1 THE COMPREHENSIVE APUSH STUDY GUIDE AUSTIN CAO- MR.SLOMA’S APUS HISTORY THE COMPREHENSIVE APUSH STUDY GUIDE INTRODUCTION A few notes first. This is a work in progress, and probably will get updated a few times. Dearest apologies for any errors. PM me with corrections or ideas if you like. So with that said, go ahead and dominate that AP or SAT II test. May the odds be ever in your favor! -Cao TABLE OF CONTENTS A NEW WORLD 10,000 B.C.-1607 .................................................................................................................................................... 7 Pre-Columbian Americans .............................................................................................................................................................. 7 Exploration of the Spanish .............................................................................................................................................................. 7 New Spain .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 7 THE EARLY CHESAPEAKE 1607-1754 ........................................................................................................................................... 7 Incentive for the English .................................................................................................................................................................. 7 Chesapeake Colonies ......................................................................................................................................................................... 7 Colonial Crops ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 Indentured Servitude ........................................................................................................................................................................ 8 Slavery..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8 Stono Rebellion.................................................................................................................................................................................... 8 THE NEW ENGLAND COLONIES 1620-1754 ............................................................................................................................... 8 Puritan Society..................................................................................................................................................................................... 8 Plymouth ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 8 Rhode Island ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 8 Connecticut ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 8 Early Indian Relations ...................................................................................................................................................................... 9 THE RESTORATION COLONIES 1664-1754 ................................................................................................................................. 9 The Carolinas........................................................................................................................................................................................ 9 New Netherland .................................................................................................................................................................................. 9 The Quaker Colonies ......................................................................................................................................................................... 9 SOCIETY OF PROVINCIAL AMERICA 1730-1776 ....................................................................................................................... 9
Last year, a friend of mine who took the APUS exam gave me a notebook with her notes on some book- I didn't look at it until spring break. They were really well done, so I decided to make a study guide out of them for my own review. This is it. Info from the barron's US flashcards and Brinkley's textbook were also used in making this little guide. no copyright infringement intended. may the odds be ever in your favor.
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1 THE COMPREHENSIVE APUSH STUDY GUIDE AUSTIN CAO- MR.SLOMA’S APUS HISTORY
THE COMPREHENSIVE APUSH STUDY GUIDE
INTRODUCTION A few notes first. This is a work in progress, and probably will get updated a few times. Dearest
apologies for any errors. PM me with corrections or ideas if you like. So with that said, go ahead and
dominate that AP or SAT II test. May the odds be ever in your favor!
-Cao
TABLE OF CONTENTS A NEW WORLD 10,000 B.C.-1607 .................................................................................................................................................... 7
Exploration of the Spanish .............................................................................................................................................................. 7
New Spain .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 7
THE EARLY CHESAPEAKE 1607-1754 ........................................................................................................................................... 7
Incentive for the English .................................................................................................................................................................. 7
THE NEW ENGLAND COLONIES 1620-1754 ............................................................................................................................... 8
Puritan Society ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
Rhode Island ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
Early Indian Relations ...................................................................................................................................................................... 9
THE RESTORATION COLONIES 1664-1754 ................................................................................................................................. 9
The Carolinas ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 9
New Netherland .................................................................................................................................................................................. 9
The Quaker Colonies ......................................................................................................................................................................... 9
SOCIETY OF PROVINCIAL AMERICA 1730-1776 ....................................................................................................................... 9
2 Introduction AUSTIN CAO- MR.SLOMA’S APUS HISTORY
Development of Empire ................................................................................................................................................................... 9
Decline of Piety .................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
The Great Awakening ...................................................................................................................................................................... 10
Other Aspects ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 10
EMPIRE UNDER STRAIN 1754-1776 ............................................................................................................................................ 10
The French and Indian War .......................................................................................................................................................... 10
The Proclamation of 1763............................................................................................................................................................. 10
The Stamp Act Crisis ........................................................................................................................................................................ 11
The Townsend Program ................................................................................................................................................................ 11
The Boston Massacre ...................................................................................................................................................................... 11
The Boston Tea Party ...................................................................................................................................................................... 11
THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 1776-1783 ................................................................................................................................ 11
Declaration of Independence ....................................................................................................................................................... 11
The French Alliance ......................................................................................................................................................................... 12
Conclusion of the War ..................................................................................................................................................................... 12
ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION 1777-1787 ............................................................................................................................. 12
The Young Nation ............................................................................................................................................................................. 12
Failures of the Confederacy .......................................................................................................................................................... 12
THE NEW REPUBLIC 1787-1788 .................................................................................................................................................... 12
The Constitution................................................................................................................................................................................ 13
Stuff that was not included in the Constitution.................................................................................................................... 13
The Bill of Rights ............................................................................................................................................................................... 13
THE FEDERALIST ERA 1789-1800 ................................................................................................................................................ 13
Alexander Hamilton ......................................................................................................................................................................... 13
George Washington.......................................................................................................................................................................... 13
The Whiskey Rebellion ................................................................................................................................................................... 14
Coming to the Party ......................................................................................................................................................................... 14
John Adams is Kray .......................................................................................................................................................................... 14
THE JEFFERSONIAN ERA 1800-1915 ........................................................................................................................................... 14
The Revolution of 1800 .................................................................................................................................................................. 14
3 Introduction AUSTIN CAO- MR.SLOMA’S APUS HISTORY
The War of 1812 ............................................................................................................................................................................... 15
THE ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS 1816-1824 .................................................................................................................................. 15
James Monroe ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 15
The Marshall Court .......................................................................................................................................................................... 15
Monroe Domestic Policy ................................................................................................................................................................ 15
Monroe Foreign Policy ................................................................................................................................................................... 16
JACKSONIAN AMERICA 1824-1840 ............................................................................................................................................... 16
The Corrupt Bargain ........................................................................................................................................................................ 16
The Nullification Crisis ................................................................................................................................................................... 16
Indian Removal .................................................................................................................................................................................. 16
The Bank War ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 16
The Rise of the Whigs...................................................................................................................................................................... 16
THE ECONOMIC REVOLUTION 1815-1860 ................................................................................................................................ 17
The Erie Canal .................................................................................................................................................................................... 17
THE OLD SOUTH 1815-1860 ............................................................................................................................................................ 17
The Cotton Kingdom ....................................................................................................................................................................... 17
White Society ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 17
Black Society ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 17
The Ideals of Slavery ....................................................................................................................................................................... 18
THE CRUSADE AGAINST SLAVERY 1815-1860 ........................................................................................................................ 18
Fight for Freedom ............................................................................................................................................................................. 18
WOMEN OF ANTEBELLUM AMERICA 1789-1848 .................................................................................................................. 19
Cult of Domesticity ........................................................................................................................................................................... 19
The Lowell Experiment .................................................................................................................................................................. 19
4 Introduction AUSTIN CAO- MR.SLOMA’S APUS HISTORY
Rise of Feminism ............................................................................................................................................................................... 19
ANTEBELLUM CULTURE AND REFORM 1815-1860 .............................................................................................................. 19
The Second Great Awakening ...................................................................................................................................................... 19
THE FIRST WAVE OF IMMIGRATION 1815-1860 ................................................................................................................... 20
German Immigration ....................................................................................................................................................................... 20
The Lone Star Republic .................................................................................................................................................................. 21
The Mexican War .............................................................................................................................................................................. 21
THE IMPENDING CRISIS 1846- 1860 ............................................................................................................................................ 21
The Sectional Debate ....................................................................................................................................................................... 21
The Kansas-Nebraska Controversy ........................................................................................................................................... 21
The Rise of the Republican Party ............................................................................................................................................... 22
The Dred Scott Case ......................................................................................................................................................................... 22
The Union in Peril ............................................................................................................................................................................. 22
THE CIVIL WAR 1861-1865 .............................................................................................................................................................. 22
The Balance of Power ..................................................................................................................................................................... 23
The Campaign..................................................................................................................................................................................... 23
Legislation in the War ..................................................................................................................................................................... 23
African Americans in the War ..................................................................................................................................................... 23
The 15th Amendment ...................................................................................................................................................................... 24
5 Introduction AUSTIN CAO- MR.SLOMA’S APUS HISTORY
A Stubborn South .............................................................................................................................................................................. 24
The Collapse of Reconstruction .................................................................................................................................................. 24
THE NEW SOUTH 1877-1900 .......................................................................................................................................................... 25
The Redeemers .................................................................................................................................................................................. 25
Plessy v. Ferguson ............................................................................................................................................................................ 25
Jim Crow Laws ................................................................................................................................................................................... 25
The Atlanta Compromise ............................................................................................................................................................... 25
CONQUEST OF THE FAR WEST 1865-1900 ............................................................................................................................... 26
Western Society................................................................................................................................................................................. 26
Dispersal of the Tribes.................................................................................................................................................................... 26
Romance of the West....................................................................................................................................................................... 26
Sources of the Industrial Era........................................................................................................................................................ 26
Corporation and Consolidation................................................................................................................................................... 27
Capitalism and its Critics ............................................................................................................................................................... 27
THE AGE OF CITY 1865-1900 .......................................................................................................................................................... 28
THE AGRARIAN REVOLT 1880- 1896 ........................................................................................................................................... 28
THE IMPERIAL EMPIRE 1890-1908 .............................................................................................................................................. 28
Stirrings of imperialism ................................................................................................................................................................. 28
The Spanish-American War ......................................................................................................................................................... 28
THE PROGRESSIVE ERA 1900-1917 ............................................................................................................................................. 29
Political Reform ................................................................................................................................................................................. 29
Women and Reform ......................................................................................................................................................................... 29
African Americans and Reform ................................................................................................................................................... 29
The Square Deal and National Reform ..................................................................................................................................... 30
6 Introduction AUSTIN CAO- MR.SLOMA’S APUS HISTORY
AMERICA AND THE GREAT WAR 1909-1919 ........................................................................................................................... 30
THE NEW ERA 1919-1929 ................................................................................................................................................................ 30
THE GREAT DEPRESSION 1929-1939 .......................................................................................................................................... 30
PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES 1789-1893 ................................................................................................................ 30
New Republic ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 30
Gilded Age ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 31
PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITIED STATES 1889-2013 .............................................................................................................. 31
Rise in Power ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 31
War and Tensions ............................................................................................................................................................................. 31
allowed accused royal officials to be tried elsewhere
First Continental Congress- reject British authority, endorse statement of grievances, started military
organization, cut trade with Britain
REPUBLICAN IDEALS virtual representation- English principle that parliament was a representation of colonist, meant to refut
“no tax without rep” but didn’t go over so hot
republicanism- belief that government is based upon consent of the governed
Second Continental Congress- after Lex-Con, issues Declaration of Causes of Taking up Arms that says
submit to tyranny or rebel, George Washington becomes the able Commander-in-Chief
Olive Branch Petition- moderates at 2nd CC send this to King George III for a resolution, it fails
Virginia House of Burgesses- first democratic assembly, also helped to lead independence movement
Thomas Paine- publishes Common Sense pamphlet that attacks English king, huge circulation, influential
THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 1776-1783
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
12 ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION 1777-1787 AUSTIN CAO- MR.SLOMA’S APUS HISTORY
Thomas Jefferson- drafted the document for Continental Congress, included “self-evident truths”
natural law- used John Locke philosophy government cannot deny “unalienable rights”, must abide by
“laws of Nature and Nature’s God”
exclusions- it did not end the slave trade, hypocrite yes?
THE FRENCH ALLIANCE George Washington- commander-in-chief, won at Trenton and Yorktown, survived Valley Forge winters
Battle of Saratoga- Horatio Gates and Benedict Arnold stop British campaign that was trying to separate
the northern and southern colonies, moral boost and French support because of this victory
Franco-American alliance- French desire to come back after ignominious defeat in 7-Years War, provided
arms and naval power to destroy the British
CONCLUSION OF THE WAR British- underestimation and lack of coordination, division in opinion on the war, pricky economic policy
America- vast size and defensive war, Washington leadership, united cause for freedom and the republic
Treaty of Paris- 1783 US independence recognized, received all land north of Florida, south of Great
Lakes, east of Mississippi River, Loyalists would be compensated and not persecuted
ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION 1777-1787
THE YOUNG NATION confederation- government with loose union among sovereign states, “league of friendship”
unicameral legislature- single house Congress, each state has one vote, fear that big states would
dominate if power by population were implemented, states weary of centralized power after the war
successes-had power to wage war, make treaties, new states, negotiated treaties with Britain n’ France
Land Ordinance of 1785- sold land for government revenue, organized distribution of land into
townships, set aside some land for public education (first!)
Northwest Ordinance of 1787- divided northwest territories, statehood after 60,000 people, slavery was
entirely prohibited in this area (new policy), was the only success of the Confederation
FAILURES OF THE CONFEDERACY power- Congress could not levy taxes (no revenue, more debt), could not regulate commerce (British
flood of random stuff, trade deficit), no national policy or judiciary (national disputes?)
others- inflated paper currency was bad for econ, Amendments needed a consensus was bad for politics
Shays’ Rebellion- Daniel Shays lead debt-ridden farmers who wanted states to give them free money,
Boston people suppressed the rebellion, government needs more powers to maintain law and order
THE NEW REPUBLIC 1787-1788
13 THE FEDERALIST ERA 1789-1800 AUSTIN CAO- MR.SLOMA’S APUS HISTORY
THE CONSTITUTION beliefs- perfect Union, private property, no political parties, no factionalism, etc.
provisions- taxes, war, commerce were all congressional powers, executive and judicial branches are
insulated from popular control, checks and balances, etc.
elastic clause-said that Congress gets every power not stated here, contradicts states’ rights in 10th
Great Compromise-bicameral legislature with House and Senate, combined New Jersey and Virginia Plan
3/5 Compromise- slaves are three-fifths of a person for representation and taxation
STUFF THAT WAS NOT INCLUDED IN THE CONSTITUTION universal men suffrage, direct election of senators (17th), 2-term limit for presidents (22nd), political
party structure, presidential cabinet, Bill of Rights
slavery was not mentioned in Constitution (allowed in every state, and runaways must be returned)
women were not given any more rights, Abigail Adams says “remember the ladies… be more favorable”
FEDERALIST DEBATE Negative Nick says “central government threatens state and individual liberties”, Positive Pete says
“national government power is limited, everything else belongs to states”
NN says “president, Senate, and judiciary branch are not directly elected by people”, PP says “separation
and checks will protect people’s will, no special interest can dominate”
NN says “republic only works in homogenous populations”, PP says “fragmented political power curbs
threat of any level of society”
NN says “no bill of rights”, PP says “we are boss”
NN is Patrick Henry and people, becomes Jeffersonian Republican
PP is Alexander Hamilton and Federalist Papers say that a republic will disperse power, protect minority
THE BILL OF RIGHTS 1st Amendment- freedom of speech, press, religion
4th Amendment- no unreasonable searches or seizures
6th Amendment- defendants right to speedy trial
more later.
THE FEDERALIST ERA 1789-1800
ALEXANDER HAMILTON deepest darkest secrets of Hammy- business and finance guy, fund federal debt with bonds, taxes,
tariffs, have government absorb state debts from the war, make a national bank because he like money
National Bank- sparked debate between Jefferson and Hamilton, loose interpretation of Const prevailed
GEORGE WASHINGTON Neutrality Proclamation- US is neutral in European affairs, Wash resisted joining France or Britain in war
14 THE JEFFERSONIAN ERA 1800-1915 AUSTIN CAO- MR.SLOMA’S APUS HISTORY
Jay’s Treaty- agreement with Britain, they removed their forts in Northwest Territory, and we paid pre-
Revolution merchant debts, but southerners protested this treaty because they had to pay more
Pinckney’s Treaty- Spain gives US free navigation of Mississippi River and right of deposit in New Orleans
Washington’s Farewell Address- he warns future leaders away from permanent alliances, after WW1
many people use this as a reason not to join the League of Nations and embrace isolationism
THE WHISKEY REBELLION excise tax- part of Hamilton’s plan, but it was on liquor too, so farmers were pissed and rebelled
significance- Wash calls up army to crush them, shows strength of new government, rebellion is no-no
COMING TO THE PARTY Federalist Party- Alexander Hamilton and John Adams with support from North and East, strong national
government, bank and tariffs, loose interpretation of Constitution, support British
Democratic-Republican Party- Thomas Jefferson and James Madison with support from West and South,
weak central government, agricultural interests, strict interpretation of Constitution, support French
JOHN ADAMS IS KRAY The Quasi War- French were sinking our ships, in the XYZ Affair, French asks for a bribe in order to
negotiate with the French Minister, Talleyrand, we refuse, suspend trade with French, create Navy Dept
Alien and Sedition Acts- new citizenship hurdles established against immigrants, also was illegal to speak
or write against the president (1st HERP DERP), punish the DRs or something?
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions-reaction against the Alien and Sedition Acts, encouraged states’ rights
doctrine, came up again in Calhoun’s nullification crisis
THE JEFFERSONIAN ERA 1800-1915
THE REVOLUTION OF 1800 Revolution of 1800- Jefferson is elected to presidency in a peaceful transfer of power, “we are all
Republicans- we are all Federalists” he says in his inaugural
Jeffersonian Democracy- embraced simplicity, encouraged the handshake instead of the bow, embraced
the Agrarian Ideal, believed in freedom of speech as essential
was it really a revolution?- accepts national bank, Louisiana Purchase, Embargo Act economically he
accepted the national bank but cut whiskey tax and cut army and navy, domestically he accepted
implied powers to make the Louisiana Purchase but supported public education and expanding voting
rights, foreignly he used implied powers to pass Embargo Act but remained neutral in foreign affairs
it was a revolution- peaceful transfer from parties, cut whiskey tax, cut army and navy, public education,
suffrage rights, neutrality in foreign affairs
Embargo Act of 1807- ships are not allowed to go to any foreign port, economic depression (dafuq?)
LOUISIANA PURCHASE Napoleon- French leader who felt that Louisiana was too much of a burden, sold it to US for $15 million
15 THE ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS 1816-1824 AUSTIN CAO- MR.SLOMA’S APUS HISTORY
Louisiana Purchase- buying land was not a right stated in the Constitution, so Jefferson used implied
powers of treaty-making to purchase the new territory (he hoped to continue the Agrarian Ideal)
Lewis and Clark Expedition- strengthen US claims to Oregon, mapped Missouri River, Sacajawea?
JUDICIAL REVIEW Judiciary Act of 1789- created Supreme Court, given right to force government officials to do things
Judiciary Act of 1801- Adams filled judge positions with Federalists, “Midnight Appointments”
Marbury v. Madison- Chief Justice John Marshall rules that court is not allowed to force officials to do
things, thus cancelling out the Judiciary Act of 1789
judicial review- court’s power to determine the constitutionality of congressional acts
THE WAR OF 1812 James Madison- pressure from war hawks to get involved in war and end the embargo
causes- impressment and land greed (take Canada!) were the main ones
happenings- Washington D.C. and Toronto (York) were both burned, Jackson tore shit up at New Orleans
aftermath- industrialization increased, Star Spangled Banner was written, nationalism was uppity-up
Hartford Convention- Federalists who opposed the war gathered together to discuss the failures of the
government, and then we won the war, Federalist Party disappeared after this
Rush-Bagot Agreement- disarmament on the Great Lakes (first!)
THE ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS 1816-1824
JAMES MONROE Era of Good Feelings- yes he was the last of the Virginia Dynasty and the last prez with a powdered wig,
but his presidency brought prosperity and nationalism and fun
THE MARSHALL COURT Fletcher v. Peck- land grants are considered unbreakable
McCulloch v. Maryland- bank is constitutional, cannot be taxed by the state
Dartmouth College v. Woodward- college/corporate charters are considered unbreakable
Gibbons v. Ogden- the federal government can regulate commerce
MONROE DOMESTIC POLICY American System- Henry Clay’s brainchild, it encouraged internal improvements for transportation,
tariffs to protect domestic industries, another national bank, and increased trade among regions
Tallmadge Amendment- while North dominated the House, Missouri applied for statehood as a slave
state, North wanted to phase slavery out of Missouri once it joined, South saw this as an attack
Missouri Compromise- Clay proposes that Missouri would be slave state, Maine would be free state,
new states would be free states if north of the Missouri line, the soup is boiling now
Panic of 1819- ended the Era of Good Feelings, bank failures from western land speculation
16 JACKSONIAN AMERICA 1824-1840 AUSTIN CAO- MR.SLOMA’S APUS HISTORY
MONROE FOREIGN POLICY Convention of 1818-boundary for Canada, established joint occupancy of Oregon with British Canada
Adams-Onis Treaty-boundary for Mexico, we took in Florida and gave up Texas territory
Monroe Doctrine- a unilateral declaration of US dominance in western hemisphere, European
interference in New World is hostile behavior, US will not interfere in European affairs
JACKSONIAN AMERICA 1824-1840
THE CORRUPT BARGAIN Election of 1824- Henry Clay, John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, and William Crawford nominated
Corrupt Bargain- Jackson gets the popular vote but not electoral majority, Speaker of the House Clay
throws support to Adams, Adams names Clay the new Secretary of State
random quote- “Adams can write, Jackson can fight!”
Andrew Jackson- hero of the common man (even though he was rich), replaces caucuses with
conventions, embraces the spoils system (loyalty wah?), attacks special privileged elite
THE NULLIFICATION CRISIS The Tariff of Abominations- tariff on imports to help Northern merchants, South wasn’t protected
John Calhoun- wrote “South Carolina Exposition and Protest” anonymously to promote the doctrine of
nullification, South Carolina lead the movement for secession (no one joined)
Webster-Hayne Debate- Senator Robert Hayne defended states’ rights and Calhoun’s doctrine, while
Senator Daniel Webster said “Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable!”
Force Bill- after South Carolina repudiated the tariffs, Jackson wants to use army to enforce federal laws
Compromise Tariff- Henry Clay proposes gradual tax, South Carolina rescinds its Order of Nullification
INDIAN REMOVAL Indian Removal Act- 125,000 Indians were to be moved to newly established Indian Territory
Worcester v. Georgia- Marshall Court upheld Cherokee Nation’s legal right to land, Jackson disagrees
Trail of Tears- 17,000 Cherokees were removed from Georgia and marched to Oklahoma, ¼ died
THE BANK WAR Nicholas Biddle- chairman of the Bank, wants to make rechartering of Bank a political issues in 1832
pet banks- Jackson vetoes the recharter of the “monster”, favors using smaller state banks
Panic of 1837- credit expanded and speculation increased without Bank regulation, economic slump
specie circular- Jackson’s answer to the Panic, wants all land to be paid for in hard money, not credit
THE RISE OF THE WHIGS King Andrew 1- derisive term for Jackson used by Clay and Webster followers, disagreed with Democrats
Whig Party- favored protective tariffs, internal improvements, bank, they hated Jackson and Van Buren
17 THE ECONOMIC REVOLUTION 1815-1860 AUSTIN CAO- MR.SLOMA’S APUS HISTORY
William Henry Harrison- Whig candidate in 1840 under the Log Cabin Campaign (appeal to common
man), election of 1840 was the first modern election because of active and democratic style of campaign
THE ECONOMIC REVOLUTION 1815-1860
TRANSPORTATION DEVELOPMENTS turnpikes- roads stretch across the country (like the National Road), expanded trade to Northwest
steamboats- opened up Mississippi and Ohio Rivers to bulk trade, thanks to Robert Fulton’s invention
canals- strengthened east to west ties
railroads- succeeded the canal in the 1850s, trunk lines connected cities (Northeast)
THE ERIE CANAL Old Northwest- farmers there could not transport to east coast (forced to go to New Orleans)
Hudson River- connected to Lake Erie by canal
New York- became greatest commercial center because of canal, ties with west were strengthened,
canal building mania started
IMPACT Market Revolution- new markets and resources, mass production, connected national economy