AP World History Practice Thesis #2 Compare the political and economic causes of decline for the Mycenaeans and Meroёtic Nubians. • There were many similarities between the decline of the Meroeic Nubians and the Mycenaean Greek cultures. • Neither the Mycenaeans nor Meroetic Nubians are said to have declined for just one reason. There are multiple causes of decline for both dynasties such as the environment and invaders.
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AP World History Practice Thesis #2 Compare the political and economic causes of decline for the Mycenaeans and Meroёtic Nubians. There were many similarities.
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AP World History Practice Thesis #2 Compare the political and economic causes of decline for the Mycenaeans and Meroёtic Nubians.
• There were many similarities between the decline of the Meroeic Nubians and the Mycenaean Greek cultures.
• Neither the Mycenaeans nor Meroetic Nubians are said to have declined for just one reason. There are multiple causes of decline for both dynasties such as the environment and invaders.
• The causes for economic decline in the Meroetic Nubians’ and the Mycenaeans’ cultures may have had to do with over use of natural resources, a severe drought, or a lack of trade for a sustained period of time.
• The Mycenaean and Nubian cultures were two great regions which primarily based their economies on trade, so much so that when they ran out the resources they used to trade, and their primary trade partners found other suppliers, it led to their decline and eventual annexation by stronger regions.
• While both the Meroëtic Nubians’ and the Mycenaeans’ declines were at least partially due to economies too dependant on trade and attacks from invaders, some parts differed: for example, the Nubian’s decline was more economic-based when compared to the Mycenaeans mostly political fall.
• The political and economical collapse of both Meroetic Nubians and Mycenaean society may have been caused by variables such as, invasion, overuse of resources, the inability to continue trading, and perhaps internal violence.
Bronze & Iron Age Civilizations
I. The “Cosmopolitan” Middle East (1700–1100 BCE)
A. Western Asia:
1. Hittites: first to use iron weapons
- from Anatolia- horse-drawn chariots- metal deposits
2. Assyrians: entire army outfitted w/ iron weapons
- metals trade
B. New Kingdom Egypt:
— conquest & expansion
C. Commerce & Communication:
1. Syria-Palestine area important crossroads for metals trade (Egyptians and Hittites)
3. New modes of transportation: horses, chariots, & camels
-- peninsula
-- 75% mountains
-- ocean resources (food & trade)
-- grow olives, figs, grain, fruit & grapes
D. Greek Geography
II. The Aegean World (2000—1100 BCE)
A. Minoan Crete
1. legend of King Minos (palace at Knossos)
2. ship builders & traders
3. influenced by Egypt, Syria, & Mesopotamia
4. Gaia (“Earth-Mother”)
5. destroyed…by Mycenaeans?
Palace at Knossos
B. Mycenaean Culture
-- heavily influenced by Minoans-- intermarried with Hellenes people (Greeks)-- built massive walls around cities on hills-- warrior mythology-- epic poems (Homer’s Iliad & Odyssey)-- Linear B writing system
1. early history of Israelites told in Hebrew Bible (Torah)
2. based on oral traditions (5th-cen. BCE)
3. Abraham (“father of monotheism”)-- covenant with Yahweh (God) that
Jews are “chosen” people
4. Egyptian captivity…exodus led by Moses
5. Israelites settlement in land of Canaan
C. The Monarchy 1. Saul established monarchy; son David 2nd king
2. height of power under King Solomon:
-built First Temple in Jerusalem -temple priesthood powerful
3. Social Life:
-large extended families -arranged marriage -men allowed extramarital relations -women: NO property/NO divorce
D. Fragmentation & Dispersal
1. post-Solomon: Israel splits
2. Assyrians conquer Israel (721 BCE)
3. neo-Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar invades (587 BCE)
4. Jewish elites & craftsmen deported to Babylon… “Diaspora”
5. institutions to preserve Jewish religion and culture developed:
-strict dietary rules (kosher)-the Sabbath
The Western (Wailing) Wall in Jerusalem:most important of all Jewish monuments, it is the remnants of the Temple of Solomon after its destruction by the Romans in 70 A.D.
V. THE PHOENICIANS (1200–500 BCE)
A. Phoenician City-States:
-- pushed into land between sea & mountains in modern Lebanon
-- established number of small trading city-states:
Tyre, Byblos, Berytus
-- invented 1st true alphabet
B. Expansion into the Mediterranean
1. carried out by Tyre
2. colonies spread to Cyprus, then N. Africa (Carthage), Spain, Sardinia, Sicily
E, S, P causes of colonization?
-- shortage of agricultural land-- opportunities for trade -- Assyrian invasion
3. conflict with Greeks over Sicily
C. Carthage’s Commercial Empire
1. city governed by two judges
2. powerful navy (citizen rowers)
3. foreign policy focused on trade empire , NOT just conquest