AP US unit 2 notes

7/27/2019 AP US unit 2 notes

1/21

Chapter 6- The States: Experiments in Republicanism

I. The States: Experiments in Republicanisma. Natural Rights and the State Constitution

i. Natural Rights: citizens have right over which government exercised no controlwhatsoever

ii. Eight separate state constitutions1. Common factors: freedom of religion, speech press, prohibition of

unlawful searches and seizures, and trial by jury

iii. Delegates to constitutional conventions reduced governors power1. Not allowed to make any political appointments2. Monitored activities3. No veto over legislature

iv. Nearly all effective power in legislatureb. Power to the People

i. Specially elected convention of delegates were to form new constitution forMassachusetts

1. John Adams- wanted government with house and senate, popularlyelected governor with veto over legislature, and property qualifications

for officeholders and voters

II. Stumbling toward a new governmenta. Articles of Confederation

i. Committee appointed to draw up plan for confederation to create a centralgovernment

ii. John Dickinson1. Wanted strong central government2. Placed western territories under congressional control3. Equal state representation in Congress (pop. Didnt matter)4. Taxes be paid to Congress on basis of population including slaves

iii. Delegates assumed constitution would authorize loose confederation of statesiv. Articles of Confederation differed from Dickinsons plan

1. Guarded sovereignty of states2. Power was inherently dangerous

a. Only way to preserve liberty was to place as many constraints aspossible on federal authority

v. Articles of Confederation1. Single legislative body2. Each state had one vote in Congress3. No independent executive4. No veto over legislature5. Denied Congress power of taxation

a. Requisitions


2/21

6. Amendments required assent by all 13 states7. Western territories not under control of Congress

vi. Feared that centralization would lead to corruptionb. Western Land: Key to the First Constitution

i. states who didnt get any western land refused to ratify the Articles ofConfederation

ii. 1781- Virginia agreed to cede its holdings on condition that Congress nullify landcompanies earlier purchases from Indians

iii. Other states ceded western territories to establish that the West belonged toUnited States and not separate states

iv. 1781- Departments of War, Foreign Affairs, and Finance createdc. Northwest Ordinance: The Confederations Major Achievement

i. Jefferson recommended carving ten new states out of western lands1. Each new state would have republican government2. Some states could apply to be a real state eventually

ii. Land Ordinance of 17851. Created grid system, making auctioning of land orderly

a. People didnt have enough money to make minimum purchaseb. Manessah Cutler offered to purchase more than 6 million acres

of land by paying for it with government loan certificates given

to soldiers during the Revolution

iii. Northwest Ordinance of 17871. Authorized creation of 3-5 territories, each ruled by a governor2. Territories could become states through population growth3. Guaranteed right to trial by jury, freedom of religion, etc4. Outlawed slavery

III. Strengthening Federal Authoritya. The Nationalist Critique

i. Renewal of trade with Great Britain1. Strained American economy2. America short of hard currency3. Consumers on brink of bankruptcy

ii. Governments inability to regulate tradeiii. During war, Congress printed over 200 million dollars in paper money

1. High inflation, value declined majorlyiv. Congress asked states to retire depreciated currency

1. States recirculated it anywaysv. Nationalists called for constitutional reforms

1. Impost of 1781-would allow Congress to collect 5 percent tax onimportant goods sold

a. 12 states agreed, 1 didntb. Failed


3/21

vi. Newsburgh Conspiracy1. Officers of Continental army lobbied intensively against Congress

b. Diplomatic Humiliationi. Britain refused to evacuate troops from posts located in Northwest Territories

1. Congress didnt have enough money to drive them outii. Spain refused to accept southern boundary of US created in Treaty of Paris

1. Closed lower Mississippi River to US2. Devastated western farmers

iii. John Jay held open talks with Gardoqui1. If Spain would allow Americans to trade directly with Spain, then US

might forgo navigation of Mississippi for 25 years

iv. Confederations achievements:1. Designed administration system2. Succeeded in organizing western lands

v. Confederations problems1. Congress met irregularly2. Some states didnt send delegates3. Pressing issues postponed4. Lacked permanent capital

IV. Have we fought for this?a. The genius of James Madison

i. Excess of democracy, failure to preserve property rights of the minority,unrestrained individualism

ii. Baron de Montesquieu1. Republican government could not flourish in large territory, because if

people lost control of reps, they would fall prey to tyrants

2. Large distances allow rulers to hid corruptioniii. James Madison

1. Various personal interests (selfish interests) neutralize each other,leaving running the central government to the ablest, most virtuous

person

2. Government based on will of the people, but detached from theirnarrowly based demands

3. The Federalistb. Constitutional Reform

i. Shays Rebellion1. Several impoverished farmers complained of high taxes, high interest

rates, and a state government insensitive to their problems

2. Threatened to seize federal arms3. Congress didnt have sufficient funds to raise an army to put down the

rebellion

4. Bostonians raised army


4/21

5. Nationalistic view: Shays rebellion symbolized breakdown of law andorder

6. Persuaded people to participate in drafting a new constitution at thePhiladelphia convention

c. Inventing a Federal Republici. Virginia Plan

1. James Madison2. Wanted to restrain state assemblies3. Gave federal government power to veto state laws4. National legislature- 2 houses, one elected by people, other by the

other house from nominations

5. Representation in both houses proportional to states population6. Executive power elected by Congress

ii. William Paterson1. New Jersey Plan

a. Unicameral legislatureb. Each state given one votec. Congress given extensive powers to tax and regulate trade

d. Compromise Saves the Conventioni. Grand committee of one delegate per state was elected by convention to solve

differences between large and small states

1. States should be equally represented in upper house of Congress,representation proportional in lower house

2. Only lower house could initiate money bills3. Slaves count as 3/5 of a person

e. Compromising on Slaveryi. Northern reps wanted slave trade ended

1. Hated 3/5 rulea. Gave southerners power for owning slaves

ii. Southerners feared that new Congress would pass commercial regulation taxeson export of rice and tobacco

1. Demanded that no trade laws pass w/o 2/3 majority2. In exchange, Congress would not interfere with slave trade till 18083. Fugitive slave law

f. The Last Detailsi. Committee of Detail- group that prepared rough draft of constitution

1. President should be selected by electoral college2. # of electoral votes equaled senators plus reps in each state3. 2nd largest number of votes became VP4. If no majority, then House of Reps decides5. Executive power given veto power over legislation and right to

nominate judges


5/21

6. Absence of Bill of Rightsg. We the People

i. Called for election of 13 state conventions chosen to review the new federalgovernment

ii. Needed assent of 9/13 states for constitution to passV. Whose Constitution? Struggle for Ratification

a. Federalists and Antifederalistsi. Federalist

1. Supported confederation of states versus supreme national authority2. Envisioned creation of strong, centralized national government

ii. Antifederalists1. Poor, less educated2. Criticized the constitution

iii. Constitution ratifiedb. Adding the Bill of Rights

i. 1789- Madison presented set of amendments to protect individual rights fromgovernment

1. Bill of Rights2.

Chapter 7- Democracy and Dissent

I. Principle and Pragmatism: Establishing a New Governmenti. 1789- Created Departments of War, State, and the Treasury

ii. Judiciary Act of 1789- created Supreme court1.

John Jay- chief justice

iii. Tariff of 1789- 5 percent tax on imports1. South claimed that discriminated against them and was in favor of north

II. Conflicting Visions: Jefferson and Hamiltoni. Hamilton

1. Strong, central government2. Refused to be bound by strict wording of constitution3. Admired British culture4. Secret monarchist5. Wealthy should shape policy6. Greatest threat to society was anarchy, not monarchy

ii. Jefferson1. In favor of France2. American people should shape policy3. Greatest threat to republic was corrupt activities

iii. Disagreed on how US should fulfill its destiny


6/21

1. Hamilton wanted commercial development of farms and factoriesembedded within complex financial network, reducing nations reliance

on foreign trade

2. Jefferson believed strength of economy lay in its agriculturalproductivity

III. Hamiltons Plan for Prosperity and Securitya. Funding and Assumption

i. Hamiltons financial plan1. Promised to fund foreign and domestic debts at full face value2. Federal government would pay state debt3. Would reduce power of the individual in shaping national economic

policy

4. Wealthy would profit from his planb. Interpreting the Constitution: The Bank Controversy

i. Hamilton proposed Bank of the United States1. Funded by federal government2. Would facilitate complex commercial transactions3. Would issue currency acceptable in payment of federal taxes4. Congress would have power to tax, regulate commerce, and make war

c. Setback for Hamiltoni. Plan to stimulate manufacture

1. Develop industry, textile mills2. Protective tariffs

ii. Jefferson argued government should do nothing to promote developmentIV. Charges of Treason: The Battle over Foreign Affairs

a. The Peril of Neutralityi. 1794- 1000 British soldiers still occupied American land

ii. 75 percent of imports from Great Britain1. Great Britain didnt grant US full reciprocity2. America barred from shipping in West Indian trade

iii. During French Revolution, France declared war on Great Britainiv. French minister to US authorized American vessels to seize British ships

1. Violated US neutralityv. Proclamation of Neutrality

b. Jays Treaty Sparks Domestic Unresti. London government blockaded French ports to neutral shipping, navy captured

several hundred American vessels trading in French west Indies

1. Americans demanded retaliation, an embargo, a stoppage of debtpayment, and war

2. Washington sent Jay to London to negotiate grievances


7/21

ii. Jays Treaty- wanted removal of British forts on US territory, payment for shipstaken, improved commercial relations, and acceptance of American neutral

rights

1. Hamilton had informed Britain beforehand that Americans would bewilling to compromise

2. Jay encountered resistancea. Royal Navy would continue searching American vessels, no

compensation for ships seized until Americans paid British

merchants for pre-Revolution debt

3. House of Reps refused to appropriate funds for Jays treatya. However, became law

c. Pushing the Native Americans Asidei. Great Britain had encouraged Indians to attack settlers

ii. Battle of Fallen Timbers- Indian-US wariii. Spanish-US negotiations

1. Opening of Mississippi, secured southern boundarya. Pinckneys Treaty

V. Popular Political Culturea. Whiskey Rebellion: Charges of Republican Conspiracy

i. Group of farmers protested tax on whiskeyii. Governor refused to suppress themiii. Washington and Federalists saw it as direct political challenge and called for

militiamen to march against the farmers

iv. Couldnt find the rebelsb. Washingtons Farewell

i. Warned against political factions, counseled US to avoid making permanentallies with distant nations

VI. The Adams Presidencyi. Adams won presidency over Jefferson

b. The XYZ Affair and Domestic Politicsi. US-French relations deteriorating

ii. Quasi War1. French began seizing American ships

iii. High Federalists wanted all-out war against Frenchiv. Adams dispatched negotiating team

1. Instructed to obtain compensation for ships2. In exchange, offered France the same commercial privileges offered to

Britain in Jays treaety

3. Instead of dealing with French minister, met intermediaries whodemanded bribe

a. XYZ Affairc. Crushing Political Dissent


8/21

i. Push for general rearmament- new ships, harbor fortifications, expanded armyii. Provisional army created against France

1. Adams refused to ask for declaration of war and threatened to resignd. Silencing Political Opposition

i. Alien and Sedition Acts- authorized use of federal courts and powers ofpresidency to silence Republicans

ii. Alien Enemies Law- vested president with extraordinary wartime powers1. Could detain or deport citizens of nations with which the United States

was at war with

iii. Alien Law- empowered president to expel any foreigneriv. Naturalization Law- 14 year probation period before foreigners could apply for

US citizenship

1. Recent immigrants tended to vote Republicanv. Sedition Law- defined criticism of US government as criminal libel. Citizens

found guilty by a jury subject to imprisonment

e. Kentucky and Virginia Resolutionsi. Defended right of individual state assemblies to interpret constitutionality of

federal law

f. Adams finest houri. Adams declared independence from Hamiltonian wing of Federalist party

ii. Negotiators sent back to France, but Napoleon was new leader1. Convention of Mortefontaine- French refused to compensate the

American vessels, but removed restrictions of US commerce

VII. The Peaceful Revolution: The Election of 1800i. Jefferson president

ii. Adams appointed as many federalists in office as he could before Jefferson wasmade president

Chapter 8- The Republican Ascendancy: The Jeffersonian Vision

I. Regional Identities in a Republici. 20 percent population black slaves

ii. Personal merit higher than family backgroundb. Westward the Course of Empire

i. Families kept eastern customs and brought them to places they moved toc. Native American Resistance

i. Tecumseh1. Tried to revitalize native cultures2. Briefly persuaded Indians to avoid white contact, resist alcohol, and

hold on to their land

d. Commercial Life in Citiesi. 84 percent of population involved in agriculture in 1810


9/21

ii. When England and France seized American ships, US suffered economicallyiii. 7 percent of people lived in urban centersiv. Booming trade slowed industrializationv. Samuel Slater- established several cotton spinning millsvi. Robert Fulton- sailed first steamship

II. Jefferson as Presidenti. Goals: reduction of size and cost of federal government

1. Repeal of alien acts maintenance of international peaceb. Jeffersonian Reforms

i. Wanted to cut national debtii. Wanted to diminish activities of federal government

1. Repeal of all direct taxes (Whiskey tax)iii. Made profound spending cuts (see notes)iv. Removed midnight appointees (federalists appointed last minute by Adams)v. Federalists declined in influence

1. Refused to adopt Republican campaigning techniques like flattering thepublic

2. Sensed national expansion worked against their interestsa. Creation of new states increased number of Republican

representatives

c. Louisiana Purchasei. Spain transferred Louisiana to France

ii. Napoleon intent on reestablishing empire in North Americaiii. 1802- New Orleans port closed to American commerceiv. Napoleon lost interest in establishing American empire and sold entire

Louisiana to US

v. Jefferson worried was unconstitutional- Constitution didnt specificallyauthorize acquisition of vast new territories and incorporation of foreign citizens

vi. New territory contained French and Spanish people unfamiliar to rep.government

1. Jefferson didnt want them to be able to elect own assembliesd. The Lewis and Clark expedition

i. Jefferson asked Lewis to discover if Missouri River would offer communicationfor commerce

ii. Sacagawea- aided Lewis and Clarke. Conflict with Barbary States

i. Barbary states preyed on commercial shippingii. Jefferson dispatched fleet to negotiate and end war

III. Jeffersons Criticsa. Attack on Judges

i. Judiciary Act of 18011. Passed by Federalists


10/21

2. Created circuit courts and 16 new judgeshipsa. Midnight appointees- Federalists filled these positions

3. John Marshall- chief justiceii. Jefferson repealed the actiii. William Marbury

1. Complained new administration would not give him his commissioni foroffice of justice

iv. Marbury vs. Madison decision1. Ruling: Supreme Court didnt possess jurisdiction since Marbury didnt

go to a lower court first

2. First time Supreme Court asserted judicial view- right to judgeconstitutionality

v. Samuel Chase1. Justice of Supreme Court2. Indicted for attacking Republican policies

b. Politics of Desperationi. Tertium Quids- Extreme Republicans

1. Chief Spokesmen- John Radolph and John Taylor2. Thought Jefferson had betrayed republican purity of founders3. Despised commercial capitalism4. Urged Americans to return to simple agrarian way of Life

c. Yazoo Controversyi. Georgia assembly sold millions of acres of western land to private companies at

bargain prices

ii. Members of legislature were bribediii. Land had already changed hands before lawmakers rescinded agreementiv. Fletcher v. Peck

1. Marshall upheld rights of original purchasers2. Legislative fraud didnt impair private contracts3. Georgia assembly didnt have authority to take away lands already sold

d. Murder and Conspiracy: The Curious Career of Aaron Burri. Aaron Burr entered negotiations with Federalists plotting secession of New

England and NY from the Union

ii. Alexander Hamilton didnt trust Burr- urged Federalists in NY not to vote for himfor governor

1. Burr blamed Hamilton for defeat and killed him in a dueliii. Burr hinted was planning private military adventure against Spanish Colony

1. Envisioned separating western states and territories from the Uniona. Citizens of New Orleans wanted no part of US

2. Traveled and recruited adventurers including James Wilkinson3. Wilkinson denounced Burr in letters to Jefferson4. Federal authorities arrested Burr for treason


11/21

5. Marhsll insisted on narrowing constitutional definition of treason duringproceedings

a. Refused to hear Burrs supposed intentionsb. Proved not guiltyc. Importance: Marshall protected civil rights of all Americans by

not allowing circumstantial evidence

e. Slave Tradei. Constitutional Convention of 1787

1. After 1808 Congress might consider banning importation os slaves2. Slaves counted as 3/5 of a person

ii. Didnt know what to do with slaves1. Selling them would involve government in slavery

iii. Bill signed in 1807- prohibited importation of slaves in US for next year1. Slaves still poured in

iv. Great Britain outlawed slave trade in 1807 and captured American slavesmugglers

IV. Embarrassments Overseasi. Great Britain and France fought for supremacy on land and sea

ii. Britain seized American Shipsiii. Orders in Council- forbade neutral commerce with the Continent

1. Threatened seizures of any ship that violated these ordersiv. Continental System

1. Closed all ports to British trade2. Cut Britain off large market3. Neutral vessels carrying British goods liable to seizure

v. Britain ordered American ships to stop off to pay duties to secure clearances inEngland

vi. Jefferson ordered Monroe and Pinckney to negotiate commercial treaty withGreta Britain

b. Embargo divides the nationi. If Britain and France refused to respect rights of neutral carriers, then US would

keep ships at home

1. Would deprive European powerii. Embargo Act 1807

1. Federal government supervised coastal trade2. Custom collectors have right to seize any vessel based on suspicion

iii. northerners ignored regulations of Embargo Activ. Embargo didnt damage British economy, but rather Americans

1. British took over abandoned marketsv. Helped France, because it hurt British more than Americans

c. A New Administration Goes to Wari. James Madison made president


12/21

ii. Non-intercourse Act1. Authorized resumption of trade between US and all nations except

Brtain and France, unless they promised to observe rights of neutral

carriers

2. Britain modified position on commercial issues, and America resumedtrade with them

a. Britain rejected the agreement right after and seized Americanships

iii. Macons Bill Number Two1. Reestablished trade with both England and France2. As soon as either European state repealed restrictions on neutral

shipping, US would halt all commerce with other

3. France agreed, but continued seizing American shipsd. Fumbling Toward Conflict

i. War Hawks- called for resistance to Great Britain1. Henry Clay, John Calhoun

ii. Congress declared war on Great Britain1. Goal: to enforce British to respect American maritime rights

V. The Strange War of 1812i. American militia no match for European soldiers

ii. 1814- British blockaded USb. Hartford Convention: The Demise of the Federalists

i. Group of New England politicians gathered to discuss rels. Between NE and USii. Drafted amendments reflecting their frustration

1. Congressional representation based on white population2. Limit each president to one term in office3. 2/3 majority to declare war, pass commercial regulations, or admit new

states to the Union

4. Amendments dispatched at time when Americans celebrated winningthe war

c. Treaty of Ghent ends the wari. British insisted on territorial concessions, right to navigate Mississippi, and

creation of Indian buffer state

ii. Treaty of Ghent1. Neither side surrendered territory2. Agreed to end fighting

iii. War of 1812 effects1. Nationalism2. Discredited secessionist fantasies


13/21

Chapter 9- Nation Building and Nationalism

I. Expansion and Migrationi. The Rush-Bagot Agreement

1. guaranteed that British would never try to invade US from Canadaii. Anglo-American Convention

1. Set border between lands of Louisiana and Canada2. Provided for joint US and British occupation

b. Extending the Boundariesi. Wanted to obtain Florida from Spain

ii. 1816- US troops crossed into Floridaiii. First Seminole War

1. Andrew Jackson went beyond official orders and occupied East Floridaiv. Adams-Onis Treaty

1. Spain relinquished Florida2. New boundary between American and Spanish territory (1819)

c. Native American Societies under Pressurei. Five Civilized Tribes

1. Adopted agricultural economy2. Republican form of government3. Slavery

ii. Written Cherokee languageiii. Indians wanted to become civilized to become citizens

d. Settlement to the Mississippii. Local marketing centers made at river junctions

1. Grew into small citiese. The People and Culture of the Frontier

i. Rising land prices and declining fertility of soil motivated migration fromseaboard states

ii. Migrators moved in family unitsII. A Revolution in Transportation

a. Roads and Steamboatsi. National roads

ii. Robert Fulton1. Steamboat2. Revolutionized western commerce3. Reduced cost, increased speed of moving goods, and allowed 2 way

commerce

b. The Canal boomi. Systems of canals linked seaboard cities to west

ii. Erie Canal


14/21

1. Reduced cost of moving goods and lowered cost of western products inEast

III. Emergence of a Market Economya. The Beginning of Commercial Agriculture

i. Increase of agricultural outputii. Rise in productivity

1. Technological advancesa. Iron and steel plows

2. Availability of good land3. Revolution in marketing

iii. Focus on staple crops (tobacco, cotton, etc.)iv. South produced cotton

1. Demand from textile manufacturing2. Cotton gin cut labor costs3. Availability of good land4. Slavery

b. Commerce and Bankingi. Local merchants

1. Intermediaries2. Shipped farmers crops to larger markets

ii. Credit1. Farmers borrowed from merchants

iii. Government didnt print money1. Failed to meet expanding economys need for circulating currency

iv. Bank issued banknotes (paper money that could be redeemed for silver andgold)

v. 1816- Congress established Bank of the United States1. Served as check on state banks2. Free lending led to financial depression

c. Early Industrialismi. Most manufacturing occurred in households

ii. Factories were rareiii. Putting out systemiv. Textile mills

1. Owners required more work for lower payv. Lowell female labor association

1. Led protests against long hours and changes in the work routinevi. Putting out system declined with growth of factories

vii. People no longer advocated for lower tariffs due to growth of internal industryviii. Facilities for processing farm products made

ix. 64 percent people still in agriculturex. Only 8 percent of workers directly involved in factory production


15/21

IV. The Politics of Nation Building After the War of 1812i. One party dominated

1. Era of good feelingii. Popular interest in politics fell

b. The Republicans in Poweri. Republicans now dominating party

1. Embraced some Federalist policiesii. Madison proposed national bank, mildly protective tariff, and program of

federally financed internal improvements

iii. Henry Clay took lead in advocating that the government take action to promoteeconomic development

iv. American System1. Made by Henry Clay2. High protective tariff to stimulate industrial growth and make nation

economically self-sufficient

v. Congress voted to establish 2nd bank of US1. Right to establish branches throughout the country2. Provided depository for government funds3. Outlet for marketing government securities4. Source of redeemable banknotes

c. Monroe as Presidenti. Monroe prized national harmony more than economic prosperity

d. The Missouri Compromisei. 1817- Missouri applied for statehood

ii. Entered as slave stateiii. Missouri Compromise

1. Missouri admitted as a slave state2. Maine admitted as free state3. Slavery in rest of Louisiana Purchase banned

e. Postwar Nationalism and the Supreme Courti. Marshall

1. Placed protection of individual liberty above attainment of political,social, or economic equality

2. Nationalista. Strength security, and happiness depended on economic

growth and creation of new wealth

3. Role of supreme court: to interpret and enforce the Constitution in away to encourage economic development against efforts of state

legislatures to interfere with constitutionally protected rights of

individuals to acquire property

ii. Dartmouth College v. Woodward


16/21

1. Whether New Hampshire had right to convert Dartmouth into stateuniversity

2. Dartmouths original charter was a valid contract3. Any charter granted by state to private corporation was fully protected

by contract clause

4. Ruling increased power and independence of business corporations byweakening ability of states to regulate or withdraw privileges

iii. McCulloch v. Maryland1. Maryland levied tax on Baltimore branch of Bank of the United States2. Marshall ruled Marylands tax unconstitutional3. Issues: whether Congress had right to establish national bank and

whether state had power to tax or regulate an agency or institution

created by Congress

4. Implied power doctrine made in regards to issue of whether Congresscould establish a national bank

5. Right of state to tax or regulate an agency or institution created byCongress: Marshall held that Bank was government agency and giving

state power to tax it would also give state power to destroy it

a. Assertion of national government supremacyiv. Gibbons v. Ogden

1. Bolstered power of Congress to regulate interstate commerce2. Steamboat monopoly granted by NY to Ogden was challenged by

competing ferry service

3. Congress declared NYs gran unconstitutional because it amounted tostate interference with Congress exclusive right to regulate interstate

commerce

4. Ruling broadened power of federal government and encouraged growthof national market economy

f. Nationalism in Foreign Policy: The Monroe Doctrinei. Issue: How to respond to successful revolt of Spains Latin American colonies

1. Henry Clay called for immediate recognition of new republicsii. Monroe and Adams feared that recognizing revolutionary governments would

ruin Spanish-American relations

iii. 1821- House passed resolution of sympathy to Latin American revolutionaries1. Monroe agreed to recognition and establishment of diplomatic ties with

the Latin American Republics

iv. Czar Alexander I tried to extend Russian claims into Oregon country1. Americans needed cooperation with Britain2. Britain needed cooperation because independent nations offered better

markets

v. The Monroe Doctrine


17/21

1. Declared US opposed to any further colonization in the Americas or anyeffort by European nations to extend their political systems outside

their own hemisphere

2. In return, Us pledged not to involve itself in the internal affairs ofEurope or take part in European wars

Chapter 10- The Triumph of White Mens Democracy

I. Democracy in Theory and Practicei. 1820s- democracy term became generally accepted to describe how American

institutions were supposed to work

ii. People of low origins could rise to positions of power and influenceiii. Economic equality not important- competing capitalist societyiv. Gap between rich and poor Americans was increasing

b. Democracy and Societyi. Growing percent of population possessed no property

ii. Rise of industrialization created permanent class of low paid wage earnersiii. In rural ares, division between successful farmers and smallholders

c. Democratic Culturei. Change in literature and art

1. Captured the ordinary American2. Tried to instill deper moral and spiritual values

ii. Romantic movement1. Strong feeling2. Appealed to feelings and intuitions of ordinary people

iii. Rise in literacy and revolution in technology of printingiv. Decrease in publishing costsv. Architecture

1. Greek style with columns symbolized identification of US withdemocracy of Greece

vi. Sculptures depicted heroes of the republicvii. Representation of untamed nature elevated popular taste and conveyed moral

truth

d. Democratic Political Institutionsi. Universal male suffrage

ii. Rise in public officials who were elected, not appointediii. Judges chosen by peopleiv. True party organizations on the state level

1. Dispensed government jobs to friends and supporters2. Attacked rivals as enemies to popular aspirations

v. 2 party system


18/21

1. Effective check on temptation to abuse powere. Economic issues

i. Economic depression led to popular interest in government economic policyii. Farmers favored return to simple economy

1. No banks, paper moneyiii. Emerging entrepeneurs wanted

1. Government aid2. Charters that granted special privileges to banks, transportation

enterprises, and corporations

iv. Rapid growth of state level political activity and organizationf. Labor Radicalism and Equal Rights

i. Working Mens Parties1. Condemned growing gap between rich and poor resulting from

industrialization and growth of market economy

2. Expansion of low paying labor put people under dominance ofemployers, threatening equal rights

3. Society divided between producers and nonproducing parasites(bankers, merchants, etc)

4. Aimed to give producers greater control over employers5. Demanded extended and improved systems of public education6. 10 workday, abolition of imprisonment for debt, and currency system

based on hard money

II. Jackson and the Politics of Democracya. The Election of 1824 and John Quincy Adams Administration

i. Jackson picked up support from slaveowning statesii. John Quincy Adams

1. Called for expansion of federal activity2. Opposed

iii. Tariff of abominations-?b. Jackson comes to power

i. Campaigning techniques1. Huge public rallies2. Parades

ii. Mudslinging1. Parties attack each other

iii. True representative of the common peopleiv. Peggy Eaton Affair

1. Married to cabinet member2. Wives of other cabinet members refused to receive her socially3. Jackson took her side4. All but one cabinet member resigined

c. Indian Removal


19/21

i. 1833- all states except Cherokee agreed to evacuate their ancestral homesii. Military pressure forced Cherokees to march to Oklahomaiii. Trail of Tears

1. Almost 4000 died2. Exposed prejudice and greed of Jackson

d. Nullification Crisisi. Southerners didnt want tariffs because they increased the price they paid for

manufactured goods and threatened to undermine their foreign market by

inciting counter production

ii. Tariff of abominations declared unconstitutionaliii. Nullification- right of an individual state to set aside federal law

1. Written by Calhoun2. Jackson opposed nullification as threat to survival of Union

iv. Calhoun took lead in abolishing the tariffv. Congress passed new tariff that lowered rates slightlyvi. South Carolina legislature voted to nullify the tariffs and forbade collection of

customs duties within the state

vii. Jackson proclaimed this treasounousviii. Force Bill- Gave president military powers

ix. Compromise tariff of 1833x. South Carolina suspended the nullification but nullified force bill

III. The Bank War and the Second Party Systema. Mr. Biddles Bank

i. Many blamed bank for economic depressionii. Biddle curbed overextension of credit by state banks and helped avert

recurrence of boom and bust system

iii. Biddle blamed for anything wrong with the ecnomoyb. Bank Veto and the Election of 1832

i. Jackson suspicious that branches of the Bank of the US had used influence onbehalf of opponent in presidential election

ii. Kitchen cabinet1. Jacksons unofficial advisers2. Thought attack on Bank would provide good party issue for reelection

iii. Biddle, panicked by anti Bankness determined to seek recharter by Congress in1832, 4 years ahead of schedule

iv. Bill to recharter passedv. Jackson vetoed the bill

1. Declared bank unconstitutional, now withstanding Supreme Courtsruling

2. Argued it violated fundamental rights of peoplevi. Congress attempts to override the veto failed

vii. Jackson won reelection


20/21

c. Killing the Banki. Jackson removed federal deposits from Biddles vaults

1. Placed funds in state banksii. Congress refused to approve administration proposals to regulate the credit

policies of the state banks

iii. Jacksons effort to switch to hard money was nullifiediv. Credit extended recklessly and increased amount of paper money in circultationv. Bank of US counterattacked by calling in loans and bringing about economic

recession

1. Biddle hoped to win support for recharter by demonstrating thatweaking Banks position would be disastrous

a. Failedvi. Clay said Jackson had violated Banks charter and exceeded his constitutional

authority when he removed the deposits

d. The Emergence of the Whigsi. The Whigs

1. Supported by Republicans2. Henry Clay3. People who saw Jackson as unconstitutional

ii. Loco-Focos1. Favored hard money2. Condemned Jacksons transfer of federal deposits to state banks3. Wanted workers to be paid in hard money versus bank notes4. Didnt cooperate with the Whigs5. Equal rights party

iii. Jackson signed legislation allocating surplus federal revenues to deposit bankscausing inflation

iv. Specie-circular- required that only gold and silver would be accepted in paymentfor public lands

e. The rise and fall of Van Bureni. Panic of 1837

1. Price of cotton fell2. Banks suspended specie payment3. Businesses went bankrupt4. Unemployed workers demonstrated5. Sale of public lands fell6. Because of free market, Van Buren couldnt do much to relieve distress

ii. Van Buren proposed public depository for government funds with noconnections to commercial banking

1. Intense opposition from Whigs who wanted national bank2. Hurt Van Burens chances for reelection

iii. Whigs proposed to revide bank of US


21/21

1. Raise tariffs2. Distribute federal revenues to states for internal improvements

IV. Heyday of the Second Party Systemi. Whigs

1. Positive liberal state- government has right and duty to protectenterprises that could contribute to general prosperity and economic

growth

2. Favored industrialists, merchants, farmers, and plantersii. Democrats

1. Negative liberal state- government shouldnt get involved with theeconomy. By doing nothing, it could avoid favoring special interests and

interfering with free competition

2. Appealed to smaller farmers, workers, declining gentry, and emergingentrepreneurs

3. Favored party of immigrants, Catholics, freethingkers, farmers, andthose who desired to be free of restrictions on freedom to think and

behave as theyd like

AP US unit 2 notes

Documents