AP World History: The Enlightenment Period 4: 1450 - 1750 Do Now: Do you think that man is naturally selfish or naturally good?

I What was the Enlightenment? A)The Scientific Revolution (16-17 th centuries) allowed for the understanding of universal natural laws in science, such as the existence of gravity. B)By the early 18 th century, a revolution in human thinking began called the Enlightenment. Thinkers of the Enlightenment (called philosophes) set out to find natural laws that govern human behavior to solve the problems of society. They believed that nothing is beyond the reach of the human mind.

II Hobbes vs. Locke Thomas Hobbes and John Locke were both 17 th century English philosophers. They both lived through the English Civil War, but came to very different conclusions about human nature and the role of government.

How do these two men disagree? Thomas Hobbes During the time men live without a common power to keep them all in awe, they are in that conditions called war; and such a war, as if of every man, against every man. It is not wisdom but Authority that makes a law. John Locke All mankind... being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty or possessions. The end of law is not to abolish or restrain, but to preserve and enlarge freedom. For in all the states of created beings capable of law, where there is no law, there is no freedom.

Thomas Hobbes Outlined his ideas in the Leviathan Believed people to be naturally cruel, greedy and selfish. Life in the state of nature would be solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short. To have a functioning society, people should enter into a social contract, an agreement where they give up some individual freedoms in exchange for an organized society. The best form of government is an absolute monarchy, that can impose order and obedience. John Locke Outlined his ideas in Two Treatises of Government Believed people to be naturally reasonable and moral All people are born with natural rights, including the right to life, liberty and property People need to form governments to protect their natural rights The best form of government has limited power and needs to be accepted by all citizens. All governments have an obligation to the people it governs. If a government fails in its obligations or violates its citizens natural rights, the people have a right to overthrow the government.

III Montesquieu (1689 1755) A)A French philosophe. B)1748 Baron de Montesquieus The Spirit of the Laws was published. In it he discussed governments throughout history. C)Believed the best way to protect liberty is to divide the powers of government among three branches; the legislative, executive and judicial. - influenced our system of checks and balances The tyranny of a prince in an oligarchy is not so dangerous to the public welfare as the apathy of a citizen in a democracy.

IV Voltaire (1694 1778) A)A French philosophe. Born Francois-Marie Arouet, known as Voltaire. B)Used literary wit to attack social injustices, including religious intolerance and slavery. Men are equal; it is not birth but virtue that makes the difference. I do not agree with what you have to say, but I'll defend to the death your right to say it.

V Rousseau A)A French philosophe. B)1762 he outlined his ideas in The Social Contract. C)Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed that people in the state of nature are naturally good. However, society corrupts which is why limited government is necessary. D)People in government should be freely elected. E)A social contract between all members of society is necessary for a just government. F)The good of the general will or the greater community should be put above individual interests. I prefer liberty with danger than peace with slavery.

VI Mary Wollstonecraft A)Mary Wollstonecraft was a British philosophe. B)1792 she published A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. She called for the equal education of boys and girls, so women could participate fully in public life. *At this time, society believed that womens role should be limited to the family. Make women rational creatures, and free citizens, and they will quickly become good wives; - that is, if men do not neglect the duties of husbands and fathers.

VII New Economic Thinking A)French thinkers known as physiocrats believed that rational economic systems should be based on natural laws. B)Physiocrats rejected mercantilism, where the economy is strongly regulated by the government. Instead, they argued for a policy of laissez-faire: businesses can operate with little to no government regulation. C)British economist Adam Smith wrote The Wealth of Nations. He argued for a free market that regulates itself. Economic growth is linked to the free market forces of supply and demand. Labour was the first price, the original purchase - money that was paid for all things. It was not by gold or by silver, but by labour, that all wealth of the world was originally purchased.

VIII An Enlightened Society A) Denis Diderot produced a 28 volume set of books called The Encyclopedia. His purpose was to change the general way of thinking by explaining topics such as government, philosophy and religion. B) Because many of the articles praised freedom of expression, and criticized slavery and traditional religion, the French government and the Pope tried to ban it. Man will never be free until the last king is strangled with the entrails of the last priest.

An Enlightened Society Continued C) By the 17 th century, writers, artists and philosophes began meeting in salons (informal social gatherings). The salons began when French noblewomen began meetings in their homes. *Madame Geoffrin had Mozart and Diderot as her salon guests!

An Enlightened Society Continued D) In the age of Louis XIV, courtly art and architecture often was of the baroque style: grand, colorful, full of excitement. Linfante Marguerite by Diego Velzquez Sir Peter Paul Rubens, Portrait of a Young Girl (1615-16)

Versailles, an Example of Baroque Architecture

An Enlightened Society Continued E) Louis XVs court was less formal than that of Louis XIV. The style of rococo developed to reflect this change. It was lighter and more delicate. The philosophes denounced Rococo as aristocratic and frivolous. Marie Antoinette, 1783 by Elisabeth Vigee-Lebrun

Palace of Catherine the Great, an Example of Rococo Architecture

An Enlightened Society Continued F) The enlightenment saw the advent of public concerts; the growing middle class sought entertainment and, unlike the peasantry of prior centuries, they could afford it. Music was no longer to be for the private amusement of a privileged few. Composers also developed new forms of music. Mozart began his career as a servant to the Archbishop of Salzburg. In fact, up until this period, composers were often just highly-skilled servants to the church or royal courts. But Mozarts travels to England and France had exposed him to the ideals of independence and equality. Mozart moved to Vienna, where he supported himself with public concerts and through teaching engagements. Mozarts opera The Marriage of Figaro epitomized the new ways of thinking by giving servants a central role. Previously, servants were comic figures to be laughed at; but Mozart presented them as equally worthy of serious attention as any noble aristocrat.

An Enlightened Society Continued Mozart 1756 1791 Music, even in situations of the greatest horror, should never be painful to the ear but should flatter and charm it, and thereby always remain music. The Marriage of Figaro is set in Seville [Spain] in the late 18th Century. It is based on Beaumarchaiss 1784 play La Folle Journe, a sequel to his earlier play, Le Barbier de Sville. In Le Barbier, Count Almaviva, with help from Figaro, wooed and won the lovely Rosine away from her crusty old ward and would-be husband, Dr. Bartholo. In The Marriage of Figaro, Beaumarchais continued their story. The Count has married Rosine but their marriage has gone sour because of his philandering. Figaro has quit barbering and is now the Counts major-domo. He is engaged to Suzanne, who is Countess Rosines maid and the Counts intended conquest. Old Bartholo is back to seek revenge on Figaro for taking Rosine away from him, with the help of the slimy music-master, Don Bazile. Adding to the fun are an amorous teenager, a scheming old maid, a drunken gardener, and a silly young girl. Mozarts librettist, Lorenzo da Ponte removed political content that would have offended the Viennese imperial censors (the French Revolution was only a few years away), and translated the rest into Italian the customary opera language of the day. With Mozarts masterpiece of a score, the result was a witty yet profound tale of love, betrayal, and forgiveness. reginaopera.org

Vienna State Opera House

An Enlightened Society Continued G) By the early 18 th century, novels began to appear in Europe. Daniel Defoe wrote Robinson Crusoe, about a shipwrecked sailor.

IX Enlightened Despots Embrace New Ideas A) The philosophes tried to get European monarchs to embrace enlightenment ideas B) Those that accepted these new ideas were called enlightened despots. They still had absolute power, but they used their power in new ways. 1. Frederick II, known as Frederick The Great ruled Prussia 1740 1786. He allowed a free press and reduced the use of torture. He allowed for some religious freedom. In my kingdom everyone can go to heaven in his own fashion.

Enlightened Despots Continued 2. Catherine II, or Catherine the Great, exchanged letters with Voltaire and Diderot. She praised Voltaire as someone who had fought the united enemies of humankind: superstition, fanaticism, ignorance, trickery. - Catherine the Great abolished torture - Granted Russian nobles a charter of rights *However, she did expand her empire and reinforced serfdom.

X Revolution A)Enlightenment ideas influenced the Declaration of Independence (1776) and the American Revolution (1775 1779). Once the colonies won their independence, the enlightenment helped to shape our constitution. B)Enlightenment ideas later influenced the French Revolution (1789 late 1790s).

HW Questions 1.What was the enlightenment? Do you think it deserves its own period, or was it really just part of the Renaissance? 2.What did Hobbes and Locke believe? Who do you agree with more and why? 3.Of the following philosophes [Montesquieu, Wollstonecraft, Voltaire, Diderot and Rousseau], which two do you most agree with and why? 4.If you could have a salon in your own home, who would you invite [dead or alive] and why? Choose at least 2 people. 5.How was the Enlightenment reflected in art and music? 6.Were the enlightened despots truly enlightened? 7.How did the Enlightenment influence revolutions?

Key Vocabulary American Revolution Baroque Catherine the Great Daniel DeFoe Declaration of Independence Diderot Enlightened Despot Enlightenment Frederick II French Revolution John Locke Mary Wollestonecraft Mozart Natural Laws Philosophes Rococo Rousseau Social Contract The Marriage of Figaro Thomas Hobbes Voltaire

AP World History: The Enlightenment Period 4: 1450 - 1750 Do Now: Do you think that man is naturally selfish or naturally good?

Documents

best form of government

property people

role of government

treatises of government

powers of government

locke thomas hobbes

john locke

citizens natural rights