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APA Style

APA stands for the American Psychological Association, anational organization devoted to promoting the creation,

communication, and application of psychological

knowledge.Its Publication Manual is Waldens(and many

other educational institutions) standard reference for

formatting of academic papers

It provides a standardized format of writing and citing to make the paper

easier to follow.Your work quality and credibility of your research increases when you

properly cite sources. It shows that you know how to conduct research ona topic and find authoritative references

IMPORTANCES OF APA STYLE

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Manuscript Structure

Title Page

Abstract

Introduction Method

Results

Discussions Appendices

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Margins:One inch on all sides (top, bottom, left, right)

Font Size and Type:12-pt. Times New Roman font

Line Spacing:Double-space throughout the paper,including the title page, abstract, body of the document,

references, appendixes, footnotes, tables, and figures.

Spacing after Punctuation:Space onceafter commas,

colons, and semicolons within sentences. Insert two

spaces after punctuation marks that end sentences.

Alignment:Flush left (creating uneven right margin)

Paragraph Indentation:5-7 spaces

Pagination:The page number appears one inch from

the right edge of the paper on the first line of every

page.

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1in

ch

1 inch

1 inch

nch

Running head: Title (ALL CAPS)

1

5 spaces

Title

Students Name

University Name

Centered

Single Space

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Title (All Caps) 2

Abstract ( Centered)

Do not Indent

10 Sentences

Single Space

1 inch

nch

1 inch

nch

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Title (All Caps) 2

< 1 space>

Title (Centered)< 1 space>

Font: Arial 12 or TNR

APA Research

Double space Indent Paragraph

1 inch

nchnch

1 inch

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Manuscript Format

Page 1, Title page Page2, Abstract

Page 3, beginning text

References begin on a new page after the lastpage of text

Each table begins on a new page after thereferences

Each figure begins on a new page after thetables. Include the figure caption on the samepage as the figure

Each appendix begins on new page

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HeadingsTable 3.1 Format for five levels of Heading in APAjournalsLevels ofHeadings Format

1

Centered Boldface Uppercase andLowercase Headings

2 Flash left Boldface Uppercase andLowercase Headings

3

Indented, Boldface, Lowercase

paragraph heading ending with period

4 Indented boldface italicized Lowercaseparagraph heading ending with period

5Indented italicized lowercase paragraph

heading ending with period

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Headings

Younger adults (14 women, 10 men M= 19.5

years, age, range: 18-22 years) were recruited withflyers posted on Boston College campus. Older

adults

were judge on 7-point

scale( 1 = negative valence and arousal and

7=positive valence scale or high arousal) Negative

object received mean valence of 2.5.

MethodParticipants

Valence Arousal

This example shows Level 1, Level 2 and

Level 3 Headings

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Reducing Bias Language

APA is committed to objectivity and inscientific reporting as well as the fair

treatment of individuals and groups. Long

standing cultural exerts a powerful influence

over even the most conscientious author.

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If your paper discusses age groups, specific

age range:

Not Specific: over 18 years of age Specific: 18-35 years oldPart of writing without bias without bias is

recognizing that differences should be

mentioned only relevant. Marital status, sexual

orientation, racial and ethnic identity or thefact that person has disability should not

mentioned gratuitously

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Be Sensitive to LabelsIf your paper is about people with autism you

might use this following phrases such as the

following:

Person diagnosed with autism may have

restricted repertoire of activities relative to

their age.

Most children in the autism group did not

respond when they call their name

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Acknowledgement ParticipationWhen you write about the roles of individuals in an

experiment, use language that portrays them as

active participants, than passive recipients of the

experiments.

For examples, choose phrases such as the following:

The students completed the survey insteadof the

survey administered to the students

The children viewed objects on-screen insteadof thechildren were shown several on screen objects.

We collected data from the participants insteadof the

participants run.

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Citing References In text

Cite the work of those individuals whose ideas , theoriesor findings have directly influence your work, even you

are paraphrasing or describing someone else ideas

To avoid plagiarism, take careful notes as you research to

keep tract all of sources

And collected information you need them cite them

properly.

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Table 6.1 Basic Citation Style

Type ofCitation

FirstCitation

Subsequent citationin text

Parenthetical formatfirstcitation ofthe texts

Parenthetical formatsubsequentcitations ofthe texts

One

work by

the one

author

Walker

(2007)

Walker

(2007)

Walker

(2007)

Walker

(2007)

One workby the

two

author

Walker and

Allen(2004)

Walker and

Allen(2004)

Walker and

Allen(2004)

Walker and

Allen(2004)

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One work

by the three

author

Bradley,

Ramirez

and Soo

(1999)

Bradley et

al.(1999)

(Bradley,

Ramirez &

Soo, 1999)

(Bradley et

al.,1999)

One work

by the four

author

Bradley,

Ramirez, Soo

and Walsh

(2006)

Bradley et al.

(2006)

(Bradley,

Ramirez, Soo

and Walsh,

2006)

(Bradley et

al., 2006)

One work

by the five

author

Walker,

Allen,

Ramirez and

Soo (2008)

Walker et al

(2008)

(Walker,

allen

Bradley,Rami

rez and Soo2008)

(Walker et al

., 2008)

One work

by the six

or more

author

Wassertein

et al (2005)

Wassertein

et al (2005)

(Wassertein

et al ., 2005)

(Wassertein

et al ., 2005)

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Citing ReferencesHere are some examples of citations that include

more than one work in the parentheses:

Training materials are available ( Department

of Veterans affairs, 2001 , 2003) Past research

(Gogel, 1990, 2006 press)

Several studies ( Derryberry & Reed 2005a,

2005b, in press-a; Rothbart, 2003a, 2003b)Several studies (Miller,1999 Shanfranske &

Mahoney, 1998)

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Reference List

References list contain of the followingcomponents:

Mikulincer, M., Gerber, H., & Weisenberg, M. (1990).

Judgment of control and depressions: The role

of Self-esteem and Self-focused attention.Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14 589-608.

AuthorNames Publication Date

Title of WorkPublication

data

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Reference List

For scholarly articles, the kinds of references mostly

commonly included are

Journal articles

Entire issue of a journal

Chapter in an edited book

Entire book and

Conference proceedings

Writer can include many kinds of materials in theirreference lists, such as dissertation, podcasts, book

reviews, archrivals

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What is Plagiarism?

Plagiarisman act or instance of usingor closely imitating the language and

thoughts of another authors without

authorization an the representation of thatauthors work as ones own, as by not

crediting the crediting the original author.

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How to Avoid Plagiarism Know what plagiarism is.

Identify different types of plagiarism

Cite the possible effects of plagiarism

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Types of Plagiarism

Direct Plagiarism Word-for-word transcription of a section of

someone elses work without attribution and

without quotation marks.

Taking the exact words somebody else wrote,

and putting that into your assignment, without

pointing out that you are using someoneelses words

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Types of Plagiarism

Self-Plagiarism Occurs when a student submit his/her own

previous work or mixes part of previous

works, w/out permission from all professorinvolved

Applies to submitting the same piece work for

assignment in different classes w/out prev.permission from both prof.

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Types of Plagiarism

Mosaic Plagiarism When a student borrows phrases from a

source without using quotation marks or find

synonyms for the authors language whilekeeping to the same general structure and

meaning of the original

Also known as patch-writing

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Types of Plagiarism

Accidental PlagiarismA person neglects to cite their sources or

misquote their sources, or unintentionally

paraphrases a source by using similar wordswithout attribution

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