APEC Ch 19 ppt

Chapter 19

A Revolution in Politics:The Era of the French Revolution and

Napoleon

North America, 1700-1803

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The Beginnings of the Revolutionary Age: The American Revolution

• Stamp Act. 1765• British concept of empire

Parliament with supreme authority throughout

• Colonist concept of government Had own representative assemblies Tax by consent

• War for Independence Declaration of Independence, 1776 Commitment of European aid Battle of Yorktown, 1781 Peace of Paris, 1783

Forming a New Nation• Articles of Confederation, 1781-1789• Constitution, 1789

Bill of Rights, 1791

Impact of the American Revolution on Europe• Concept of freedom• Concept of rights

Background to the French Revolution Social Structure of the Old Regime

First and Second Estates• First Estate = clergy (130,000)• Second Estate = nobility (350,000), owned 25-30%

of the land

The Third Estate• Commoners

Peasants = 75-80% of the population Peasants own 35-40% of the land

• Skilled artisans, shopkeepers, and wage earners• Bourgeoisie (middle class), about 8% of the

population Own 20-25% of the land Middle class without power

Other Problems Facing the French Monarchy• Bad harvests in 1787 and 1788• One-third of the population is poor• Privileges of the clergy and nobility• Financial crisis

Summoning the Estates General

The French Revolution From Estates-General to a National Assembly

• 300 delegates each to the First and Second Estate• 600 delegates to the Third Estate

Strong legal and urban presence• Cahiers de doléances• Estates General meets at Versailles May 5, 1789

Question of voting by order or head

National Assembly • Abbé Sieyès “What is the Third Estate?”• Constituted, June 17• Tennis Court Oath, June 20

Intervention of the Common People• Attack on the Bastille, July 14• Peasant rebellions, July 19-August 3• Great Fear

Destruction of the Old RegimeSeigneurial rights abolished, August 4, 1789Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

• August 26• Does this include women?• Olympe de Gouges, Declaration of the Rights of

Woman and the Female Citizen, 1791The Women’s March to Versailles

• October 5, 1789• Return the king to Paris

The French Conquests during the Revolutionary Wars

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The Catholic Church• Civil Constitution of the Clergy, July, 1790

Only 54% of parish clergy took the oath

A New Constitution • National Assembly completed the constitution, 1791

Constitutional monarchy• Creation of 83 departments in 1789

Divided into districts and communes• Jacobins• Flight of the king, June 1791• Self-denying ordinance

Legislative Assembly different from the National Assembly

Opposition from abroad• Declaration of war on Austria, April 20, 1792

The Radical RevolutionParis Commune

• Georges Danton (1759-1794)

National Convention, September 1792• Universal male suffrage• Abolish the monarchy, September 21

Domestic Crisis• Factions

Girondins The Mountain

• Execution of Louis XVI, January 21, 1793• Counterrevolution

Venée

Foreign Crisis• Military losses• Committee of Public Safety

Maximilien Robespierre (1758-1794)

A Nation in Arms• Mobilization of the nation

Rebellion in France

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Committee of Public Safety and the Reign of Terror• Twelve men, July 1793-July 1794• Olympe de Gouges• Vendée, Marseilles, Lyons• Reign of Terror showed no class prejudice

8% nobles; 25% middle class; 6% clergy; 60% peasant and labor class

“Republic of Virtue”• Price controls• Women

Dechristianization and a New Calendar• Temple of Reason• New calendar

Equality and Slavery• Revolt in Saint Dominigue

Decline of the Committee of Public Safety• Execution of Maximilien Robespierre, July 28, 1794

Revolt in Saint Dominique

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Reaction and the DirectoryThermidorian Reaction and the Directory

• Curtails much of the Terror’s policies• Conservative turn of the Revolution• Constitution of 1795

National legislative assembly Council of 500 and Council of Elders (250 members)

Five person Directory Period of stagnation

Age of Napoleon Rise of Napoleon

• Born in Corsica, 1769• Commissioned a lieutenant, 1785• Promoted to brigadier general, 1794• Victory in Italy, 1797• Defeat in Egypt, 1799

Napoleon’s Grand Empire

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• Return to Paris, 1799• Republic of France proclaimed, 1799

First Consul First Consul for life, 1802 Crowned Emperor Napoleon I, 1804

Domestic Policies of Emperor NapoleonNapoleon and the Catholic Church

• Concordat of 1801 De facto recognition of the revolution Catholicism not reestablished as the state religion Question of confiscation of church lands not to be raised Clergy paid by the state

A New Code of Laws• Code Napoleon (Civil Code)

The French Bureaucracy• Centralization of administration 

Napoleon’s Empire and the European Response

Peace of Amiens, 1802Renewal of war, 1803Military victories, 1805-1807Napoleon’s Grand Empire

• Failure of the Grand EmpireProblems: Great Britain and Nationalism

• Survival of Britain• Seapower• Continental System, 1806-1807• Nationalism

The Fall of Napoleon• Invasion of Russia, 1812

Grand Army had 600,000 men Only 40,000 returned to Poland in January 1813

• Defeat of Napoleon, April 1814• Exiled to Elba• Escape, 1815• Enters Paris on March 20, 1815• Battle of Waterloo, June 18, 1815

Duke of Wellington• Exile to St. Helena