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APES
Monday, September 14th
Reminders:
Lorax & Easter’s End 5 paragraph comparison essay due 9/24
Finish Unit 3 vocabulary- Quiz Tuesday 9/22
Tentative Unit 3 Test Date- 9/29
Today’s Schedule
Review sample FRQ
Critical Thinking Q’s
Start Unit 3 notes
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Loss of Biodiversity Lab
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Unit 3 Chapter 5 & 12
Evolution & Biodiversity
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Types of Biodiversity: Species (# of species)
Genetic (Variety of genes)
Ecological (Variety of ecosystems)
Functional (Variety of processes)
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1.9 million species identified
~10-14 million estimated to exist
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kHhspf5IfdE
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Evidence indicates that earth’s life is the result of
about 1 billion years of chemical evolution
followed by 3.7 billion years of biological
evolution p.88 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5NdMnlt2keE TED Ed
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Knowledge about earth’s early life comes from fossils,
chemical analysis, ice cores, DNA analysis,
Homologous structures, Vestigial Structures
Fossil record is incomplete? Why?
We only have fossils of 1% of all species that lived on earth.
Fossil = Physical evidence of ancient
organisms
Fossil record = entire body of fossil
evidence
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APES
Tuesday, September 15th
Reminders:
Lorax & Easter’s End 5 paragraph comparison essay due 9/24
Finish Unit 3 vocabulary- Quiz Tuesday 9/22
Tentative Unit 3 Test Date- 9/29
Today’s Schedule
Unit 3 notes
Adaptation Read & Present
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Microevolution: change in a population’s gene pool
over time. Well-supported theory; documented in bacteria,
pests, viruses, etc. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/10/4/l_104_09.html
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long-term, large-scale evolutionary changes through which new species form from ancestral species: Evidence:
fossils & comparative morphology
A lot more
debatable…
Macroevolution:
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Evolution Requirements:
1.Genetic variability in trait
2.Trait is heritable
3.Individuals with trait leave more offspring Where does Genetic variation come from?
Random shuffling of alleles during sexual reproduction
Mutations: random changes in structure or number of DNA molecules
o Result of random mistakes during DNA replication, X-rays,
Radiation, Man-made chemicals, or random mistakes during DNA
replication & cell division
o Mutations in parents get passed on to progeny
Then What happens?
Environmental pressure causes organisms better adapted to survive to reproduce &
make offspring with the same traits, adaptations become more common in succeeding
populations
Adaptations can be: Physical (teeth, body covering), Physiological/ Chemical
(making venom, plants living high acid conditions), Behavioral (playing dead, migration)
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APES
Thursday, September 17th
Reminders:
Lorax & Easter’s End 5 paragraph comparison essay due 9/24
Finish Unit 3 vocabulary- Quiz Tuesday 9/22
Tentative Unit 3 Test Date- 9/29
Today’s Schedule
Unit 3 notes or
Jigsaw Spotlight on Biodiversity
Home base Group
Expert Group- Summarize
Home base Group- Teach , Create,
Present
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Reminders:
Lorax & Easter’s End 5 paragraph comparison essay
due 9/24
Unit 3 Test Date- 9/29 (may be a take home test)
Today’s Schedule
Vocabulary Quiz
Present posters, take notes, Spotlight on Biodiversity
Quiz
APES
Tuesday, September 22nd
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Reminders:
Lorax & Easter’s End 5 paragraph comparison essay
due 9/24 TOMORROW
Unit 3 Test Date- 9/29 (may be a take home test)
Today’s Schedule
Finish notes (?)
APES
Wednesday, September 23rd
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Reminders:
Unit 3 Test Date- 9/29 (may be a take home test)
Today’s Schedule
Finish notes (?)
Lorax & Easter’s End 5 paragraph comparison essay
due 9/24 TODAY! Put it in the Inbox.
APES
Thursday, September 24th
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Allopatric SPECIATION
Geographic isolation: physical isolation of populations for a
long period (volcanic eruption, advancing of glaciers, changes in sea level, etc.)
Reproductive isolation: mutations & natural selection in
isolated pops lead to inability to produce viable offspring
One species
Two species
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Myths about Evolution
“Survival of the fittest” is not “survival of the strongest”
Organisms do not develop traits out of need or desire
No grand plan of nature (random)
Humans will not develop skin resistant to UV radiation, lungs that filter air pollution, or
livers that detoxify pollutants (genetic trait has to be present to begin with & we reproduce
slowly so it takes thousands to millions to adapt through natural selection)
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Coevolution:When 2 species interact over time, they can change
the direction of each other’s evolution
Moths develop ears to detect & evade2.
Moths developed high frequency4.
clicksto jam bats echolocation system
1. Bats use echolocation 3. Bats switch frequency 5. Bats stop making sounds & follow clicks
Adaptations are refined in this ongoing coevolutionary contest
*Start here
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QDVbt2qQRqs
Bozeman
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Human-Caused Evolution:
Artificial selection: selective breeding for traits
Genetic engineering: genetically-modified organisms (GMOs)
Ex: Bt corn; insulin-making bacteria (Biofarming); Golden Rice
(vitamin A); bacteria that extract minerals i.e. Cu; cold tolerant plants http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2013/03/07/173611461/in-a-grain-of-golden-rice-a-world-of-controversy-over-gmo-foods
cows that give more milk
food crops w/higher yields
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Species Diversity
Richest environments: Tropical rain forests
Coral reefs
Large tropical lakes
Ocean bottom
Species Role or Niche includes…
Adaptations
Role it plays in matter cycles and
energy flow
Range of tolerance to env. conditions
(temp. & water availability)
Types & amounts of resources used
Interactions with other species
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JePixuWr2n0
Biodiversity: Richness, Evenness, Importance
Video Assignment: 1. Give an example of species
evenness & species richness 2. Name 4 ecosystem
services
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Two Types of Species with Respect to Niches:
Generalist have Broad Niches
Live in many habitats, eat variety of food, tolerate wide range of
environmental conditions
Deer
Rats & mice
Coyotes
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Two Types of Species with Respect to Niches:
Specialists (Narrow Niches)
Live in one type of habitat, eat few types of food,
tolerate narrow range of environmental conditions
More prone to extinction
Giant panda
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Specialized feeding niches of coastal birds reduces competition and
allows for sharing of limited resources
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Adaptive Radiation can result in Specialists
Adaptive radiation: evolutionary divergence of a single species into
a variety of species when new niches are available Left: finches on Hawaii
Right: finches on Galapagos
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Special Focus: Amphibian Decline • Frogs are sensitive to environmental disruption at various points in their
life cycle
• Eggs are sensitive to UV radiation or pollution
• Adults absorb pollutants through skin
Causes include:
Habitat loss & fragmentation
Climate change
Increased UV radiation
Viral & Fungal Diseases: Chytrid fungus
Pollution: pesticides (atrazine)
Overhunting (frog legs)
Nonnative predators & competitors
Why should we care: indicators, role as predators, pharmaceuticals
Indicator species: provide early warning of damage to a community
Frogs, butterflies, birds
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Keystone species: have a large
effect on the types and abundances of
other species
Top predators, pollinators;
Ex: honey bees, sea otter, gray wolf
Foundation species: enhance their
habitats, which benefit others
Ex: Alligators, beavers, elephants, kelp
United Streaming Video
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Biodiversity Loss: Extinction: loss of a species
Local = extirpation
Biological = lost forever
Background extinction: typical extinction b/c
not all life can sustain on earth
Mass extinction: significant rise in extinction rates above the background
Widespread/ global event in which 25-70% of species are lost
3-5 have occurred over past 500 million years (last one 65 m.y.a)
Can lead to adaptive radiations (taking advantage of opportunities)
Human-Caused Biodiversity Loss:
Before humans rate was 1 extinction per million species per year
Extinction rate now 10,000 species per million
Some saw we’re currently in the 6th Mass Extinction
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Some Species are More Prone to Extinction: Slow reproducers
Specialized niche
Top predator
Commercially valuable
Need large territories
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XFmovUAWQUQ
Threats to Biodiversity- Climate Change
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eQ5EulDofdQ
Ted Dextinction- California Condor
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ye4Swf3-yDM
Whooping Crane
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Loss of Biodiversity: Why Should We Care?
1. Species provide natural capital and services – Pollination, Pest control, chemical cycling, etc.
2. Most species contribute economic services – Plants for food, fuel, lumber, medicine
– Ecotourism
3. Many people believe species have an intrinsic right to exist
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• How Humans Decrease Biodiversity:
–HIPPCO
• Habitat destruction/
fragmentation = Biggest threat
• Invasive species
• Pop growth
• Pollution
• Climate change
• Overexploitation: overharvesting
& poaching
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0-
Hbl0bV8FA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GzaeYzAC8Ro
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Solutions: CITES: Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
Bans the hunting, capturing, & selling of threatened species
Endangered Species Act of 1973
Goal: Identify and protect endangered species in the U.S. and abroad
Started w/ 92 US species
Currently protects ~1,550 species in US http://ecos.fws.gov/tess_public/pub/boxScore.jsp
National Marine Fisheries Service -ocean species
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service - all others
Wildlife Refuges & Botanical Gardens First one was Pelican Island est. 1903 by T. Roosevelt
Savannah National Wildlife Refuge
Captive breeding in zoos & aquariums Egg pulling
Artificial insemination
Embryo transfer
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Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge
The Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge in
Florida was America’s first National Wildlife
Refuge. It was established in 1903 to help
protect the brown pelican and other birds from
extinction. In 2009, the brown pelican was
removed from the U.S. endangered species
list.
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Sustaining Biodiversity
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Mini Project:
You may work alone or up to a group of 3.
Create two 8.5” x 11” posters
The 1st one must be about an extinct or endangered
plant or animal
The 2nd one must be about an invasive species.
Include a short description of the organism
(scientific name, status, where it is from, 2 other interesting
characteristics)
why it is extinct or endangered OR a threat (invasive),
and what is being done about its status
and a picture
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Wednesday September 30, 2015
Reminders
Test Due in INBOX
NB Check for those who took ACT yesterday
Agenda:
Get the chrome book that matches your folder #
Learnerator
Mini Project