APA Presentations

USING APA

Everest University - Composition 1

Integrating Sources Using APA or

MLA Standards

APA, MLA, or CMS

• MLA (MODERN LANGUAGE ASSOCIATION):

English, Literature, and Humanities courses often

follow MLA, and is most often used in K-12

coursework.

• APA (AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL

ASSOCIATION): Used in science and research, such

as is the medical or education fields, and fields of

psychology.

• CMS (CHICAGO MANUAL OF STYLE): Used in

humanities field of religion, history, and philosophy.


Integrating Sources

• Not all writing requires the use of APA,

MLA, or CMS

• APA, MLA, or CMS is used to integrate

sources into a thesis when the sources are

being used to support facts or make a claim

• To avoid plagiarism, APA, MLA, and CMS

provide guidelines and procedures that allow

verification of integrated sources


Source Functions

• Support your thesis

• Support a premise

• Oppose your claim

• Juxtapose your claim by providing

similar claims from others



Purposes of APA Documentation

• Authoritative source for scholarly writing

• Creates ethical and legal standards in

publishing

• Ensures the accuracy of scientific knowledge

• Protects the rights and welfare of research

participants

• Protects intellectual property rights

Plagiarism

• Plagiarism: to claim the words and ideas

of another as one’s own – this does not

mean you may not have the same idea,

but if the idea is suggested in a

previously written article, credit must be

given to authors when those sources are

known


Self-Plagiarism

• If you cite your own previously published work,

you must also provide citations and reference

• Self-plagiarism is the use of your prior work as if

it was new research

• Duplication may be permissible in some

circumstances, providing is not duplicate the core

of the prior work.


Major Sources

• NON-PERIODICALS

• Journals (published quarterly or biannually)

• Newsletters (published daily)

• Magazines (published weekly or monthly)

• PERIODICALS: books, reports

• Electronic Sources

• Blogs

• Databases

• Online journals

• E-books

• Audiovisual material (television programs, films, recordings, advertisements)

• Personal communication (emails, letters, memos)


APA DOCUMENTATION


American Psychological Association

6th Edition

Two Essential Elements

• CITATION: The in-text citation includes at minimum

the following

• Last name of author or authors

• First word of title if no author is identified

• The year of publication or online posting

• Page number for quotation, summary, or paraphrase

• REFERENCES (APA) or WORKS CITED (MLA)

• Separate pages at the end of the paper

• Double spaced

• Arranged alphabetically


Important Guidelines for References

• List ONLY the works cited

• Format: Center the heading “References”, without

quotation marks, not bold, underlined or italicized,

and with no period following

• Double spaced with no additional space between

entries

• Tables and charts follow the reference list

• List works alphabetically



• Author(s) last name, followed by initials

• Date – put the year in parenthesis. For journals, magazines,

and newspapers, also include the month and day. Do not

abbreviate months.

• Use hanging indents (Word shortcut key is CTRL+T)

• Titles and capitals: In titles of books, reports, articles and web

documents, capitalize only the first word of the title, proper

nouns, or adjectives

• Titles of magazines and journals: Give the periodical names in

full, using uppercase and lower case letters



• Titles and Italics: Italicize the title of books

• Italicize the titles of newspapers, reports, and web pages

• Italicize the title of magazines and journals, the comma

following the title, and the volume number

• Do not italicize issue numbers of magazines and journals or

page numbers

• Page numbers: For books and magazines give the inclusive

page number (251-259) without using the p or pp abbreviation

• Page numbers: For newspapers and sections of books, use the

p or pp abbreviation with page numbers


Format of APA Papers

The APA Paper


The Title Page


Header Setup


Abstract Page


Headings and Subheadings


Reference Page


Catch the APA Errors

APA QUIZ


Catch the Error #1

• Hollingshead measured aggressiveness

in children before and after exposure

to violent videogames (2002, p. 15).


Revised Answer

• Hollingshead (2000) measured aggressiveness

in children before and after exposure to

violent videogames.

• Explanation: The year comes after the

researcher’s name. No page number is needed

if there is no direct quote.


Catch the Error #2

• Neither group showed any

significant growth (Wong and

Tuttle 2005).


Revised Answer

• Neither group showed any significant

growth (Wong & Tuttle, 2005).

• Explanation: Use an ampersand (&)

when citing parenthetically and put a

comma between author(s) and year of

publication.


Catch the Error #3

• Duffy & Petronius (2002,

p. 23) found that none of

the subjects showed

improvement.


Revised Answer

• Duffy and Petronius (2002) found that

none of the subjects showed

improvement.

• Explanation: Use “and” -- not ampersand

-- when citing authors outside of

parentheses. No page number needed

since there was no direct quote.


Catch the Error #4

• Boyle (1998, 1998, 1998) found in three

separate studies that the rats had higher stress

hormone levels after exposure.

[Assume the three studies were done in 1998 and

each was published separately that year.]


Revised Answer

• Boyle (1998a, 1998b, 1998c) found in three

separate studies that the rats had higher stress

hormone levels after exposure.

• Explanation: To avoid confusion, each study

will be designated by a different letter – a, b,

c, etc. Items are listed in the reference section

alphabetically by title.


Catch the Error #5

• Parker (2003) found that there

was “no significant difference

between the treatment group and

the control group.”


Revised Answer

• Parker (2003) found that there was “no

significant difference between the

treatment group and the control group”

(p. 12).

• Explanation: Since a direct quote was

used, a page number must be provided

after the quote.


Catch the Error #6

• When contacted, Habbib had

no useful explanation except

that “mistakes were made”

(phone call, 2005).


Revised Answer

• When contacted, C. S. Habbib had no useful explanation except that “mistakes were made” (personal communication, December 1, 2005).

• Explanation: Use “personal communication” and exact date when citing telephone calls, letters, memos, personal interviews, etc. You do not need to put this in the References section since the data is non-recoverable


Catch the Error #7

• Bretschneider, John Garrett and

McCoy, Nancy Lewis, 1968. Sexual

Interest and Behavior in Healthy 80-

102-Year-Olds. Archives of Sexual

Behavior, Vol. 14, pp. 343-350.


Revised Answer

• Bretschneider, J. G., & McCoy, N. L. (1968). Sexual interest and behavior in healthy 80- 102-year-olds. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 14, 343-350.

• Explanation: 1) only initials for first names; 2) year in parentheses followed by period; 3) lower case in article title; 4) italicize journal name and capitalize first letters; 5) no “Vol.,” just italicize; 6) no “pp.”; 7) hanging indent.


Catch the Error #8

• Hashimoto, Thomas. (March

13, 2000, p. 23). Seeing Red in

November. Newsweek, vol.

199.


Revised Answer

• Hashimoto, T. (2000, March 13). Seeing red

in November. Newsweek, 199, 23.

• Explanation: Only initial for first name. Year

comes first, then comma, then month and

day, all in parentheses. Title of magazine is

italicized, followed by comma, volume

number italicized, then page number(s).

Hanging indent,


Catch the Error #9

• Pinkerton (originally published in

1844, reprinted in 2001) believed

that democracy was a two-edged

sword. Socrates (400 B.C.) felt the

same way.


Revised Answer

• Pinkerton (1844/2001) believed that

democracy was a two-edged sword.

Socrates (trans. 1988) felt the same way.

• Explanation: If original year of publication

is known, list that first, followed by slash

and year of publication you used. For

classical works, cite the translation year.


Catch the Error #10

• Most experts believed the effects would be

disastrous (NIMH 2000). For example, 8 of those

surveyed believed supplies would run out within 24

hours. Not surprisingly, only 2 out of 15 thought

survival was possible after thirty-six hours.

(Assume NIMH is introduced here for the first time.)


Revised Answer

• Most experts believed the effects will be

disastrous (National Institutes of Mental

Health [NIMH], 2000). For example, eight of

those surveyed believed supplies would run out

within 24 hours. Not surprisingly, only 2 out of

15 thought survival was possible after 36 hours.

• Explanation: Number and abbreviation rules.

(Usually 10 and above uses the number, or

time, dates, ages, scores and points on a scale)


Citation Generator

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APA Citation Machine


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APA Presentations

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