APDRESEARCH1Lecture1

8/14/2019 APDRESEARCH1Lecture1

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NATURE AND FUNCTIONS OF

RESEARCH

DEFINING RESEARCH

It implies that the person has to search

again, to take another more careful look, to

find out more.

Why?

Information may not be enough Misleading information Totally wrong


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RESEARCH

It is an activity which is meant to

acquire better knowledge by

relearning what we already knowthrough systematic observation and

experimentation.

- Filipino anthropologist F.

Landa Jocano


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RESEARCH

Research is a systematic, objective and

comprehensive investigation of certain

phenomenon which involves accurate

gathering and recording and critical

analysis and interpretation of all facts

about the phenomenon for theoretical orpractical ends.

- Best and Kahn(1989)


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RESEARCH

RACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH1. Research is directed towards the

solution of a problem.

3. Research emphasizes thedevelopment of generalizations,principles or theories that will be

helpful in predicting futureoccurrence.

5. Research is based upon observable

experience or empirical evidence.


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RESEARCH

RACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH1. Research involves gathering new data from

primary or firsthand sources using existingdata for a new purpose.

3. Although research activity may at times besomewhat random and unsystematic, it ismore often characterized by carefully

designed procedures that apply rigorousanalysis.

5. Research requires expertise.

8. Research tries to be objective and logical,a l in ever ossible test to validate the


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RESEARCH

RACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH1. Research involves the quest for

answers to unsolved problems.

3. Research is characterized by patienceand unhurried activity.

5. Research is carefully recorded andreported.

12. Research sometimes requires


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RESEARCH

JOR TYPES OF RESEARCHBASIC/THEORETICAL RESEARCH type of research which

is conducted for the sake of knowing.

OBJECTIVES:

It is known as theoretical because it is designed to add to

our understanding and store of knowledge, but without any

particular practical goals.

Its other main objective is to test or arrive at a theory with

ultimate goal of establishing general principles.


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RESEARCH

JOR TYPES OF RESEARCH

APPLIED RESEARCH to be undertaken when the

purpose is to obtain knowledge for practical

application or useful ends, thus, it is also known asPRACTICAL RESEARCH.

The intention is to use the newly-acquired

knowledge to solve problems or improve theprevailing condition which in its present state is

unsatisfactory, or may be satisfactory but which has

still room or possibility for betterment.


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RESEARCH

JOR TYPES OF RESEARCH

PURPOSE(according to Gay,

1976):

The purpose of applied research is

to apply, test, and evaluate theusefulness of a theory or knowledge

arrived at in solving problems.


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RESEARCH

C STAGES IN THE RESEARCH PROCESS:

1. Problem identification

3. Review of Related Literature

5. Objectives Formulation

7. Formulation of hypotheses andAssumptions


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RESEARCH

C STAGES IN THE RESEARCH PROCESS:

1. Data Analysis and Interpretation

10. Report Writing


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RESEARCH

NCTIONS OF RESEARCH

1. Research corrects perceptions aswell as expands them.

2. Research gathers information onsubjects or phenomena we lack or have

little knowledge about.

3. Research develops and evaluates

concepts, practices, and theories.


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RESEARCH

NCTIONS OF RESEARCH4. Research obtains knowledge forpractical purposes like solving problemson population explosion, drug addiction,

juvenile delinquency, and the like.

5. Research also develops and evaluatesmethods that test concepts, practicesand theories.

6. Research provides hard facts which

serve as bases for planning decision-


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RESEARCH

Objectivity Critical mind Openness Resourcefulness

Patience Logical Thinking Ethical

RESEARCHER FACTOR


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RESEARCH

CHARACTERISTICS OFRESEARCHABLE PROBLEM1. When there is no known answer orsolution to the problem such that gap

in knowledge exists.

3. Where there are possible solutions toit but the effectiveness of which is

untested or unknown yet.

3. When there are answers or solutions

but the possible results of which may


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RESEARCH

CHARACTERISTICS OFRESEARCHABLE PROBLEM1. When there are several possible and

plausible explanations for the

undesirable condition.

5. When the existence of a

phenomenon requires explanation.


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RESEARCH

RCES OF RESEARCH PROBLEM Personal experience Common sense Theories

Past researches Practical problems

Journals, books, theses anddissertation, and mass media

Technological changes Friends, colleagues, professors,consultants Conferences, symposia,

dialogues, ordinary meetings


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RESEARCH

OD RESEARCH PROBLEM1.Research problem should be of great

interest to the researcher.

2. Research problem should be relevant anduseful to a specific group of people.

3. Research problem is good when it is novelin that it possesses the element ofnewness or freshness.


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RESEARCH

OD RESEARCH PROBLEM1. A good research problem should be

well-defined or specified.

3. A good research problem should bemeasurable.

6. It should be time-bound.

C O S O


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RESEARCH

OD RESEARCH PROBLEM1.It is good if it does not cause ethical

or moral violations.

3.It is good if the study of it willcontribute to the refinement ofcertain important concepts, creation

or improvement of researchinstruments and analytical systems,and will permit generalizations.



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RESEARCH

HOW TO DEFINE A RESEARCH PROBLEM3. The researcher should see to it that the major concepts or

terms and variables in the study are clearly defined. The

concepts/terms/variables must be such that they mean

according to how the researcher wants them to be understoodand they can be represented by some evidence which can be

obtained through direct or indirect activities which are feasible

to carry out.

2. Limit the scope of the study in terms of issues, concerns, orsubjects; area coverage; target population and/or sample

population, source of data or respondents; time allotment; and

data requirement qualitative or quantitative, or both.



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RESEARCH

IFYING THE RESEARCH PROBLEM1. Is the problem a current andtimely one?

2. Is it pervasive orwidespread?

3. Does it affect a special groupof people such as mothers,children, farmers, fishers,

drivers, domestic helpers,



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RESEARCH

IFYING THE RESEARCH PROBLEM1.Does it relate to ongoing programs

such as land reform, family planning,

tuberculosis control program, childimmunization, skill training andothers?

5. Does it relate to broad social,economic, and health issues such asunemployment, malnutrition,

immigration, graft and corruption,



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RESEARCH

IFYING THE RESEARCH PROBLEM1.Who else is concerned about the

problems top government

officials, medical doctors,administrators, or otherprofessionals?

8. What are its direct and indirect,short- and long-range impact on

the welfare of a group of people



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RESEARCH

RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

The research problem should be

discussed in the introductory sectionwhere its existence, prevalence and

seriousness should be established. This

section is sometimes titled Backgroundof the Study.



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RESEARCH

OBJECTIVE an effect that is desired orexpected to be achieved by an activity, project

or program(Blumenfeld, 1985)

It refers to the statements of purpose for

which are expected to be attained at the end

of the research process. They are stated rightafter the introductory section where the

research problem is discussed.



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RESEARCH

OR CLASSIFICATION OF OBJECTIVEGENERAL OBJECTIVE it is abroad statement of purpose

which uses abstract and non-measurable concepts. It is

usually the rephrase of theresearch title so constructedthat it became an objective

structurally and in essence.



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RESEARCH

OR CLASSIFICATION OF OBJECTIVESPECIFIC OBJECTIVE is astatement of purpose which

uses well-defined andmeasurable concepts, theformulation of which should bebased on and logically flowfrom the general objective.

Some studies may only have



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RESEARCH

OD RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

simple language

measurable conceptsattainable

result-orientedtime-bound



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RESEARCH

SCOPE defines the coverage or boundary

of the study in terms of:1.Area or Locality

2.Population or Sample

3.Duration or Period

4.Subjects, issues or concerns which are

explicitly stated in specific objectives of the

study

SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS



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RESEARCH

SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

LIMITATIONS are statements which

alert the reader of the research report tocertain conditions or constraints have

direct bearing on the result of the study

because they may place restrictions onthe conclusions of the study and their

application to other situations.



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RESEARCH

DEFINITION OF TERMS

It helps the readers of aproposal or report in

understanding the researchobjectives, method/s and

findings because here the keyconcepts are defined not onlyconceptually but most

importantly operationally, that



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RESEARCH

TWO FUNCTIONS OF DEFINITIONOF TERMS

c.Establishes the rules andprocedures the investigators will useto measure variables.

b. Provides definite meaning toterms that otherwise can be

interpreted in different ways.



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RESEARCH

ES OF DEFINITION OF TERMS

CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION universal meaning that is attributed toa word or group of words and which isunderstood by many people. It isabstract and most general in nature.

The usual source of conceptual

definitions is the dictionary.

b. OPERATIONAL DEFINITION

meaning of the concept or terms as



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RESEARCH

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

It is where the researcher

discusses the value of his study in aspersuasive as possible in order to get

the approval of the screening and

approving committee and thefinancial support of the prospective

funding institution.



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RESEARCH

AREAS TO WHERE CONTRIBUTION MAYBE MADE:

3. Contribution to accumulation of knowledge, or to

filling up a knowledge gap; contribution to building,validating or refining prevailing theories;

4. Contribution to meeting a pressing need of a

specific group like solving problems or improving

certain conditions;5. Contribution to refining concepts, improving

research instrumentation and methodologies;

6. Contribution to meeting the concerns or priorities

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