APES FINALS COMPILATIONfreebobbyshmurda.weebly.com/uploads/9/6/9/2/96925148/...11. Use the soil triangle provided, what is the percentage of sand, silt, and clay at point B? Ans. 20%

APES FINALS COMPILATION

Unit 1 1. Which of the following are considered to be causes of key environmental problems? Answer: I,II and III (Rapid population growth, Unsustainable resource use and Poverty within a population) 2.Which one of the following does NOT illustrate a time delay? Answer: A fox eats a rabbit 3.Which of the following generalizations about developing countries is true? Answer: They use about 12% of the world's resources 4.Nonrenewable resources are _____. Answer: finite in supply 5.Which of the following is NOT an example of sustainability? Answer: Land Development 6.Which row in the table above includes examples of natural capital and natural income of a tropical forest? (Table Question) Answer: Natural Capital- All the trees in the forest Natural Income- The capacity of the trees to reduce soil erosion 7.New efforts besides laws to prevent the tragedy of the commons include Answer: moving from a taxpayers pay approach to a users pay approach 8.What is the current best strategy regarding pollution? Answer: Emphasis should be placed on prevention since it works better and is cheaper than cleanup initiatives. 9.Ways to reduce the environmental impact of a population on a given area depends on all of the following Answer: I,II and IV (Population size, Knowledge of environmentally beneficial technologies, and decreased resource use and waste) 10.Point Pollution sources_____. Answer: can usually be identified within a given area. 11.The “Tragedy of the Commons” refers to the overuse of: Answer: free-access resources 12.Waste from the which of the following is an example of non-point source pollution? Answer: Runoff of nitrogen fertilizers from an agricultural area 13.Which of the following is necessary in a scientific investigation? Answer: Repeated trials that generated the same data and conclusion. 14.In the equation, I=PAT, I represents:

Answer: environmental impact of a population. 15.Earth is essentially a(n) ______ system regarding matter and a(n) system _______ regarding energy. Answer: closed; open 16.A ________ feedback loop occurs when a change leads to a lessening of that change. Answer: Negative 17.Which of the following is NOT true with respect to pollutants? Answer: They contribute to the balance within an ecosystem. 18.An ecological footprint is defined as ________ Answer: The amount of biologically productive land and water needed to sustain an individual within a population. 19.Plants and trees can be cut down and replanted. These resources are therefore considered to be ________ Answer: Renewable resources 20.Which of the following is an example of positive feedback? Answer: Loss of vegetation, leading to soil erosion, leading to further loss of vegetation 21.Which of the following choices contains only fossil fuels? Answer: Coal, natural gas, oil 22.The Global human population is closest to which of the following? Answer: 7 billion

23.Based solely on the data represented in the associated table, what can you report to the agency that contracted you to do this study? (Table and Big starting paragraph) Answer: Fewer individuals of the rare plant grow in the presence of kudzu when compared to areas without. 24.The current global ecological footprint of each person is about 2.3 hectares. The Earth presently has 11.4 billion hectares of productive land and water. If we divide this usable area by the global human population of approximately 6 billion, this means: Answer: we have an ecological deficit – we have exceeded our allotted footprint of 1.9 hectares per person.

25.”Multiple individuals receiving the greatest amount of goods and services from a limited set of resources” describes the economic principle (s) of: Answer: Efficiency 26.The concentration of H+ ions in a solution with a pH value of 4 is how many times as great as the concentration of H+ ions in a solution with a pH value of 7? Answer: 1,000

27. “The Tragedy of the Commons” refers to: Answer: An analogy describing the conflict between individual interest and management of shared resources. 28.Which of the following is a true statement regarding ecological footprints? Answer: 1) The ecological footprint of a single individual in the U.S. Is greater than that of ten individuals in India. 29.In addressing environmental problems, several stages can be followed. For example, when it was discovered that the rat population on the island of Pumehana was out of control, scientists assessed the problem and formulated a model that suggested if a rat predator is introduced, then the rat population will be significantly decreased. The next step in addressing this environmental problem might be: Answer: A risk analysis. If a mongoose is introduced to control the rat. What are the possible effects of this intervention? 30.What is the environmental significance of the process of “consumption”? Answer: Consumption can outstrip the natural resources available and lead to overexploitation of the environment.

UNIT #2

1. Freshly fallen leaf, organic debris, and partially decomposed matter are indicative of the... Ans. Surface litter 2. Mineral nutrients are primarily present in the … Ans. B-horizon (subsoil) 3. Use the diagram to answer,

The horizon of the soil contains no organic material and is composed of parent material… Ans: C- horizon

4. Which steps for the nitrogen cycle are i and ii in the current order? (Above) Ans: i--Denitrification by anaerobic bacteria: ii-- fixation of nitrogen by lightning

5. The effect of temperature and rainfall on the soil is that: Ans. Soil is the tightest and the most fertile nearest the pole because the land freezes and contains decomposed organic matter

6. Erosion can be accelerated by which of the following practices? Ans. Road building, logging, construction, agriculture (all of the above)

7. The two ways in which human have most interfered with the carbon cycle are… Ans. Burning fossil fuels and removal of forests and brush

8. Phosphates are often the limiting factor for the aquatic ecosystems because… Ans. They easily dissolve in water

9. Humans contribute to the increased sulfur in the atmosphere by … Ans. Burning coal and oil to produce electrical power.

10. Of the following carbon-based compounds which have the longest residence time? Ans. Calcium carbonate shells in the ocean

11. Use the soil triangle provided, what is the percentage of sand, silt, and clay at point B? Ans. 20% sand, 40% silt, 40% clay

12. Of the following processes of the water cycle, the one working against gravity is… Ans. Transpiration

13. The function (s) of the soil is/are the following: Ans. Filter water, habitat for organism, anchor for plants, and location for recycling of organic matter.

14. All of the following characteristics of soil are true except… Ans. 1 cm of soil can form in less than 10 years

15. The major reservoirs of phosphorous and carbon in the lithosphere exist in what forms respectively… Ans. Rock, atmosphere

16. In the sulfur cycle, which mechanisms are the main natural pathways to the atmosphere? Ans. Bacterial respiration and volcanic eruptions

17. The nitrogen cycle is an example of a(n)? Ans. atmospheric cycle

18. The infiltration of the pollutants into groundwater: Ans. Is common in areas with sandy soils, because water flows through them easily.

19. Which of the following would be best for premeditating the effects of soil acidity? Ans. The addition of lime (calcium carbonate) to raise the soil ph.

20. Excessive use of nitrogen fertilizer by humans may… Ans. may contaminate ground water

21. Which if the following is the correct order of soil types in order of increasing particle size? Ans. Clay-silt-sand

22.

Using the information above, which is true? Ans. Soil 2 has larger air spaces than soil 1

23. Humans negatively impact the hydrologic cycle through which of the following? Ans. I. Water withdrawal in heavily populated areas, ii. Draining wetland for agriculture, iii. Paving roads and parking lots, iv. Creating housing developments

24. The soil that is best for growing most plants is composed … Ans. The mixture of sand, silt, and clay that promotes water drainage and retention (loam)

25. The form of nitrogen most usable by plants is… Ans. nitrates

26. Which statement about the storage of nitrogen in environment is correct? Ans. Nitrogen is stored in the animal biomass of an ecosystem mainly in the form of protein

27. The greatest anthropogenic source of sulfur release into the environment is the … Ans. Fossil fuel production

28. Which element could best be called the “currency for energy exchange in living systems?” Ans. Carbon

29. Soil texture most likely determines the … Ans. Mineral content

30. Which of the following geochemical cycles are directly by fertilizer? Ans. Nitrogen Cycle

31. Soil is comprised of litter and humus, soil is acidic due accumulation of needles… Ans. Pine forest soil

32. Soil is rich in humus and partially decayed leaves… Ans. Deciduous forest soil.

33. Soil is rocky, very dry and contains almost no organic matter. Ans. Desert soil

34. Soil is acidic and contains very little organic matter… Ans. Tropical rain forest soil

35. Soil that has a substantial organic layer, fire helps to break down plant material in this area. Ans. Grassland soil.

Unit #3

1. The Earth zone which includes the outer mantle and the crust is the Answer: E lithosphere

2. The movement of lithosphere is significant because it Answer: D (predicts where certain natural hazards are likely to be found

3. An earthquake is most directly caused by Answer: E the creation of a vault (fracture in Rock) or shifting along an existing fault.

4. Loss of Human life from volcanic activity can be reduced by Answer: E All of these Answers A. Development of effective evacuation plans B. Better land use planning C. Better prediction of volcanic eruptions D. studying phenomena that precede eruptions

5. The grouping of rock as sedimentary, metamorphic or igneous is based primarily upon differences in Answer: B Origin

6. The hottest crucial temperature measurements would most likely be found at which location? Answer: C – Ocean Floor between S America and Africa

7. Which graph best shows the relative age of the ocean floor bedrock from location B to location Answer: C

8. Igneous rocks along ocean ridges are younger than igneous rocks further away. This evidence best supports the theory that Answer: B the ocean floor is spreading

9. During an El Nino southern Oscillation event which of the following best describes conditions in the eastern part of the tropical Pacific Ocean( Peru and Ecuador)? Answer: D (Sea Surface temperature High and Rainfall High)

10. The polar regions radiate away more heat energy than they receive from the sun in the course of a year. However, they are prevented from becoming progressively colder each year primarily by the Answer: B – transport of heat through the atmosphere and oceans

11. Many Scientists believe that convection currents in the mantle between America and Africa caused the separation of the 2 continents and the formation of the mid Atlantic ridge. Which Diagram Above best represents the currents described in the theory Answer: C

12. Which of the following boundaries are volcanoes produced at? Answer: E - I, II, IV, V I. Oceanic -Oceanic Convergence II. Oceanic- Continental Convergence III Continental -Continental Convergence IV Divergent V Hot Spot

13. The atmosphere is divided into spherical layers based upon the.

Answer: C (temperature changes from variations in absorption of solar energy)

14. Which of the following statements about the greenhouse effect is false? Answer: B the greenhouse effect is human caused which explains the recent warming of the atmosphere.

15. Which of the following contributes to the unequal warming of earth? Answer: B, I and II I Variation in the angle of sunlight that reaches Earth II Variation in the amount of Surface Area Over Which the Sun’s Rays

16. Summer in the northern Hemisphere is warmer primarily because of Answer: C II II the tilt of the earth Axis

17. Latent heat means Answer: B Decreases air temperature.

18. Which of the following does not contribute to atmospheric convection currents? Answer: C Gyres

19. The coriolis effect is responsible for Answer: D the deflection of atmospheric currents

20. Which of the following does not play a role in causing a rain shadow? Answer: A cold polar air

21. Which of the following does not drive ocean currents? Answer: E Precipitation

22. High productivity and nutrient availability in the ocean occurs in areas with Answer: B upwellings

23. Climate change could potentially disrupt which of the following phenomena? Answer: B Thermohaline circulation

24. Which of the following is NOT true of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event Answer: A It causes increased upwelling on the coast of south America.

25. Which Statement best explains why polar regions are colder than tropical regions? Answer: B Polar regions receive less solar energy per unit of surface area

26. The High Heat capacity of water causes what effect when combined with ocean currents? Answer: B Warm temperatures in continental areas

27. Which of the following processes is Not Characteristics of Oceanic circulation. Answer: A counterclockwise gyres in the Northern Hemisphere

28. Which statement about rain shadows is correct? Answer: C as air rises over a mountain range, water vapor condenses into precipitation

29. Which of the following is Not true regarding an EL Nino -Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Event. Answer: A - an ENSO event relies on thermohaline circulation

30. Which of the following has the most concentrated energy and highest destructive potential. Answer: A Tornadoes

31. A tropical Cyclone forms as: Answer: A a mass of cool dry air collides with warm humid air.

32. winds tend to blow from areas of _____ atmospheric pressure to areas of _____ atmospheric pressure, and the greater the difference between the high and low pressure areas, the ____ the wind. Answer. B (High, Low, Stronger)

33. The location where new crust is being created at divergent plate boundary. Answer C (Atlantic Ocean, between N America and Europe)

34. The location where one tectonic plate is formed beneath another, creating a volcanic arc. Answer: E Pacific Ocean (far right)

35. The intraplate location where hot spots volcanism is occurring. Answer: A (Pacific, Hawaiian Islands) 36. Which of the following would be an economic impact associated with plate movement? Answer: Major structural damage interrupting transportation and communication

Unit 4 1.A population size dropping toward a critical population density increases the chances of a _______. Answer: smaller gene pool and inbreeding. 2.Needle and cone-bearing trees are characteristic of the _________. Answer: Taiga 3.Five islands, A, B, C, D, and E, differ only in distance from the mainland, area, and species diversity. Which island would be predicted to have the highest species diversity? Answer: island b, distance from mainland(km) 50, and area (hectored) 1 x 10^6 4.Which of the following would likely reduce the threats posed by exotic species to native species? Answer: I and II only: increasing inspections of goods coming into a country, enforcing legislation that restricts imported materials such as untreated wooden packing crates 5.The Most probable chain of cause and effect contributing to patterns of the earth’s biome are: Answer: Incoming solar energy and the earth’s geometry create air and ocean currents that create climate patterns that create biome patterns. 6.The lionfish is a venomous fish found primarily in the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean. In the 1990’s, lionfish were accidentally released into the Atlantic Ocean, where they found abundant resources and environmental conditions. Which of the following scenarios is most likely to result in the lionfish having a major impact on the communities into which they were introduced? Answer: With no natural predators, the lionfish population will become very large. 7.Assume there are 50,000 (J) of energy available in trophic level II in the figure. According to the conventional model of energy flow in ecosystems, which of the following statements correctly described the flow of energy in the system? (Picture of Trophic Levels)

Answer: Trophic level IV has approximately 500 J of available energy.

8. In the Arctic Ocean, the predominant primary producers are phytoplankton. Phytoplankton are consumed by zooplankton, which in turn are eaten by codfish. In years when there is more open water (less ice coverage), there are more zooplankton and fish than in years with less open water (more ice coverage). Based on the graph above, the difference s is most likely because: (Picture of graph)

Answer: the ice blocks the light, so in years with more ice coverage, there is less photosynthesis by the phytoplankton. 9.Humans affect grasslands by: Answer: all these answers: Planting crops. Grazing domestic herds. Drilling wells for water A one-hectare pond is sampled in early September. The sample yields 1 small catfish as well as 17 benthic invertebrates that represent 10 species. (Use this example for 10 and 11) 10.Which of the following can be estimated from the sample for the invertebrates in the pond? Answer: the species richness. 11.If the pond is resampled a year later, which of the following would best indicate that the pond had been adversely affected by adjacent housing development? Answer: The biodiversity of the pond has decreased.

12.The diagram above shows the progression of ecological events after a fire in a particular ecosystem. Based on the diagram, which of the following best explains why the oak trees are later replaced by other trees? (Picture of diagram)

Answer: Eventually the other tree grows taller than the oak tree and from a dense canopy that shades the understory. 13.Which of the following includes the most likely change in the coloration of the beetle population after pollution and a correct rationale for the change? (Picture of graph and intro paragraph)

Answer: The coloration in the population shifted toward more darker-colored beetles, as in the diagram IV. the lighter- colored beetles were found more easily by the predator than were the darker-colored beetle. 14.The area covered by tropical rain forest is reduced by millions of hectares per year due to agriculture and logging. Which of the following best describes a likely result of tropical rain forest deforestation? Answer: Population of plants and animals will decrease as more rain forest disappears, leading to a decrease in biodiversity. 15.Losses of usable energy between successive trophic levels in an ecosystem are best accounted for by which of the following? Answer: The second law of thermodynamics.

16.Scientists have found that the existing populations of a certain species of amphibian are small in number, lacking in genetic diversity, and separated from each other by wide areas of dry land. Which of the following human actions is most likely to improve the long-term survival of the amphibians? Answer: Building pond in the area of dry land to promote interbreeding between the separated population. 17.A drawback of gene banks, arboreta, and botanical gardens is that: Answer: all these answers (could include: there is not enough funding to provide storage of all endangered species, there is too little storage capacity, seeds in storage do not evolve and therefore become less fit for reintroduction into a changed environment, some plant seeds do not store well) 18.Plants of the arctic tundra are adapted to: Answer: freezing temperatures, lack of sunlight and constant high winds. 19.In Mediterranean climate regions like portions of California, a wetter than normal winter often leads to greater severity of fires the following summer. This seeming paradox occurs because increased rain leads to: Answer: Greater accumulation of chaparral biomass.

20.Based on the data, which of the following is the best explanation for changes in the elk population size between 2000 and 2005? (Picture of graph) Answer: B. Predation by wolves was higher than before 1995 21.Which of the following predictions about the community is most likely true? Answer: D. A decrease in the wolf population will lead to a decrease in the mean aspen height 22.Based on the data, which of the following behaviors in elk could account for the differences between the percent of aspens browsed by herbivores and the height of aspen trees in riparian and upland environments? Answer: Elk tend to avoid riparian areas where to steep, wooded river bank make it difficult to escape the predator.

23.Which of the following is LEAST responsible for the strong decline in elephant populations? Answer: Global climate change.

24.CITES is a(n): Answer: Treaty controlling the international track in the endangered species. 25.A researcher is investigating the relationship between the existing species diversity in a community and the ability of an introduced nonnative species to destabilize the community. Which of the following graphs is most consistent with the claim that communities with high diversity are more resistant to change than are communities with low diversity? Answer: a graph of it a negative slope in which the survival of species decreases when species diversities increases (actual graph)

26.Beaked whales feed at various depths, but they defecate at the ocean’s surface. Nitrogen-rich whale feces deposited in surface waters supply nutrients for algae that are eaten by surface dwelling fish. Which of the following best predicts what would happen if the whale population decreased? Answer: The surface fish population would decline due the reduced population of algae. 27.Developers have approved a project that will permanently reduce the primary producers’ biomass by 50 percent and remove all rabbits and deer. Which of the following is the most likely result at the completion of the project? (Picture of diagram)

Answer: the biomass of coyotes will switch will be dramatically reduced.

28.The graph below shows a model of population changes over time in a predator and its prey. (Picture of graph) Which of the following data would be most helpful in predicting possible disruptions to the relationship between the predator and its prey?

Answer: numbers of addition predator species, because additional predator will increase competition for prey. 29.The Grizzly Bear is extinct prone for which of the following reasons? I. high reproductive rate II. Feed at high Trophic levels III. Requires small territories and narrow corridors Answer: II only. Feeds at high trophic levels. 30.There is strong evidence that two species of cliff-dwelling birds have nested in the same environment and fed in the same water for thousands of years, with each having stable population sizes. Based on this information, which of the following statements is the best conclusion? Answer: the two birds have different ecological niches that allow coexistence. 31.Which of the following can be used to assess the biological diversity of an area? Answer: Genetic variation within each species and number of species present. 32.Which of the following accurately describes sources and sink habitats? I. Since habitat must constantly replenish same habitat II. sources habitat typically show high resources III. sink habitat require immigrant to be sustained IV. Sink habitat often appear to be good habitat, but may actively have poor resources, causing the population to die Answer: II, III, IV, and V

33.The graphic above indicates the relationship between five competing Warbler species. In order to survive, the Warblers have changed their interaction. (Picture of diagram) What is this phenomenon called?

Answer: Resource partition

34.Humans affect mountain biomes by: Answer: All the above: expanding populations who may use the land in an unsustainable way, ecotourism and recreation, increase air pollution from urban areas 35.Which of the following pairs is correct for pioneer and climax communities? (Picture of table) Answer: pioneer community/ low species Climax community/ high species

Unit 5 1.All of the following are negative effects of prolonged exposure to noise pollution except ______ Answer. All of these can be caused by prolonged exposure to noise pollution. (hearing damage, increased blood pressure, increased frequency of heart disease, and psychological stress) 2.An ecological implication in which only one type of plant is cultivated over a large area is called a_______. Answer: Monoculture 3.Which of the following is the most dangerous type of fire? Answer: Crown Fires 4.All of the following are considered a part of a city's infrastructure except: Answer: Department Stores 5.Conservation strategies that set aside ecosystems for preservation: Answer: are the best way to preserve an area's diversity. 6.Habitat corridors are intended to provide: Answers: opportunities for large animals to establish large territories 7.A patchwork of vacant and developed tracts around the edges of cities that contain a low population density is considered: Answer: growing urban areas impact land-use patterns and water drainage 8.Which of the following statements concerning urbanization is not correct? Answer: Most workers in cities in the US have to commute only 1 or 2 miles from home to work. 9.The young age structure of urban areas can be attributed to: Answer: Influx of young people from rural areas. 10.Timber companies prefer to harvest trees by: Answer: Clearcutting 11.The Wilderness Act of 1964: Answer: gives designated wilderness areas the highest protection of any public lands. 12.Which of the following are NOT environmental problems commonly associated with urban areas? Answer: Compact Development 13.What is gentrification? Answer: The movement of wealthier people back to older, run-down homes that have been renovated. 14.The purpose of the National Wildlife Refuge System is to _________ Answer: preserve lands and waters for the conservation of wildlife. 15.Which of the following statements about forest ownership in the US is true? Answer: Private individuals own the majority of the forests.

16.The removal of all mature trees in an area over an extended period of time is known as: Answer: Shelterwood Cutting 17.What factors have contributed to the economic disparity between older inner city neighborhoods and suburbs? Answer: Declining inner- city property values and relocation of jobs to suburban area. 18.Sustainable use of forests in the United States would most likely be encouraged by: Answer: cutting small groups of medium and large-sized trees in uneven-aged forests. 19.Forests play an important role in the hydrologic cycle by: Answer: recycling 75% of precipitation to the atmosphere by transpiration and evaporation. 20.Which of the following is a true statement regarding the susceptibility of large cities (Pop. Size above 5 million) to damage caused by global climate change? Answer: They are extremely vulnerable because of their close proximity to coastlines. 21.Which of the following is a commercially used method for harvesting trees and is most likely to lead to a fragmented landscape with serious impacts on biodiversity? Answer: Clearcutting 22.What is one way in which urban areas in developing nations different from urban areas in highly developed nations? Answer: Urban areas in developing nations have the worst air pollution in the world, including urban areas in highly developed nations. 23.In a typical forest ecosystem, dead trees and fallen trees are most important because of their role in which of the following? Answer: providing habitats for wildlife. 24.A brownfield is an urban area of _______ Answer: abandoned, vacant factories, warehouses, and residential sites that may be contaminated from past uses. 25.What is a valid conclusion given the following data? ( Table Question) Answer: Urbanization is a worldwide phenomenon. 26.The largest area of old-growth forest in the US is located in: Answer: Alaska 27.Urbanization: Answer: is growing more quickly in developing countries than in developed countries.

28.Which US government agency manages the federally owned land? Answer: All of these choices are correct. (Bureau of Land Management, US Fish and Wildlife, National Park Service, and US Forest Service)

29.Which of the following does not represent a “Green Architecture” feature? Answer: None of these, all are green architectural features. ( Triple-Pane windows, motion sensors linked to lights in classrooms, geothermal energy for heating and cooling, and using recycled water in toilets) 30.Urban heat islands affect local air current and weather conditions including which of the following? Answer: I and II (Increased number of Thunderstorms over cities in summer months and lingering dust domes over cities) 31.Which of the following statements about clear cutting is FALSE? Answer: None of these statements are false. (It is the most cost effective way to harvest trees. When done on a small scale, it can benefit some wildlife species. It increases soil erosion and causes mudslides. Clear Cutting forests at higher altitudes is more difficult to regenerate than at low altitudes.) 32.Which of the following statements about rangelands is true? Answer: Rangelands have native grasses with fibrous root systems that can survive extended periods of drought. 33.What is the relationship of overgrazing to desertification? Answer: Overgrazing results in barren exposed soil; if erosion continues, it contributes to desertification. 34.Designing and constructing buildings that are energy efficient, economical, and made of recycled materials, is a trend called: Answer: Green Architecture 35.The natural or human-induced process that decreases the future ability of the land to support crops or livestock is known as: Answer: Land Degradation 36. Manages restricted use areas such as National Wilderness Areas Answer: Bureau of Land Management 37. A company proposes to clear-cut 45 hectares of oak-hickory deciduous forest… Answer: Oak and Hickory = late successional species; pioneer will dominate for many decades before the oaks and hickories are reestablished

Unit 6

Use the population-age graphs above to determine the answers for 1-2. 1.Choose a diagram with similar number of males and females in prereproductive and reproductive categories. Answer: C

2.Choose the diagram that shows a declining population. Answer: D

Use the diagram above to answer 3 and 4. 3.Choose the stage in which there is family planning, improving health, increased status for women and later marriages, but still fluctuating growth. Answer: C 4.Choose the stage that has disease famine and a high rate of children dying. Answer: A 5. Planting of a plot with several different genetic varieties of the same crop Answer: Polyvarietal cultivation. 6. Creates oxygen demand waste in waterway systems from manure run-off Answer: Animal feedlots.

7. Crops are planted between hedgerows of trees or shrubs that are used for fruit or fuelwood Answer: Agroforestry. 8. Your grandma’s vegetable garden that has mixed species of different ages Answer: Polyculture. 9. The population change in a particular year can be calculated by Answer: (births + immigration)- (deaths + emigration). 10. Which of the following countries would produce the greatest rise in population size from experiencing a growth of 1.2%? Answer: Country D, with a population of 1 billion. 11. A high infant mortality rate is most often associated with Answer: undernutrition. 12. An age-structure pyramid is used to Answer: Study the number and ages of people in a country. 13. Which of the following statements about human migration is false Answer: Migration from urban areas to rural areas is increasing worldwide. 14. Which of the following is true of farm raised salmon? Answer: They are often infected with with parasites and sea lice. 15. Which of the following is LEAST likely to help in producing sustainable fisheries? Answer: Increase subsidies for fishing from the federal government 16.Which of the following would increase or enhance the sustainability of fisheries? I. Use labels that allow customers to identify fish that have been harvested sustainably. II. Reduce or eliminate fishing subsides. III. Impose fees for harvesting fish and shellfish from publicly owned and managed waters. Answer: I, II, III 17.The type of agriculture that supplements solar energy with human labor, draft (horses oxen) animals and typically provides enough food for a family is known as… Answer: Traditional Subsistence Agriculture 18.Which of the following is most likely to be the direct result of lack of genetic diversity in a food crop such as corn? Answer: Increased susceptibility to plant disease 19.Which of the following about genetically-modified foods is true? Answer: They may reduce the need to use large amounts of pesticides

20.Which of the following statements is false? a. Raising animals for food requires more energy than it produces. b. Subsistence farming is more energy efficient than the U.S production system. c. Most plants require more energy from fossil fuels to grow them than they produce. d. In the United States, an average of 10 units of nonrenewable fossil-fuel energy is needed to put 1 unit of energy on the table. e. All of these answers. Answer: C 21.Marasmus and Kwashiorkor are terms that describe… Answer: Results of lack of caloric intake and protein deficiency. 22.Erosion of soil can be accelerated by which of the following practices? Answer: All of the above, road building, logging, construction, and agriculture. 23.Which of the following practices is consistent with the production of organic crops according to the United States Department of Agriculture? Answer: Using pheromones to disrupt insect mating cycles. 24.Which of the following are the three major sources of nutrients and calories for the global human population? Answer: Corn (maize), wheat, and rice. 25.By the year 2050, the world population is expected to approach 10 billion. If the current population trends continue, which region of the world will most likely experience the majority of the growth? Answer: Africa and Asia. 26. Which of the following best exemplifies population momentum? Answer: Continued growth of population after fertility drops to replacement level. 27.If a country has crude birth rate of 24 per 1,000 and a crude death rate of 8 per 1,000, the natural annual percent increase of its population is: Answer: 1.6% 28.What two main factors would best indicate the quality of life of a country’s population? Answer: The life expectancy and the infant mortality rate. 29.Which of the following is most typically associated with the transition from a rural to an urbanized society? Answer: Reduced birth rates. 30.Which of the following best explains why the maximum sustainable yield for ocean fisheries has been exceeded? Answer: Too many fish of reproductive age are harvested. 31.What is the population doubling time in years for a country with annual growth rate of 3.5%? Answer: 20 years.

32.Factors that affect the total fertility rate of a human population include which of the following? I. Cultural traditions II. Government policies and economic incentives III. Education level and economic opportunities for females Answer: I, II, and III. 33.Which of the following is a true statement about the total fertility of a society? Answer: The total fertility of a society decreases as the society progresses through the demographic transitions. 34.Which of the following is the best description of a population that has stable age distribution? Answer: A growing population in which the proportions of individuals in the different age groups remain constant. 35.It has been estimated that the growth in world population has slowed in the past decade. Despite this trend, environmentalists remain concerned about the environment impact of world population, principally because: Answer: The standard of living is increasing in many developing countries, leading to an increased per capita use of natural resources.