4.2.2.3-a)

Metal chemistry and exposure time and temperatureTemperature and microstructure and exposure time

Materials commonly effected by spheroidization are all commonly used grades of carbon steel and ____________ including C-0.5Mo, 1Cr-0. 5Mo, 1.25Cr-0.5M0, 2./25Cr-1Mo, 3Cr-1Mo, 5Cr-0.5Mo and 9Cr-1Mo. (RP 571, Section 4.2.2.2)

High alloy steelsLow alloy steelsAluminum

200F and 660F100F and 500F200F and 750F

The rate of spheriodization depends on __________: (RP 571, Section 4.2.2.3-b)

Temperature, exposure time and metal chemistryMetal chemistry, microstructure, exposure time and temperature

Spheroidization can occur in a few hours at __________F , but may also take place over severalyears at ___________F. (RP 571, Section 4.2.2.3-b)

800F and 1300F

Temperature Exposure time and temperatureTemperature and initial microstructureThe location of the equipment within the process unit

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LossAll of the above

Equipment in general is __________ renewed or repaired due to spheroidization .(RP 571, Section 4.2.2.4-c)

Often

Only the bottom portion of equipment and piping None of the above

Fired heater tubes in boilers or process units may be affected by a ____________ in creep strength .(RP 571, Section 4.2.2.4-c)

ChangeIncrease

Seldom

In operating units such as the FCC , catalytic reforming and coker , spheroidization affects__________ and __________________: (RP 571, Section 4.2.2.4-c)

product quality and quantity of productionhot wall piping and equipment

Annealed and course -grained steels have ____________ resistance to spheroidization thennormalized and fine-grained steels. (RP 571, Section 4.2.2.3-c)

MoreThe sameLess

All of the above

None of the above

Spheroidization can occur in piping and equipment after exposure to temperatures above ______ F.(RP 571, Section 4.2.2.4-a)

850F200F250F450F

Top of the piping and/or equipmentStress concentrations

The loss in strength caused by spheroidization may be as high as ________%, but failure is not likelyto occur except under very high applied stresses , in areas of stress concentration or in combinationwith other damage mechanisms. (RP 571, Section 4.2.2.4-a)

70203050

Spheroidization causes a loss in strength which is usually accompanied by an increase in ductilitywhich allows for deformation at ______________________: (RP 571, Section 4.2.2.4-b)

Bottom of the piping

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885F Embrittlement

The metallurgical change discussed in question no . 59 causes an upward shift in the ductile -to-brittletransition temperature as measured by ____________________ testing? (RP 571, Section 4.2.3.1)

HolidayUltrasonicCharpy impactmetallographic

Usually

Spheroidization is not readily visible and can only be detected through ________________:(RP 571, Section 4.2.2.5-a)

UTRTMT

2.25 to 3.01.25 and 2.25

Spheroidization is difficult to prevent except by minimizing long -term exposure to elevated_____________: (RP 571, Section 4.2.2.6)

Pressure

Metallography

In the case of ______% to ______% CrMo alloys , spheroidization is a process of transforming thecarbides from their original finely dispersed morphology to large agglomerated carbides .(RP 571, Section 4.2.2.5-b)

5.0 to 9.01.25 to 1.5

The reduction in toughness due to metallurgical changes that can occur in some low alloy steels as aresult of long-term exposure in the temperature range of 650F (343C) to 1100F (593C) is referredto as ____________________? (RP 571, Section 4.2.3.1)

GraphitizationSpheroidizationTemper Embrittlement

Refinery productsClimateTemperature

Spheroidization can only be found through field _____________ or removal of samples formetallographic observations: (RP 571, Section 4.2.2.7)

Radiographic testingMetallographyUltrasonic testingMagnetic particle testing

Recommended Practice 571, Section 4.2.3

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None of the above

Temper embrittlement can occur during fabrication heat treatment , most of the damage occurs overmany years of service in the embrittling temperature range of _________ to _________.(RP 571, Section 4.2.3.3-d)

150F to 500F650F to 1100F300F to 450F

1.25Cr-0.5Mo and 3Cr-1MoAll of the above

Alloy steel composition , thermal history , metal temperature and exposure time are all considered__________ factors. (RP 571, Section 4.2.3.3-a)

CriticalNon-criticalSafety

196519831990

Two steels which are not significantly affected by temper embrittlement are ________ and ________:(RP 571, Section 4.2.3.1-c)

C-0.5Mo and 1.25Cr-0.5Mo2.25Cr-1Mo and 3Cr-1Mo

1.25Cr-0.5MoC-0.5Mo2.25Cr-1Mo, 3Cr-1Mo and high strength low alloy Cr-Mo-V rotor steelsAll of the above

Older generation 2.25Cr-1Mo materials manufactured prior to __________ may be particularlysusceptible. Some high strength low alloy steels are also susceptible. (RP 571, Section 4.2.3.1-b)

1972

Although the loss of toughness is not evident at operating temperature , equipment that is temperembrittled may be susceptible to ________________ during start -up and shutdown .(RP 571, Section 4.2.3.1)

Corrosion fractureThermal fractureBrittle fractureCritical fractures

The materials which are primarily affected by temper embrittlement are ______________________?(RP 571, Section 4.2.3.1-a)

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50%25%30%75%

Temper embrittlement is a metallurgical change that is not readily apparent and can be confirmed by______________. (RP 571, Section 4.2.3.5-a)

Radiographic testingImpact testingUltrasonic testing Metallographic testing

A means of minimizing the possibility of brittle fracture in existing materials during startup andshutdown, is to limit system pressure to about _________ of the maximum design pressure fortemperatures below Minimum Pressurization Temperature (MPT). (RP 571, Section 4.2.3.6-a-ii)

Rounded type

Elongated type

Temper embrittlement can significantly reduce the structural integrity of equipment containing a________________ flaw. (RP 571, Section 4.2.3.3-e)

250F

Although there have been very few industry failures related directly to temper embrittlement it occursin process units after long -term exposure to temperatures above _________F.(RP 571, Section 4.2.3.4-a)

500F750F650F

Crack type

2.25Cr-1Mo develops it more quickly at 900F than in the 800F to 850F range, but the damage ismore severe after long -tern exposure at 850F. It is known as _______________?(RP 571, Section 4.2.3.3-c)

GraphitizationTemper embrittlementMechanical fatigue

All of the above

BoilerHydroprocessing

Spheroidization

Equipment susceptible to temper embrittlement are most often found in ____________________units, particularly reactors , hot feed effluent exchangers components and hot HP separators .Potential also exist in catalytic reforming units (reactors and exchangers ), FCC reactors, cokers andvisbreaking units. (RP 571, Section 4.2.3.4-b)

Tank farmWater cooled heat exchanger

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SheetsWindows madeBlocksCans

Studies have shown that limiting the phosphorus (P) and Silicon (S) to less than ______ is sufficientto minimize temper embrittlement. (RP 571, Section 4.2.3.6-b-iii)

0.01%0.5%10%3%

A common method of monitoring for temper embrittlement in a reactor is too install _______ oforiginal heats of the alloy steel material . Samples are then periodically removed for impact testingpurposes, (RP 571, Section 4.2.3.7-a)

All of the above

A common way to minimize temper embrittlement is to limit the "______" factor for base metals andthe "______" factor for weld metal. (RP 571, Section 4.2.3.6-b-ii)

A and BJ and XY and ZA and M

1200F for 1/2None of the above

For new materials , limiting the acceptance levels of manganese , silicon, phosphorus, tin, antimonyand arsenic in the base metals and consumables is _______ way to minimize temper embrittlement .(RP 571, Section 4.2.3.6-b-i)

Probably theNot the bestThe best

500F down to 100F200F down to 100F1100F down to 600F

When weld repairs are required in existing materials , the effects of temper embrittlement can bereversed (de-embrittlement) by heating at ______F for ______hours per inch of thickness and therapidly cooling to room temperature. (RP 571, Section 4.2.3.6-a-iv)

1150 for 2500F for 1

MPT's usually range from ______F for the earliest , most highly temper embrittled steels , down to______F or lower for newer, temper embrittlement resistant steels. (RP 571, Section 4.2.3.6-a-iii)

350F down to 150F

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Aluminum

Strain agingSheroidization

Recommended Practice 571, Section 4.2.4

____________ is a form of damage found mostly in older vintage carbon steels and C -0.5 Mo lowalloy steels under the combined efects of deformation and aging at an intermediate temperature .(RP 571, Section 4.2.4.1)

Mechanical fatigueTemper embrittlement

1962

Steels manufactured by the Bessemer or open hearth process contain _______ levels of criticalimpurity elements than newer steels manufactured by the Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) process.(RP 571, Section 4.2.4.3-a)

LowerHigher

Strain aging mostly affects older pre -_______ carbon steels with large grain size and C -0.5Mo lowally steel. (RP 571, Section 4.2.4.2)

199119601980

Strain aging is found ______ and ______ steels with higher levels of nitrogen and carbon .(RP 571, Section 4.2.4.3-c)

Rimmed and CappedFully killed carbon steelsSteels manufactured by the Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) process

NoNone of the above

Either of the above

In general , steels made by BOF process and fully killed with _________ will not be susceptible tostrain aging. (RP 571, Section 4.2.4.3-c)

LeadCopper

Hot / Ambient None of the above

None of the above

Strain aging has also been observed in material that have been ______ worked and placed intoservice at _______ temperature without stress relieving. (RP 571, Section 4.2.4.3-d)

Hot / HighCold / Intermediate

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Strain aging is a major concern for equipment that contains __________. (RP 571, Section 4.2.4.3-e)

Cracks

BrittleSuddenCompoundEither of the above

PorosityPetroleum productNone of the above

Employing a pressurization sequence versus temperature is critical to preventing __________fracture. (RP 571, Section 4.2.4.3-f)

Specially manufactured electrodes

Recommended Practice 571, Section 4.2.5

A loss of toughness due to metallurgical changes in alloys containing a ferrite phase as a result ofexposure in a temperature range between 600F (316C) and 1000F (540C) is know as_________. (RP 571, Section 4.2.5.1)

Temper embrittlement

When making weld repairs on materials susceptible , the affects of strain aging will be eliminated byemploying ____________ (RP 571, Section 4.2.4.5-c)

Only certified welderPre-heating prior to weldingPWHT after welding

PressureDurationTemperatureAll of the above

885F embrittlementCreepNone of the above

Critical factor with regards to 885F embrittlement are the alloy composition , particularly chromiumcontent, the amount of ferrite phase and operating ______________. (RP 571, Section 4.2.5.3-a)

400 Series SS (e.g. 405, 409, 410, 410S, 430 and 446).

Wrought and cast 300 series stainless steels containing ferrite and duplex stainless steels such asAlloys 2205, 2304 and 2507 are affected . What other steels are affected ?(RP 571, Section 4.2.5.2)

Carbon steelAluminumCopper and Brass

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400F

Most cases of 885F embrittlement are found in the form of ________ during turnarounds and /orstartups and shutdowns when the material is below about ________ F.(RP 571, Section 4.2.5.7-b)

Laminations/200FCracking/200F

Recommended Practice 571, Section 4.2.6

885F embrittlement is reversible by heat treatment followed by rapid cooling . The de-embrittling heattreatment temperature is typically ________ or higher and may not be practical for many equipmentitems. (RP 571, Section 4.2.5.6-c)

1100F900F250F

Pitting/250F

Damage is cumulative and results from precipitation of an embrittling intermatallic phase that occursmost readily at approximately at _________F (RP 571, Section 4.2.5.3-c)

600F885F

CokerCrude and VacuumAll of the above

885F embrittlement is a metallurgical change that is not readily apperant with metallography , but canbe confirmed through _______ and/or _______ testing. (RP 571, Section 4.2.5.5-a)

1000F400F

Units where 885F embrittlement may occur are: (RP 571, Section 4.2.5.4-c)

FCC

None of the above

The best way to prevent 885F embrittlement is to use ____________ or ____________ alloys, or toavoid exposing the susceptible nmaterial to the embrittling range. (RP 571, Section 4.2.5.6-a)

High ferrite or ferriticWrought or 300 series stainless steelsLow ferrite or non-ferritic

Ultrasonic and/or penatrantRadiographic and/or eddy current Penatrant and/or holiday Bend and/or impact

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The formation of a metallurgical phase which can result in a loss of fracture toughness in somestainless steels as a result of high temperatures exposure is know as ______________________.(RP 571, Section 4.2.6.1)

Temper embrittlementSigma phase embrittlement

400 Series stainless steelsDuplex stainless steelsAll of the above

885F embrittlementSpheroidization

The materials affected by sigma phase embrittlement are ____________________________.(RP 571, Section 4.2.6.2-a-b-c)

300 Series stainless steels wrought metal, weld metals and castings

Elevated temperatures

10 to 40

The 400 series stainless steels and other ferritic and martensitic SS with _______% Cr or more arealso susceptible. (e.g. 430 and 440). (RP 571, Section 4.2.6.2-a)

3.56

Cast 300 series stainless steels including HK and HP are especially susceptible due to their high_______ to _______ % ferrite content. (RP 571, Section 4.2.6.2-a)

35 to 605 to 100.3 to 1

1017

__________________, _______ and ________________ are critical factors :(RP 571, Section 4.2.6.3-a)

Process unit, time and pressureAlloy composition, time and pressureProcess unit, temperature and pressureAlloy composition, time and temperature

In susceptible alloys , the primary factor that affects sigma phase formation is the time of exposure at_________________: (RP 571, Section 4.2.6.3-b)

Elevated pressuresPre-heating and PWHT None of the above

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Ultrasonic and/or penatrant testingRadiographic and/or eddy current testingPenatrant and/or holiday testingImpact testing

All of the above

Sigma phase embrittlement damage appears in the form of cracking , particularly at __________ or in_____________________. (RP 571, Section 4.2.6.5-b)

The bottom of vessels and Areas of low restraint

300 series stainless weld overlays and tube-to-tubsheet attachment welds during PWHT of underlaying CrMo base metalStainless steel heater tubesAll of the above

Sigma phase embrittlement is a metallurigal change that is not readily apperant and can only beconfirmed through metallographic examination and ____________: (RP 571, Section 4.2.6.5-a)

600F500F1100F650F

Sigma phase embrittlement can affect units and equipment such as ________________________:(RP 571, Section 4.2.6.4-a-b-c)

Stainless steel cyclones, piping ductwork and valves in high temperature

Formation of sigma phase can occure in austenitic stainless steels if it is exposted to PWHT at________F: (RP 571, Section 4.2.6.3-f)

600F900F1100F1275F

Stainless steels with sigma can normally withstand normal operating stresses , but upon cooling totemperature below _________F they may show a complete lack of fracture toughness as measuredin Charpy impact testing. (RP 571, Section 4.2.6.3-h)

450F to 600F700F to 950F

Welds and Areas of low restraintWelds and Areas of high restraint

1000F to 1750F

Sigma phase embrittlement occurs in ferritic (FeCr), martensitic (FeCr), austentic (Fe-Cr-Ni) andduplex stainless steels when they are exposed to temperatures in the range of ________F to_________F: (RP 571, Section 4.2.6.3-c)

200F to 300F

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d.

115 Thicker materials have a _____________ resistance to brittle fracture: (RP 571, Section 4.2.7.3-d)

Thinner

When a critical combination of factors is reached brittle fracture can occure :(RP 571, Section 4.2.7.3-a)

The size, shape and stress concentration effect of a flawThe amount of residual and applied stresses on a flaw

A materials fracture toughness(resistance to crack like flaws) as measured in a charpy impact test.

All of the above

____________ and ______________ steels are materials which are particularly susecptiable tobrittle fracture. (RP 571, Section 4.2.7.2)

Thinner and low alloy Thinner and high alloyThicker and high alloyCarbon steels and low alloy

Particular attention should be paid to __________ materials. (RP 571, Section 4.2.7.2)

None of the above

Creep and stress rupture

Recommended Practice 571, Section 4.2.7

OlderThicker

The sudden rapid fracture under stress (residual or applied ) where a material exhibits little or noevidence of ductility or plastic deformation is know as ______________. (RP 571, Section 4.2.7.1)

Sigma phase embrittlement

Brittle fracture

None of the above

The best way to prevent sigma phase embrittlement is to use alloys which are resistant to sigmaformation or to avoid exposing the material to ________________ : (RP 571, Section 4.2.6.6-a)

The embrittling rangePost weld heat treatmentNon destructive testing

4None of the above

None of the above

The 300 series SS can be de -sigmatized by solution annealing at 1950F (1066C) for _________hours. (RP 571, Section 4.2.6.6-c)

610

oeg0004cHighlight

a.b.c.d.

116

a.b.c.d.

117

a.b.c.d.

118

a.b.c.d.

2001and 661987and 66None of the above

None of the above

Since most processes run at ____________ temperatures brittle fracture usually occures at startup ,shutdown or during hydrostatic and or tightness testing. (RP 571, Section 4.2.7.4-c)

LowerExtreamly lowElevated

199220011987None of the above

Equipment manufactured to the ASME Boiler Code , Section VIII , Division 1 after the December______ Addenda, were subject to the requirements of UCS _________ (impact exemption curves ).(RP 571, Section 4.2.7.4-b))

1992 and 66

HigherThe same LowerNone of the above

Equipment manufactured to the ASME Boiler Code , Section VIII , Division 1 prior to the December______ Addenda, were made with limited restrictions on notch toughness for vessels operating incold temperatures : (RP 571, Section 4.2.7.4-a))

1 48 95 1422 49 96 1433 50 97 1444 51 98 1455 52 99 1466 53 100 1477 54 101 1488 55 102 1499 56 103 150

10 57 104 15111 58 105 15212 59 106 15313 60 107 15414 61 108 15515 62 109 15616 63 110 15717 64 111 15818 65 112 15919 66 113 16020 67 114 16121 68 115 16222 69 116 16323 70 117 16424 71 118 16525 72 119 16626 73 120 16727 74 121 16828 75 122 16929 76 123 17030 77 124 17131 78 125 17232 79 126 17333 80 127 174

DAMAGE MECHANISMS AFFECTING FIXED EQUIPMENT in the REFINERY INDUSTRY

RECOMMENDED PRACTICE API 571

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34 81 128 17535 82 129 17636 83 130 17737 84 131 17838 85 132 17939 86 133 18040 87 134 18141 88 135 18242 89 136 18343 90 137 18444 91 138 18545 92 139 18646 93 140 18747 94 141 188

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