1 APA Style Guide 7th edition (version 22 May 2021) A. Citing References in the Text Type of Citation First citation in text Subsequent citations in text First parenthetical citation in text Subsequent parenthetical citation in text One author Walker (2007) Walker (2007) (Walker, 2007) (Walker, 2007) Two authors Walker and Allen (2004) Walker and Allen (2004) (Walker & Allen, 2004) (Walker & Allen, 2004) Three and more authors Wasserstein et al. (2005) Wasserstein et al. (2005) (Wasserstein et al., 2005) (Wasserstein et al., 2005) Groups with abbreviation National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH, 2003) NIMH (2003) (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2003) (NIMH, 2003) Groups without abbreviation University of Pittsburg (2005) University of Pittsburg (2005) (University of Pittsburg, 2005) (University of Pittsburg, 2005) Legal or Government document European Commission (2012) European Commission (2012) (European Commission, 2012) (European Commission, 2012) Unpublished Legal or Government document European Commission (2004) European Commission (2004) (European Commission, 2004) (European Commission, 2004) Acts (only in USA, Acts from other countries treat as Legal or Government document) Mental Health Systems Act (1988) Mental Health Systems Act (1988) (Mental Health Systems Act, 1988) (Mental Health Systems Act, 1988) Cases Lessard v. Schmidt (1975) Lessard v. Schmidt (1975) (Lessard v. Schmidt, 1975) (Lessard v. Schmidt, 1975) Treaty/Convention/ Pact/Constitution/ International Agreement Treaty of Amsterdam (1997) Treaty of Amsterdam (1997) (Treaty of Amsterdam, 1997) (Treaty of Amsterdam, 1997) Official Journal of the European Union Commission Regulation of 10 April 2002 (2002) Commission Regulation of 10 April 2002 (2002) (Commission Regulation of 10 April 2002, 2002) (Commission Regulation of 10 April 2002, 2002) Reference with single page number/chapter, etc. Hedetoft (2013, p. 2) Hedetoft (2013, p. 2) (Hedetoft, 2013, p. 2) (Hedetoft, 2013, p. 2) Reference with page range de Haan (2005, pp. 36-37) de Haan (2005, pp. 36-37) (de Haan, 2005, pp. 36-37) (de Haan, 2005, pp. 36-37) Reference with several discontinuous pages Dahl (2006, pp. 105, 109, 112-114) Dahl (2006, pp. 105, 109, 112-114) (Dahl, 2006, pp. 105, 109, 112-114) (Dahl, 2006, pp. 105, 109, 112-114) In press/forthcoming Taylor (in press) Taylor (in press) (Taylor, in press) (Taylor, in press) Same author, two works from different years Todres (2011, 2012) Todres (2011, 2012) (Todres, 2011, 2012) (Todres, 2011, 2012) Same author, two works from same year Derryberry and Reed (2005a, 2005b) Derryberry and Reed (2005a, 2005b) (Derryberry & Reed, 2005a, 2005b) (Derryberry & Reed, 2005a, 2005b) Republished books Fanon (1952/1967) Fanon (1952/1967) (Fanon, 1952/1967) (Fanon, 1952/1967)
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APA Style Guide 7th edition (version 22 May 2021)
A. Citing References in the Text
Type of Citation First citation in
text
Subsequent
citations in text
First parenthetical
citation in text
Subsequent
parenthetical
citation in text
One author Walker (2007) Walker (2007) (Walker, 2007) (Walker, 2007)
Two authors Walker and Allen
(2004)
Walker and Allen
(2004)
(Walker & Allen,
2004)
(Walker & Allen,
2004)
Three and more authors Wasserstein et al.
(2005)
Wasserstein et al.
(2005)
(Wasserstein et al.,
2005)
(Wasserstein et al.,
2005)
Groups with abbreviation
National Institute of
Mental Health
(NIMH, 2003)
NIMH (2003)
(National Institute of
Mental Health
[NIMH], 2003)
(NIMH, 2003)
Groups without abbreviation University of
Pittsburg (2005)
University of
Pittsburg (2005)
(University of
Pittsburg, 2005)
(University of
Pittsburg, 2005)
Legal or Government
document
European
Commission (2012)
European
Commission (2012)
(European
Commission, 2012)
(European
Commission, 2012)
Unpublished Legal or
Government document
European
Commission (2004)
European
Commission (2004)
(European
Commission, 2004)
(European
Commission, 2004)
Acts (only in USA, Acts from
other countries treat as Legal
or Government document)
Mental Health
Systems Act (1988)
Mental Health
Systems Act (1988)
(Mental Health
Systems Act, 1988)
(Mental Health
Systems Act, 1988)
Cases Lessard v. Schmidt
(1975)
Lessard v. Schmidt
(1975)
(Lessard v. Schmidt,
1975)
(Lessard v. Schmidt,
1975)
Treaty/Convention/
Pact/Constitution/
International Agreement
Treaty of Amsterdam
(1997)
Treaty of Amsterdam
(1997)
(Treaty of
Amsterdam, 1997)
(Treaty of
Amsterdam, 1997)
Official Journal of the
European Union
Commission
Regulation of 10 April
2002 (2002)
Commission
Regulation of 10 April
2002 (2002)
(Commission
Regulation of 10 April
2002, 2002)
(Commission
Regulation of 10 April
2002, 2002)
Reference with single page
number/chapter, etc. Hedetoft (2013, p. 2) Hedetoft (2013, p. 2) (Hedetoft, 2013, p. 2) (Hedetoft, 2013, p. 2)
Reference with page range de Haan (2005, pp.
36-37)
de Haan (2005, pp.
36-37)
(de Haan, 2005, pp.
36-37)
(de Haan, 2005, pp.
36-37)
Reference with several
discontinuous pages
Dahl (2006, pp. 105,
109, 112-114)
Dahl (2006, pp. 105,
109, 112-114)
(Dahl, 2006, pp. 105,
109, 112-114)
(Dahl, 2006, pp. 105,
109, 112-114)
In press/forthcoming Taylor (in press) Taylor (in press) (Taylor, in press) (Taylor, in press)
Same author, two works
from different years Todres (2011, 2012) Todres (2011, 2012) (Todres, 2011, 2012) (Todres, 2011, 2012)
(Allern & Bale, 2012; Allern et al., 2019) [if the second author’s surname in the Allern et al. citation is after Bale]
(Allern et al., 2019; Allern & Bale, 2012) [if the second author’s surname in the Allern et al. citation is before Bale]
3. If you want to include several different citations in one set of brackets, they should be in alphabetical order, separated by a
semi-colon:
(Durie, 2003; McShane & Travaglione, 2007; Ministry of Education, 1996)
4. To cite more than one work by the same author(s), list the surname of the author(s) and then each different year of
publication, separated by a comma:
(Ministry of Education, 1996, 1999)
For groups of authors with the same lead author and different co-authors, also separate the citations with a comma, unless
they have the same year of publication:
According to previous research (see Whiteley et al., 2010, 2013) there is…
Styles can be combined:
(Durie, 2003; Ministry of Education, 1996, 1999; Whiteley et al., 2010)
5. Quoting two almost identical sets of authors with the same year of publication, spell out as many author names as necessary in the in-text citation to tell them apart:
First citation in text:
(Marewski, Gaissmaier, & Gigerenzer, 2010)
(Marewski, Gaissmaier, Schooler, et al., 2010)
Subsequent citations in text:
(Marewski, Gaissmaier, & Gigerenzer, 2010)
(Marewski, Gaissmaier, Schooler, et al., 2010)
Notes: Only use “et al.” if there is more than one author missing from the in-text citation. List as many authors as necessary to distinguish between references.
6. When citing a multi-volume work that has been published over the course of a number of years, use the date range as the
publication date in both the in-text citation and reference list:
In-text citation:
(World Health Organization, 2000–2006)
Entry in references list:
World Health Organization. (2000–2006). WHO annual report. Geneva: World Health Organization.
7. Citing different authors with the same surname, include the necessary initials after the surname in all in-text citations, regardless of the year of publication:
(L.-J. Chen, 1993)
(Y. G. Chen, 2001)
(D. Jackson, 2018; M. C. Jackson et al., 2017)
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Notes: Never include initials for subsequent authors in in-text citations. Entries in the final list of references are written normally. Names in in-text citations must be organized according to the final list of references.
8. Citing different authors with the same surname and first name initial, include these authors’ full first names in the in-text citations, regardless of the year of publication:
(Laura Green, 2009)
(Lorenzo Green, 2003)
(Leonard Green & Myerson, 2013)
Notes: Never include the full first name of subsequent authors in in-text citations. Names in in-text citations must be organized according to the final list of references.
9. When making a general mention to a website (including, but not limited to, social media) it is not required that you include
an in-text citation and entry in the references list. Simply add the general URL:
News agencies like CNN provide breaking news coverage to millions of people every day on their website
(http://www.cnn.com) and Twitter account (http://twitter.com/CNN). In our first investigation, we analyzed the
content of CNN’s Twitter feed during the year 2012.
10. When quoting or summarizing a particular passage, include the specific page or paragraph number as well:
The painting was assumed to be by Matisse (Powell, 1989, Chapter 6), but later analysis showed it to be a forgery (Murphy,
1999, p. 85).
The patient wrote that she was unimpressed by the doctor’s bedside manner (Smith, 2006, para. 2)
11. You should italicize the name of a newspaper, magazine, or journal no matter where they appear in your manuscript, so
that it will always be The Economist, New York Times, etc., both in the text and reference list.
12. Use secondary sources sparingly, for instance, when the original work is out of print, unavailable through usual sources, or
not available in English. The words “as cited in” in the parenthetical reference indicate you have not read the original
research. Only include the secondary source in the reference list; the original work is merely cited in the text.
13. Always separate in-text citations from parenthetical text with commas around the year and never with squared brackets.
structures (see Ellis et al. [2008] for recent meta-analyses).
✓ structures (see Ellis et al., 2008, for recent meta-analyses).
14. Use a shortened title (the first three words, or the full title if it is short) as the author in works without authors (e.g.,
newspaper articles ).
As discussed in “Economics nudging” (2017), governments…
(“All 33 Chile miners,” 2010)
15. An alternative to “et al.” in in-text citations is “and colleagues”, but this alternative can never been used in parenthetical
citations
Harris and colleagues (1989)…
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B. The Reference List
Type of Reference Format Examples
Journal Article (1 author) Lastname, A. (year). Title of the article in
sentence case. Journal in Title Case,
Volume(Issue), Firstpage-Lastpage. doi
Attention:
Comma between the journal and the
volume should never be italics. No space
between volume and issue.
The issue number is not compulsory.
If the journal article has an article
number instead of a page range, include
the word “Article” and then the article
number instead of the page range.
Journal articles (but also other types of
references, such as books) can have a
doi or url at the end, but that is not
compulsory.
Paivio, A. (1975). Perceptual comparisons through the
mind’s eye. Memory & Cognition, 3(1), 635–647.
Jerrentrup, A. (2018). Teaching medicine with the help of
“Dr. House.” PLoS ONE, 13(3), Article e0193972.
Butler, J. (2017). Where access meets multimodality: The
case of ASL music videos. Kairos: A Journal of Rhetoric,