APA Style Basics1

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APA Style Basics


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Wh y Use APA Format?

Gives you credibility as a writer.3

P rovides consistent format within a discipline.2

Allows readers to cross-reference your sources easily.1

P rotects from plagiarism.4


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APA

Double Space

One-inch margins on all sides

Times New Roman, 12 pt

P age Numbers on right in Header, every page


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E lements to an APA paper

Title Page1

Abs tract2

Conclu s ion/Di s cu ss ion5

Reference s 6

Introduction / Literature review3

Re s ult s4

App endix7


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Abstract

An abstract is a summary of theproblem (issue), findings, andrecommendations madethroughout the entire paper.Keywords

Do not give any reference inabstract.


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I n Text Citation

Cite by author La s t Name and date the work s u s edFor s ingle author

Walker ( 2001) com p ared reaction time s

In a s tud y of reaction time s (Walker, 2001)

Reference:Walker, M. M. (2001). Transfer of lexical information in adults with

reading disorders . Perceptual and Motor Skills, 93 (1) , 257-267.


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I n text (Last Name & Year)

The citation can either a pp ear at the b eginning of the s entence,or at the end of the s entence, the choice i s u p to you.

J ohn s on ( 1998) te s ted the effect s

antide p re ss ant s were found to decrea s e anxiet y (J ohn s on, 1998)

S tylis ticall y, change it u p! Begin s ome citation s at theb eginning of the s entence, b egin s ome citation s in p arenthe s e s at the end of the s entence.


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I mportant details for I n Text

Use an ampersand (&) between authors when their namesare within parentheses.

. . . is an effective treatment (Smith & Jones, 2009).

Use a regular and between authors when their names arenot within parentheses.

. . . is the most effective treatment according to Smith and Jones(1999).

If your source does not have a date, replace the date in thecitation with n.d., which is the abbreviation f or no date.

. . . British Psychological Association (n.d.).


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W orks with up to f ive authors

First citation: list all authors, followed by the year of publication in parentheses

Johnson, Martin, Lopez, Roberts, and Walker (2005)Subsequent citations: list all authors if work has up toTWO authors, if more than two authors, use et al.

Johnson et al. (2005), or if only two authors, Johnsonand Martin (2005).

W orks with more than six authors

Use et al. in first citation and subsequent citations

I n Text Citation


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One author: (Sinatra, 2007)

Two authors: (Sinatra & Garland, 2007)

Three to five authors: (Sinatra, Garland, &Fitzgerald, 2007) on first reference with (Sinatra etal., 2007) after that

Six or more authors: (Sinatra et al., 2007) on firstand all subsequent references

I n Text Citation


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I n Text Citation - Practice

Duhig, P hares, and Birkeland (2002) did a surveyon

A survey on fathers involvement in ( Duhig,

P hares & Birkeland, 2002)

Reference:Duhig, A. M., P hares, V., & Birkeland, R. W. (2002). Involvement

of fathers in therapy: A survey of clinicians . Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 33(4) , 389-395.


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C iting the same study in the same paragraph

Within a paragraph, when the name of the author is part

of the narrative, you need not include the year insubsequent non parenthetical references to a study.

Do include the year in all parenthetical citations .

I n Text Citation - Practice


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King (2008) f ound that citing is f un. King tookgreat care in conducting the research, surveying 150current W alden students. In f act students really

grow to love APA ( K ing, 2008, p. 23). K ing alsof ound that students secretly love APA even whenf irst introduced to the style.


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R eferences

Alphabetical order by first author s last nameHanging indentBegins on new page

References appears at the top of the page,centered and B oldFollows guidelines of each type of work (book

chapter, journal article, etc.)List authors in order in which they appear in theoriginal publication


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R eference Guidelines

Capitalization: Only First letter o f every word o f journal title iscapitalized.

ItalicizeItalicize the title o f books and periodicals, do not underline them

Put a period a f ter author s initials, date, title o f article, and at the end o f the re f erence. If the re f erence ends in an Internet address, do not put aperiod at the end o f the Internet address.

Line 1 should be f lush with the le f t margin, and subsequent lines shouldbe indented (5) spaces (re f erred to as a hanging indent )

List should be alphabetized by author s last names. Articles by the sameauthor should be listed oldest to newest (reverse chronological order)


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H ow to R eference a Book

Last, F. M. (year). Title of work . Location: Publisher.

Thomas, A. E. (2004). Introductory Psychology . New York: NYPublishing.


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Book C h apter R eference

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of chapter. In A. Editor, & B. Editor(Eds.), Title of book (pp. xxx-xxx). Location: Publisher.

Patterson, C . H. (1997). C lient-centered supervision. In C . E.W atkins (Ed.), H andbook of psychotherapy supervision(pp. 134-146). New York: W iley.


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Book Examples

Book (specified edition)

Clear, T. R., & Cole, G. F. (2003). American corrections (6th ed.).

Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing.

Book (no edition)Bergner, D. (1999). God of the rodeo. NY: The Ballentine

Publishing Group.


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APA Practice

W rite the correct APA Style citation f or the f ollowing:

Author: Ann Streissguth

Title of book: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: A Guide for Families andCommunities

Publisher info: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Company, 1997, 306pages, Baltimore.


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APA Practice: Book Citation

Streissguth, A. (1997). F etal Alcohol Syndrome: A guide for families and communities . Baltimore: Brookes Publishing.


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R eference of a J ournal Article

Last, F. M., & Last, F. M. (year). Title of article. Title of Publication, Volume Number , page-page.

Smith, A. B., Johnson, J. K., Parker, L. M., & Martin, U. M. (2009).Depression and anxiety in the work environment. Depression

Monthly, 24 , 209-215.


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APA Practice J ournal

W rite the correct APA Style citation f or the f ollowing:

Author: Pamela K. Adams

Title of article: Blockbusters: Ideas for the Block Center

Name of Journal: Early Childhood Education Journal

Publication info: Volume 24, No Issue number, 1996, pages 87-

92.


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APA Practice: J ournal Citation

Adams, P. K. (1996). Blockbusters: Ideas for the block center.E

arly Childhood E

ducation Journal , 24 , 87-92.


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Q uotations

W ithin quotation use to replace

Use to indicate omitted words

She stated, The placebo effect disappeared whenbehaviors were studied in this manner (Miele, 1993, p.276).


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Q uotations

For longer quotations o f 40 or more words(indent without )

We agree with Obrue (2002), who concluded:Neurofeedback is perhaps best viewed not as analternative to conventional psychopharmcologicalagents but rather (p. 8)


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Personal Communication

For interview, email message, letter:

J.H. Lim (interview, June 4, 2004)J. Tan (personal communication, March 15, 2005)(J. Tan, personal communication, March 15, 2005)

Normally not cited in Ref erences


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Newspaper Article R eference

Author, A. (Year). Title of article. Title of Newspaper , pages (pp).

Lee, J. (1999, September 6). More turning to acupuncture. TheStraits Times , pp. 28-29.


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Unpublis h ed T h esis R eference

Author, A. (Year). Title of thesis . Unpublished level thesis.University, Place.

Ho, M. (2000). Coping strategies of counseling professionals .Unpublished master s thesis. Nanyang TechnologicalUniversity, Singapore.


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UM I Th esis R eference

Author, A. (Year). Title of thesis . (Level of thesis, University).Dissertation Abstracts International, vol (no), page. ( UMI No.xxxxx)

Morris, A. J. F. (2003). Charity, therapy and poverty: Privatesocial service in the era of public welfare. (Doctoraldissertation, University of Virginia). Dissertation AbstractsInternational, 63 (12), 4444. ( UMI No. AAT 3073579)


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Audiovisual R eference

Author, A. A. (Producer) & Author, B. (Director). (Year). Title of audiovisual [Motion picture]. Country: Movie Studio.

Scorsese, M. (Producer) & Lonergan, K. (Writer/Director). (2000).You can count on me [Motion picture]. United States:Paramount Pictures.


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Seriation

Within a paragraph or sentence, use lowercase letters inparentheses, (a), (b), (c), etc.

For seriation of separate paragraphs, number each paragraphwith numeral , followed by a period but not enclosed in orfollowed by a parentheses1.2.3.


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Figure

Use the figure number not the figure below or the next figure .

Figures are inserted into the narrative as close to the textthat introduces them as is practical.

Try not to place a figure in the middle of a paragraph.

Figures are labeled underneath the figure an italicize theword F igure and number .


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Tab l

a l C aracter i tic o f art ic i ants and S iteses t i ated

% of Afr ican es t i

atedyrs. in or i in hyg ien is t? number treatment w o rk urban or A mer ican overa ll

ract ice of staf f rooms s tat ions suburban pat ients spec ia lty? s iz e (sq. ft.)

A -1 5 south no 4 4 3 suburban 70% yes 2000

A -2 7 midw est no 2 3 3 urban 98% no 1250

B-1 14 m idw est no 5 6 5 suburban 60% no 2000

B-2 14 m idw est no 5 4 5 suburban 75% no 2000

C-1 17 w es t yes 3 3 3 suburban 98% no 800

C-2 17 m idw est yes 3 3 3 suburban 50% no 1000

-1 25 m idw est no 3 3 3 urban 70% no 1000

-2 25 m idw est no 5 6 2 urban 85% no 1500

E-1 27 northeast no 5 6 3 urban 99% yes 2000

E-2 29 south no 12 6 15 urban 98% no 1250

Avg. 18.0 4.4 4.4 4.5 80% 1480


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Figure 2 . A model showing the critical elements for successfulcourse development in online education.


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Tables

Tables are labeled above.Table number is plain type.Table title is on next line (double space), with italic.Make sure text fills in the table cells.There should be atmost 2 horizontal lines on the top and onein bottom.


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R ig h t Table


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R ig h t Table


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W rong Table


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W rong Table


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APA Style Basics1

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