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Composting greenhouse provides
hot water (original)
From Appropedia Jump to: navigation, search
Original ported content
This page represents the original version of
content ported from another source. The
page has been protected to preseoriginal content. Editable pages may include
content from this page as long as attribution
The original content of this page, "Composting greenhouse provides hot water (original)", was authored by Ole Ersson, and was wripoint of view. It was ported
Urban Living.
Bales
Our household of 2 adults and three children obtained all our household hot water from a composting greenhouse we constructed in Portland, Oregon in 1994. It provided hot water at a temperature of 90
(Fahrenheit) continuously until it was dismantle
the space to grow several species of mushrooms and to house plants from our garden during winter.
Composting greenhouse provides
hot water (original)
search
Original ported content
This page represents the original version of
content ported from another source. The
page has been protected to preserve this original content. Editable pages may include
content from this page as long as attribution is given to the source
The original content of this page, "Composting greenhouse provides hot water (original)", was authored by Ole Ersson, and was written from his
ported with permission from Experiments in Sustainable
household of 2 adults and three children obtained all our household hot water from a composting greenhouse we constructed in Portland, Oregon in 1994. It provided hot water at a temperature of 90-130 degrees
(Fahrenheit) continuously until it was dismantled 18 months later. We used
the space to grow several species of mushrooms and to house plants from
Composting greenhouse provides
The original content of this page, "Composting greenhouse provides hot tten from his
Experiments in Sustainable
household of 2 adults and three children obtained all our household hot water from a composting greenhouse we constructed in Portland, Oregon in
130 degrees
d 18 months later. We used
the space to grow several species of mushrooms and to house plants from
A-PDF OFFICE TO PDF DEMO: Purchase from www.A-PDF.com to remove the watermark
The greenhouse design was similar to inexpensive "tube" greenhouses. Outer dimensions were 16x30 feet. The
courses of rye grass straw bales pinned together with 1/2 inch steel rebar. Bale size was 2 feet x 2 feet x 4 feet, giving two
base. Therefore inner dimensions were 12 feet wide by 26 feet long. Bawere stacked like bricks, as is typical of
mil plastic film surrounded the bottom bales, separating the straw from a layer of wood chips on which the bales res
the greenhouse about three feet deep inside (except for a 5 feet by 12 feet entry at one end). The roof consisted of 6 mil ultraviolet resistant plastic film
supported on 20 foot arches of rebar spaced every 2 feet along ththe structure. These arches were held rigidly into a 2 feet x 2 feet matrix
with horizontal rebar spaced every 2 feet running the length of the structure. The straw bales on the sides and end walls were also covered with the same
plastic film as the roof with a door framed out of lumber at one end. A single
sheet of 32 feet wide by 32 feet long plastic covered the roof.
Pipe supports for the roof
Two PVC 3/4 inch water lines ran underground from the house to the greenhouse. The cold water su
The greenhouse design was similar to inexpensive "tube" greenhouses. Outer dimensions were 16x30 feet. The foundation walls consisted of 3
courses of rye grass straw bales pinned together with 1/2 inch steel rebar. Bale size was 2 feet x 2 feet x 4 feet, giving two-foot thick walls along the
base. Therefore inner dimensions were 12 feet wide by 26 feet long. Bawere stacked like bricks, as is typical of straw bale construction. A layer of 3
mil plastic film surrounded the bottom bales, separating the straw from a layer of wood chips on which the bales rested and the compost which filled
the greenhouse about three feet deep inside (except for a 5 feet by 12 feet entry at one end). The roof consisted of 6 mil ultraviolet resistant plastic film
supported on 20 foot arches of rebar spaced every 2 feet along ththe structure. These arches were held rigidly into a 2 feet x 2 feet matrix
with horizontal rebar spaced every 2 feet running the length of the structure. The straw bales on the sides and end walls were also covered with the same
s the roof with a door framed out of lumber at one end. A single
sheet of 32 feet wide by 32 feet long plastic covered the roof.
Two PVC 3/4 inch water lines ran underground from the house to the greenhouse. The cold water supply originated at the washer hookup cold
The greenhouse design was similar to inexpensive "tube" greenhouses. foundation walls consisted of 3
courses of rye grass straw bales pinned together with 1/2 inch steel rebar. foot thick walls along the
base. Therefore inner dimensions were 12 feet wide by 26 feet long. Bales . A layer of 3
mil plastic film surrounded the bottom bales, separating the straw from a ted and the compost which filled
the greenhouse about three feet deep inside (except for a 5 feet by 12 feet entry at one end). The roof consisted of 6 mil ultraviolet resistant plastic film
supported on 20 foot arches of rebar spaced every 2 feet along the length of the structure. These arches were held rigidly into a 2 feet x 2 feet matrix
with horizontal rebar spaced every 2 feet running the length of the structure. The straw bales on the sides and end walls were also covered with the same
s the roof with a door framed out of lumber at one end. A single
Two PVC 3/4 inch water lines ran underground from the house to the pply originated at the washer hookup cold
line. Hot water returned from the greenhouse in an insulated line after
circulating in the hot compost and entered the house plumbing at the washer hot water hookup. Therefore no modifications to the original house
plumbing system were required. While the greenhouse heater was operative, the original hot water heater was turned off and its intake valve closed. Heat
exchange occurred in the compost in which was embedded one hundred feet of coiled 1.5 inch internal di
feet deep, 12 feet wide, and 21 feet long, or approximately 28 cubic yards. It required replenishing several times during its lifetime because of continual
slow decomposition.
Plans in the greenhouse
The total amount of hot water contained in the hose inside the compost (comprising a cylinder 100 feet long by 1.5 inch diameter) was 9.17 gallons. This (when mixed with appropriate cold water) was an adequate volume to
take 3 quick showers without running out of
Roof over greenhouse
The compost biomass consisted of wood chips and other ground tree material run through a chipping machine. This material is delivered to our
site free of charge from many tree service companies. We supplemented this
line. Hot water returned from the greenhouse in an insulated line after
circulating in the hot compost and entered the house plumbing at the washer hot water hookup. Therefore no modifications to the original house
plumbing system were required. While the greenhouse heater was operative, the original hot water heater was turned off and its intake valve closed. Heat
exchange occurred in the compost in which was embedded one hundred feet of coiled 1.5 inch internal diameter plastic hose. Compost mass totaled 3
feet deep, 12 feet wide, and 21 feet long, or approximately 28 cubic yards. It required replenishing several times during its lifetime because of continual
l amount of hot water contained in the hose inside the compost (comprising a cylinder 100 feet long by 1.5 inch diameter) was 9.17 gallons. This (when mixed with appropriate cold water) was an adequate volume to
take 3 quick showers without running out of hot water.
The compost biomass consisted of wood chips and other ground tree material run through a chipping machine. This material is delivered to our
site free of charge from many tree service companies. We supplemented this
line. Hot water returned from the greenhouse in an insulated line after
circulating in the hot compost and entered the house plumbing at the washer hot water hookup. Therefore no modifications to the original house
plumbing system were required. While the greenhouse heater was operative, the original hot water heater was turned off and its intake valve closed. Heat
exchange occurred in the compost in which was embedded one hundred feet ameter plastic hose. Compost mass totaled 3
feet deep, 12 feet wide, and 21 feet long, or approximately 28 cubic yards. It required replenishing several times during its lifetime because of continual
l amount of hot water contained in the hose inside the compost (comprising a cylinder 100 feet long by 1.5 inch diameter) was 9.17 gallons. This (when mixed with appropriate cold water) was an adequate volume to
The compost biomass consisted of wood chips and other ground tree material run through a chipping machine. This material is delivered to our
site free of charge from many tree service companies. We supplemented this
primarily high-carbon matter with high-nitrogen matter from household
waste such as garden debris, kitchen compost, and manures. Eventually, when the greenhouse was dismantled to reclaim our back yard as a garden
area, we had enough finish compost to cover our entire yard 8 inches deep. Needless to say, we have a fabulous garden from this new soil fertility.
[show] v • d • e
Jean Pain: France's King of Green Gold
By Nicolas Poulain
(From: Reader's Digest -- November 1981 -- pages 76-81)
Using a new, exciting and amazingly simple technique, this self-taught scientist may be helping to solve the world's energy crisis
IT IS DUSK as I arrive at the Domaine des Ternpliers, a 241-hectare timber tract backed on to
the Alpes dc Provence. Driving over a bumpy mud road that snakes across a barren moor near
Villecrore (Var), I come upon a big white house, home of Jean Pain, a 51-year-old Frenchman.
Until recently, Pain was an unknown. Today, he's hailed as "the king of.green gold," and energy
experts from all over the globe have come to Domaine des Tenipliers to study the miracle Pain
has wrought: an amazingly simple, and incredibly inexpensive system that extracts both energy
and fertilizer (gold) from plant life (green). These scientists are hopeful that Pain's new process
will go a long way in helping overcome the worldwide shortage of fuel.
Says Andre Birre, author of Humus: Wealth and Health of the Earth, concerning the Pain
method : "We are so hypnotized by the black gold we call oil, of which the supply is limited, that
we fail to see that everyone can exploit that other gold-humus-not only without exhausting the
supply, but constantly increasing it."
I knock on the door and am greeted warmly by Jean Pain and his wife, Ida. Jean, I notice, has a
wrestler's build and a hermit's calm. He accompanies me to about 50 metres from the front door
and shows me the object of the world's attention -- a home-made power plant that supplies 100
per cent of the Pains' energy needs. What I see is a mound, three metres high and six across,
made of tiny pieces of brushwood.
This vegetable cocktail, Pain explains, made of tree limbs and pulverized underbrush, is a
compost, much like the pile of decaying organic matter that people build in their gardens, using
food scraps and leaves. Buried inside the 50-ton compost, he says, is a steel tank with a capacity
of four cubic metres. It is three-fourths full of the same compost, which has first been steeped in
water for two months. The tank is hermetically sealed, but is connected by tubing to 24-truck-
tyre inner tubes, banked nearby in piles. The tubes serve as a reservoir for the methane gas
produced as the compost ferments.
"Once the gas is distilled, washed through small stones in water -- and compressed," Pain
explains, "we use it to cook our food, produce our electricity and fuel our truck." He says that it
takes about 90 days to produce 500 cubic metres of gas -- enough to keep Ida's two ovens and a
three-burner stove going for a year. Leading to a room behind the house, he shows me the
methane-fuelled internal combustion engine that turns a generator, producing 100 watts every
hour. This charges an accumulator battery, which stores the current, providing all the Pains need
to light their five-room house.
As Ida drives off in their truck, I see on the roof two gas bottles shaped like long cannon shells.
These have a capacity of five cubic metres of compressed gas, allowing her to drive 100
kilometres. Jean says that ten kilos of brush-wood supply the gas equivalent of a litre of high-test
petrol. All that is needed to use it as motor fuel is a slight carburettor adjustment.
We walk back to the compost. Jean points to a- 40-millimetre-thick plastic tube that runs from a
well, through the heap and on to a tap inside the house. He explains that compost heats as it
ferments, raising the temperature so that cold water, arriving from the well after passing through
200 metres of tubing wound round the tank, emerges at 60 degrees C. I personally confirm that
the water arrives cold at the "cake" and comes out scalding. Once inside the house, the hot water
circulates through radiators and heats the house. The compost heap continues fermenting for
nearly 18 months, supplying hot water at a rate of four litres a minute, enough to satisfy the
central heating, bathroom and kitchen requirements. Then the installation is dismantled and a
new compost system is set up at once to assure a continuous supply of hot water.
Gigantic Growth
The inert, brushwood compost now provides Pain with still another. use. Once fermentation
ends, the big, magic cake produces no more energy, but it will still render 50 tons of natural
fertilizer. By spreading a layer of this humus on the poor, stony soil around the house, Jean Pain
has created a luxurious farm garden where even tropical vegetables grow. I admire tomato plants
two-and-a-half metres high, lift a six-kilo watermelon and inspect a chayote (a kind of sweet
Zucchini -- hitherto found only in the West Indies and in Africa), What surprises me most is that
these giant vegetables need no watering; all the water they require, Pain tells me, is synthesized
in the compost.
The ingenious power-plant Pain has developed and built with his own hands took 15 years of
tireless effort. lt all started while Pain was gathering brushwood and noticed that wherever it was
found the vegetation underneath seemed to grow more abundantly. The reason, he learnt, is that
as branches, leaves and shrubs decompose they form the nutritious humus that enriches the earth.
To imitate nature and produce humus, he thought, we could trim excess undergrowth from the
forests. Then perhaps we could capture the energy produced by the fermentation that transforms
this brushwood into humus.
A Discovery
How the Jean Pain process works
Jean Pain has no diploma; but he is intelligent, highly adaptable and keenly observant. And
starting in 1965, be devoured dozens of books on science while carrying out his first
experiments. He began by fermenting the brushwood cuttings as he brought them in, but soon
realized that fermentation would be more efficient if the bigger boughs were chopped up as
finely as possible. No machine for this existed, so he invented one, building it in his garage with
salvaged material. The potential significance of Pain's discovery is enormous. What it means, to
Pain, is that forests can become twenty-first-century man's "guardian angels."
The stakes for France are obviously high. While the French import 126 million tons of oil
annually, throwing their balance of payments seriously off the mark, French forests constitute an
energy back-up with a potential that biologist Robert du Pontavice estimates as equivalent to 20
million tons of oil (TEP). Nor are these merely "theoretical" and unexploitable resources.
Pain has taken the costs of his method into account. He has gone over and over his calculations
and the figures are there: 1,000 hectares of forest can supply 6,000 tons of fertilizer a year,
960,000 cubic metres of biogas (or 480,000 litres oil equivalent) and millions of litres of hot
water. And exploiting the forest costs only 12 per cent of the energy extracted from it.
What's more, the cycle can be repeated indefinitely as brushwood is renewed every seven years.
Thus, not only would the forest remain clean and free from the danger of fire, but would provide
an inexhaustible supply of fertilizer and thermal energy.
Multiple Usages
Already in France and throughout the world, many uses are being made of the techniques Pain
developed at the Dornaine des Templiers. In France, eight municipalities have chosen to adopt
his techniques for recycling vegetation and supplying heat and hot water to public buildings, hot-
houses and sports facilities.
"In Sainpuits (Yonne), a village of 500 inhabitants, we heat several buildings with the object of
proving the value of the system," I was told by Etienne Bonvallet, project foreman of the pilot
operation. In the Savoie, Chambery began to use Jean Pain's method in January 1980. A 200-
cubic-metre compost bed, made of broken wood from plane trees and lime trees, will supply
23,400 kilocalories an hour and heat a 200 square-metre hot-house. Within two years, it will be
possible to salvage 80 cubic metres of humus for the community gardens.
Says Henri Stehle, internationally respected agriculture expert and botanist and Institute of
France prize-winner, "At the end of the path Pain has opened, stands tomorrow's self-sufficient
agribusiness producing its own fertilizer and the power to run its equipment." Pain's methods are
beginning to spread to the rest of Europe. In Brussels, Belgium, stands a compost plant and a
flourishing garden. This is the experimental station of the International Jean Pain Committee,
formed in 1978 by Frederik Vanden Brande, former Belgian secretary-general of the Council of
European Townships, to publicize Pain's techniques.
Verdant Future
This station is the showcase of the Jean Pain committee, and its pride. But the committee has
many other activities. It puts out brochures, gives lectures, and organizes twice yearly, two-week
training programmes where 100-odd farmers, students, and environmental specialists from
various parts of the world study grinding, composting, . and methane production procedures.
Both in France and abroad, Jean Pain's methods are destined to be applied over a wider field.
Pain has devoted followers in Australia, the United States, Tunis, Latin America and Japan, The
book he wrote with his wife, already translated into five languages, has sold 70,000 copies.
International energy expert Robert Giry, author of Is Nuclear Energy Useless?, predicts: "In our
times of crisis, with European agriculture in danger of one day suddenly finding itself deprived
of energy, the path opened by Jean Pain for the production of fertilizer, fuel and electricity could
lead to a brimming future."
The simplest principles often underlie the most useful discoveries. Now, when soil exhaustion
and the search for new energy sources are the leading brain-twisters in the developed societies,
Jean Pain, the self-taught scientist with calloused hands, offers a commonsense solution: the
green gold that's to be found almost everywhere in the world. It is here, under our feet; we have
only to stoop down to gather it.
With thanks to Ramjee Swaminathan
See also (in French):
http://www.jean-pain.com/
Les broyeurs déchiqueteurs JEAN PAIN valorisation compost bois énergie
The methods of Jean Pain: Or another kind of garden, by Ida and Jean Pain, in English, self-
published 1980, 88 pages, photos, out of print -- try second-hand bookstores online. French and German
editions in print.
Composting -- The wheel of life
Chicken manure fuel (Harold Bate)
Methane Digesters For Fuel Gas and Fertilizer, With Complete Instructions For Two Working Models
by L. John Fry
Nepal Biogas Plant -- Construction Manual
Back to the Biofuels Library
Small Farms Library
Biofuels Biofuels Library
Biofuels supplies and suppliers
Biodiesel Make your own biodiesel
Mike Pelly's recipe
Two-stage biodiesel process
FOOLPROOF biodiesel process
Biodiesel processors
Biodiesel in Hong Kong
Nitrogen Oxide emissions
Glycerine
Biodiesel resources on the Web
Do diesels have a future?
Vegetable oil yields and characteristics
Washing
Biodiesel and your vehicle
Food or fuel?
Straight vegetable oil as diesel fuel
Ethanol Ethanol resources on the Web
Is ethanol energy-efficient?
Plant Bed Heating
Plant beds may be used to store excess greenhouse heat
By John Canivan
Con
ven
tion
al
gre
enh
ous
es
use
foss
il
fuel
hea
ting
syst
em
s to
prevent frostbite, prolong growing seasons and get seedlings off to an early start. BUT… the added
expense of a greenhouse heating system is not always practical. Thermo-pane glazing helps keep the
heat in, but all glazing materials are poor insulators. Passive solar greenhouses with thermal mass can
moderate temperature swings but un-insulated, thermal-mass, heat losses are bothersome.
So where can we store excess greenhouse heat?
How about the plant beds?
Did you know that 9 out of 10 plants agree?
“Happiness is a warm bed.”
Is your greenhouse a suitable candidate for a plant bed heating system? Answer these questions and
find out:
1. Is your outside temperature frequently below freezing? 2. Is your greenhouse glazing pitched to maximize winter heat gain? 3. Is your glazing surface optimized to minimize heat loss? 4. Is your plant bed built against an insulated north facing wall? 5. Is your foundation wall insulated on the outside? 6. Are the walls and ceiling of your greenhouse well insulated?
An energy conserving solar greenhouse can provide a cost effective growing environment, but your
plants could use additional help to get through a tough winter. To illustrate this concept a greenhouse
with and without a plant bed heat storage system is compared. Notice how the green house air
temperature and greenhouse bed temperature change during the day.
Comparative, Concept, Temperature Readings
AREA: Plattsburgh , NY
TIME OF YEAR: January 15
TIME Outside Without With
Temperature Plant Bed Heating Plant Bed Heating
AIR BED AIR BED
2 AM 12 F 20 F 31 F 18 F 37 F
4 AM 11 F 17 F 30 F 15 F 36 F
6 AM 10 F 15 F 29 F 12 F 35 F
8 AM 12 F 40 F 30 F 36 F 36 F
10 AM 15 F 70 F 31 F 38 F 38 F
12 noon 18 F 100 F 32 F 40 F 40 F
2 PM 20 F 120 F 33 F 70 F 41 F
4 PM 18 F 100 F 34 F 50 F 41 F
6 PM 16 F 60 F 33 F 40 F 40 F
8 PM 15 F 40 F 33 F 35 F 39 F
10 PM 14 F 30 F 32 F 28 F 38 F
12 night 13 F 25 F 31 F 23 F 38 F
Heat stored inside the plant beds will keep Jack Frost at bay for awhile and a clear plastic tarp draped
over the plants also helps since much heat is lost during the process of transpiration. If we compare
plant bed temperatures at 6AM we’ll notice that the air temperature in both greenhouses is quite low.
As a matter of fact, we might find that the air temperature of the greenhouse with the plant bed heating
system may be lower than the greenhouse without the plant bed heating system.
Uh Oh! What can we do to keep Jack Frost away? I know it’s too late for the
unheated plant bed, but how about the heated plant bed?
If you think a plastic tarp is a good idea we’re on the same page. A simple .4mm clear plastic
tarp could be used to retain plant bed heat when the going gets rough. By 2 PM the air temperature of
our greenhouse without heat storage could reach 1200 and during a three hour period of solar heat gain
about 30% is lost through the glazing and another 10% is lost through the walls and doors. Large
temperature differences accelerate the heat loss process and make life difficult for delicate plants.
Thermal mass in the floor, walls
and plant beds help moderate
temperature swings, but the
process of temperature
moderation could be greatly
improved by actively pumping
excess greenhouse heat into the
plant bed. Plants handle
temperature variations better than
people, but even plants have their
limits.
The total heat gain for this 8’x16’
greenhouse from 3 hours of direct
sunlight would be about 60,000
BTU, but almost half the heat
gained during this period would be
lost through glazing, without a
plant bed heating system.
The rate of heat loss varies with
temperature difference so a low temperature greenhouse loses less heat than a high temperature
greenhouse. After 3 hours of direct sunlight a simple solar greenhouse could easily reach 1200 F, but
most plants would not be impressed and a temperature difference of 100 F would loose heat at a rate
close to 20,000 BTUs per hour through the glazing. Moderate temperature swings with a heated plant
bed are all that’s needed to provide a cozy environment and extend the growing season.
OK, so much for concept. Now let’s see what’s involved with collecting and transferring the excess heat
that accumulates on our greenhouse ceiling and transfer that heat into the plant bed. As you know, air is
a poor conductor of heat so we’ll need a large surface area for heat transfer.
We’ll need to blow the hot air through something, but what?
Copper and steel are good heat conductors, but they’re also expensive.
How about plastic? Plastic won’t rust, but will it conduct heat?
Six inch plastic sewer pipe is being
used in this illustration but four inch
pipe will also work fine. The price is
right. Plastic is not a good heat
conductor, but air is much worse so
our heat transfer rate depends more
on surface area than the material we
use. Every foot of 4” sewer pipe has a
surface area of 1 ft2, so seven 10 foot
lengths of sewer pipe have a surface
area of 70 ft2.
At a temperature difference of 500 F,
ten 4” plastic pipes can exchange
about 10,000 BTU’s worth of heat per
hour with the help of a 300 cmf duct
fan. This amount of heat could raise
the plant bed temperature about 50 F
over the period of 3 hours. Additional
heat could also be exchanged into the plant bed with a solar hot water system or other methods. Wet
sand in the bottom of the plant bed can be used to transfer and store heat. Polystyrene foam can be
used to insulate the plant bed.
The hot air distribution cavity is used to distribute hot air uniformly through the plant bed heating pipes.
Your plant bed heating system may look a little different, but this is the basic idea.
GROSS HEAT GAIN:
Surface area of glazing = 6x16 = 962 ft = 9m2
Heat gain from one square meter of direct sunlight = 3,400 BTU/hr
Heat gain from 9m2 for 3 hours = 3
x 9 x 3,400 = 61,200 BTU’s
Since there is only about 640 cubic feet of
moist air heat available, 61,200 BTU’s
worth of heat would raise the interior
temperature of the greenhouse air about
20000 F if there were no heat losses and
no heat sinks.
Fortunately the glazing, the walls, and the
floor lose heat and the plant bed gains
heat to moderate temperature extremes.
GROSS HEAT LOSS (during 3 hr of
sunlight)
For this calculation we will assume that the temperature inside the greenhouse goes from 400 F to 1000
F during a three hour interval of heat gain. We will also assume that the average interior temperature
inside the greenhouse during this interval of time would be 700 F.
Heat loss from glazing = 962 ft x (700 F - 100 F) x 1 x 3 = 17,700 BTU
Heat loss from sides and roof = 3202 ft x 60 x .1 x 3 = 5,760 BTU
Heat loss through door = 202 ft x 60 x .5 x 3 = 270 BTU
Heat loss through the floor = ……………………. = 800 BTU
TOTAL HEAT LOSS (FOR 3 hour interval) = 24,500 BTU
NET HEAT GAIN (during 3 hour interval)
After 3 hours of direct solar heat gain the net heat gain would be the difference between the gross heat
gain and the gross heat loss or 61,200 – 24,200 = 37,000 BTU. This is all the heat we’ll have left to get us
through the night. If we will assume that the greenhouse temperature at 1PM is 1000 F. The quantity of
heat being stored in the greenhouse air relative to the outside temperature of 100 F would be .5 x 50lb x
90 F or 2,200 BTU. The remaining heat must be stored in the interior walls of the greenhouse and the
exposed masonry wall of the plant bed.
At a heat loss rate of 24,000 BTU/hr all the heat gained would be lost in 4.6 hours, but we should
understand that the rate of heat loss will slow down as the inside temperature of the greenhouse drops.
A solar greenhouse without heat storage could not be expected to keep plants above freezing
throughout a cold winter’s night, so this is where a plant bed heating system comes to the rescue.
This cross section of the plant bed heat
transfer system shows a network of
seven plastic pipes imbedded in wet
gravel. Notice the overflow outlet in the
side of the plant bed wall used to drain
excess water. The plant bed wall can be
made from cement or wood or other
materials but it must be waterproof at
the level below the overflow outlet.
These calculations are based on
theoretical models and experimental
results that may vary from place to
place, materials used and weather
conditions. The only way to truly experience the value of plant bed heating is to build it yourself based
on an understanding of solar thermal energy concepts. Feel free to visit www.JC-SolarHomes for
36. Institutul Benson. -a. Pankar-huyu şi Construirea unei Pankar-huyu. Accesat
37. Anon. 2002. Geamuri cu efect de seră. Horticole Inginerie, Rutgers Extensia Cooperativa, Volume 17, No. 1.
Accesat la adresa: www.rosesinc.org/ICFG/Join_ICFG/2002-03/Greenhouse_Glazing.asp
38. Aldrich, Robert A., şi John W. Bartok, Jr. 1989. Cu efect de seră Inginerie. NRAES-33. Nord-est agricole
regionale Serviciu de Inginerie, Universitatea Cornell. 203 p.
39. Hunt, John N. 1988. De economisire a energiei de Nord-stil Carolina. Grower cu efect de seră. Martie.
40. Gilman, Steve. 1991. Ventilaţie solare la Ruckytucks agricole. Natural Farmer. Iarnă. p. 15.
Înapoi la început
Resurse
Universitatea de Stat din Kansas recomandate Resurse mare tunel. Ted Carey. 2008.
• K de stat Planuri pentru 4-sezon hoophouses www.hightunnels.org Notă: www.hightunnels.org are legături la furnizori şi de multiple surse de informaţii, inclusiv de înaltă tuneluri listserv, statul site-ul Web Penn, desene şi modele de construcţie. Listserv hightunnel permite participanţilor să pună întrebări de toţi membrii listei. Arhivele complete sunt stocate on-line.
• Blomgren, T., şi T. Frisch. 2007. Tunelurile de mare: Utilizarea low-cost cu o schimbare de tehnologie pentru creşterea randamentelor, îmbunătăţirea calităţii şi la extinderea sezonului. Universitatea din Vermont Center pentru o agricultură durabilă. www.uvm.edu / sustainableagriculture / hightunnels.html
• Coleman, Eliot. 1998. Harvest Manualul de iarnă. comenzii de la: Patru Sezonul agricole, 609 Weir Road Cover, Harborside, ME. 15.00 dolari.
• În creştere pentru piaţă. [-A] Hoophouse manual. . Fairplain pentru Publicaţii, Lawrence, KS comenzii de la: Fairplain, PO Box 3747, Lawrence, KS 66046. www.growingformarket.com ; 800-307-8949. Mare parte din conţinutul din retipărit în creştere pentru piaţa.
• Heidenreich, C. et al. 2007. Zmeura de înaltă Tunnel şi mure. Universitatea Cornell. www.fruit.cornell.edu / Bace / bramblepdf / hightunnelsrasp.pdf
• Jett, Lewis. Tunelul de mare de tomate de producţie. Universitatea din Missouri Extension. Pub. MI70.
• Jett, L. tuneluri de mare pepene galben si pepene verde de producţie. Universitatea din Missouri Extension. Pub. M173.
• Lamont et al. 2004. Producţia de legume, căpşuni şi flori tăiate Utilizarea Plasticulture. NRAES-133. Ithaca, NY.
• Penn State de înaltă Tunelul de producţie manuală. 2004. www.plasticulture.org / publicatii / tunnel.pdf . 31.00 dolari.
• Wiediger, Pavel şi Alison. [-A] Plimbare la primăvară. comenzii de la: Au Naturel agricole, 3298 Fairview Church Road, Smiths Grove, KY 42171. 18.50 dolari.
Cărţi
• Sere Solar
• Conservarea Energiei în sere
• Proiectarea solară pasivă Acasă
Notă: Multe dintre cărţile enumerate mai jos sunt epuizate. Aţi putea fi capabil de a localiza aceste cărţi într-o
bibliotecă publică sau într-o librărie bună folosit. Bibliofind este un site excelent, Web interogată în cazul în care mai
multe utilizate şi în afara-de-carti de imprimare pot fi localizate.
Sere Solar
Anon. 1980. Un solar cu efect de seră manual Adaptat şi Design. Miller-Solsearch, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada.
Anon. 1979. Canadian Solar Acasă Proiectare Manual. Prezentare,
Wolfville, Nova Scotia. 71 p.
Babcock, Joan, et al. 1981. A Place in the Sun: Un ghid pentru a construi o Solar cu efect de seră la preţuri
accesibile. RJK Solar, Gillette, NJ. 28 p.
Meşteşug, Mark A. (Editor). 1983. Verzii de iarnă: Sere Solar pentru climatul rece.
Cărţi Firefly. Scarborough, Ontario. 262 p. (Din Print).
Clegg, Peter. 1978. Rezervaţi la un complet cu efect de seră: Construirea şi utilizarea de sere de la rece, Cadre
pentru a Structuri Solar. Cărţi etaje. Pownal, VT. 280 p. (Din imprimare).
Conserver Produse societăţii cooperative. 1979. Registru de lucru cu efect de seră Solar.
Conserver societăţii cooperative, Ottawa, Canada. 43 p.
DeKorne, James B. 1992. Casa hidroponică Hot: low-cost, de mare capacitate, cu efect de seră Gradinarit. Breakout
Productions, Incorporated 178 p.
Un ghid ilustrat pentru grădinărit cu efect de seră de energie alternativa. Acesta include de ghidare pentru
construirea serelor diferite.
Edey, Anna. 1998. Solviva: Cum să crească 500.000 dolari pentru un acru şi Pace pe Pamant. Apăsaţi deschizatoare
de drumuri, Vineyard Haven, MA. 225 p.
Una din puţinele cărţi scrise recent pe sere solar. Disponibil pentru 35 dolari de la: Solviva RFD 1 Box 582 Vineyard